Mapping subcellular localizations of unannotated microproteins and alternative proteins with MicroID.

Proteogenomic identification of translated small open reading frames has revealed thousands of previously unannotated, largely uncharacterized microproteins, or polypeptides of less than 100 amino acids, and alternative proteins (alt-proteins) that are co-encoded with canonical proteins and are often larger. The subcellular localizations of microproteins and alt-proteins are generally unknown but can have significant implications for their functions. Proximity biotinylation is an attractive approach to define the protein composition of subcellular compartments in cells and in animals. Here, we developed a high-throughput technology to map unannotated microproteins and alt-proteins to subcellular localizations by proximity biotinylation with TurboID (MicroID). More than 150 microproteins and alt-proteins are associated with subnuclear organelles. One alt-protein, alt-LAMA3, localizes to the nucleolus and functions in pre-rRNA transcription. We applied MicroID in a mouse model, validating expression of a conserved nuclear microprotein, and establishing MicroID for discovery of microproteins and alt-proteins in vivo.

Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application.

Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.

HSP90ß prevents aging-related cataract formation through regulation of the charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP4B) and p53.

Cataract is a leading ocular disease causing global blindness. The mechanism of cataractogenesis has not been well defined. Here, we demonstrate that the heat shock protein 90ß (HSP90ß) plays a fundamental role in suppressing cataractogenesis. HSP90ß is the most dominant HSP in normal lens, and its constitutive high level of expression is largely derived from regulation by Sp1 family transcription factors. More importantly, HSP90ß is significantly down-regulated in human cataract patients and in aging mouse lenses, whereas HSP90ß silencing in zebrafish causes cataractogenesis, which can only be rescued by itself but not other HSP90 genes. Mechanistically, HSP90ß can directly interact with CHMP4B, a newly-found client protein involved in control of cytokinesis. HSP90ß silencing causes upregulation of CHMP4B and another client protein, the tumor suppressor p53. CHMP4B upregulation or overexpression induces excessive division of lens epithelial cells without proper differentiation. As a result, these cells were triggered to undergo apoptosis due to activation of the p53/Bak-Bim pathway, leading to cataractogenesis and microphthalmia. Silence of both HSP90ß and CHMP4B restored normal phenotype of zebrafish eye. Together, our results reveal that HSP90ß is a critical inhibitor of cataractogenesis through negative regulation of CHMP4B and the p53-Bak/Bim pathway.

NLRC5 negatively regulates the NF-kappaB and type I interferon signaling pathways.

Stringent control of the NF-kappaB and type I interferon signaling pathways is critical to effective host immune responses, yet the molecular mechanisms that negatively regulate these pathways are poorly understood. Here, we show that NLRC5, a member of the highly conserved NOD-like protein family, can inhibit the IKK complex and RIG-I/MDA5 function. NLRC5 inhibited NF-kappaB-dependent responses by interacting with IKKalpha and IKKbeta and blocking their phosphorylation. It also interacted with RIG-I and MDA5, but not with MAVS, to inhibit RLR-mediated type I interferon responses. Consistent with these observations, NLRC5-specific siRNA knockdown not only enhanced the activation of NF-kappaB and its responsive genes, TNF-alpha and IL-6, but also promoted type I interferon signaling and antiviral immunity. Our findings identify NLRC5 as a negative regulator that blocks two central components of the NF-kappaB and type I interferon signaling pathways and suggest an important role for NLRC5 in homeostatic control of innate immunity.

Simultaneous Thermally Stimulated Delayed Phosphorescence (TSDP) and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in a Two-Coordinated Au(I) Bimetallic Complex Featuring a Tandem Carbene Structure.

A bimetallic, two-coordinated carbene-metal-amine (cMa) Au(I) complex featuring a twisted tandem carbene structure (NHC1-Au-NHC2-Au-carbazolyl) was synthesized. The molecular structure in single crystals revealed a large dihedral angle between the two carbene ligands, while the bridged carbene NHC2 and carbazolyl (Cz) ligands were coplanar. A bluish green thermally stimulated delayed phosphorescence (TSDP) was observed in crystals with an emission lifetime over 70 µs, which can be attributed to the spin allowed diabatic population of a high-lying emissive triplet state from the 3LE characterized low-lying ones. The small rotation energy barrier of Cz along the coordination bond allowed conformers with large dihedral angles between NHC2 and Cz. The ICT characterized S1 state was consequently stabilized to achieve a thermally accessible energy gap to facilitate ISC between triplets and the S1, leading to the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Simultaneous TSDP and TADF dual emission can be recorded in its doped polymer film owing to the coexistence of these different conformers.

Simultaneous assessment of stress hyperglycemia ratio and glycemic variability to predict mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: a retrospective cohort study from the MIMIC-IV database.

BACKGROUND: Stress hyperglycemia and glycemic variability (GV) can reflect dramatic increases and acute fluctuations in blood glucose, which are associated with adverse cardiovascular events. This study aimed to explore whether the combined assessment of the stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) and GV provides additional information for prognostic prediction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with CAD from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV database (version 2.2) between 2008 and 2019 were retrospectively included in the analysis. The primary endpoint was 1-year mortality, and the secondary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Levels of SHR and GV were stratified into tertiles, with the highest tertile classified as high and the lower two tertiles classified as low. The associations of SHR, GV, and their combination with mortality were determined by logistic and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 2789 patients were included, with a mean age of 69.6 years, and 30.1% were female. Overall, 138 (4.9%) patients died in the hospital, and 404 (14.5%) patients died at 1 year. The combination of SHR and GV was superior to SHR (in-hospital mortality: 0.710 vs. 0.689, p = 0.012; 1-year mortality: 0.644 vs. 0.615, p = 0.007) and GV (in-hospital mortality: 0.710 vs. 0.632, p = 0.004; 1-year mortality: 0.644 vs. 0.603, p < 0.001) alone for predicting mortality in the receiver operating characteristic analysis. In addition, nondiabetic patients with high SHR levels and high GV were associated with the greatest risk of both in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 10.831, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.494-26.105) and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.830, 95% CI 3.175-10.702). However, in the diabetic population, the highest risk of in-hospital mortality (OR = 4.221, 95% CI 1.542-11.558) and 1-year mortality (HR = 2.013, 95% CI 1.224-3.311) was observed in patients with high SHR levels but low GV. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous evaluation of SHR and GV provides more information for risk stratification and prognostic prediction than SHR and GV alone, contributing to developing individualized strategies for glucose management in patients with CAD admitted to the ICU.

Nascent alt-protein chemoproteomics reveals a pre-60S assembly checkpoint inhibitor.

Many unannotated microproteins and alternative proteins (alt-proteins) are coencoded with canonical proteins, but few of their functions are known. Motivated by the hypothesis that alt-proteins undergoing regulated synthesis could play important cellular roles, we developed a chemoproteomic pipeline to identify nascent alt-proteins in human cells. We identified 22 actively translated alt-proteins or N-terminal extensions, one of which is post-transcriptionally upregulated by DNA damage stress. We further defined a nucleolar, cell-cycle-regulated alt-protein that negatively regulates assembly of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit (MINAS-60). Depletion of MINAS-60 increases the amount of cytoplasmic 60S ribosomal subunit, upregulating global protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Mechanistically, MINAS-60 represses the rate of late-stage pre-60S assembly and export to the cytoplasm. Together, these results implicate MINAS-60 as a potential checkpoint inhibitor of pre-60S assembly and demonstrate that chemoproteomics enables hypothesis generation for uncharacterized alt-proteins.

Stereo- and Regioselective Installation of Vinyl Sulfonyl Fluoride onto Indoles without Transition-Metal Catalyst.

Herein, we developed a practical method for synthesizing a class of novel and highly valuable indolyl vinyl sulfonyl fluorides. This protocol has carved out a path for constructing a broad range of vinyl sulfonyl fluorinated indoles with exclusive stereo- and regioselectivity through the Friedel-Crafts/elimination reaction without any transition-metal catalyst. This transformation features mild conditions, high efficiency, excellent selectivity, and rich substrate compatibility, highlighting its significant value in medicinal chemistry and many related disciplines.

Lack of causal association between epilepsy and dementia: A Mendelian randomization analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies have reported an association between epilepsy and dementia. However, the causal relationship between epilepsy and the risk of dementia is not clear. We aimed to inspect the causal effect of epilepsy on memory loss and dementia. METHODS: We analyzed summary data of epilepsy, memory loss, and dementia from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. We used the estimated odds ratio of memory loss and dementia associated with each of the genetically defined traits to infer evidence for a causal relationship with the following exposures: all epilepsy, focal epilepsy (including focal epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, lesion-negative focal epilepsy, and focal epilepsy with other lesions), and genetic generalized epilepsy (including childhood absence epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone, Juvenile absence epilepsy, and Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy). RESULTS: According to the result of MR using the inverse variance weighted method (IVW), we found that genetically predicted epilepsy did not causally increase the risk of memory loss and dementia (p > 0.05). Results of the MR-Egger and weighted median method were consistent with the IVW method. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence has been found to support the notion that epilepsy can result in memory loss and dementia. The associations observed in epidemiological studies could be attributed, in part, to confounding or nongenetic determinants.

Chemokines and Their Receptors: Predictors of Therapeutic Potential in Tumor Microenvironment on Esophageal Cancer.

Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is an aggressive solid tumor. The 5-year survival rate for patients with ESCA is estimated to be less than 20%, mainly due to tumor invasion and metastasis. Therefore, it is urgent to improve early diagnostic tools and effective treatments for ESCA patients. Tumor microenvironment (TME) enhances the ability of tumor cells to proliferate, migrate, and escape from the immune system, thus promoting the occurrence and development of tumor. TME contains chemokines. Chemokines consist of four major families, which are mainly composed of CC and CXC families. The main purpose of this review is to understand the CC and CXC chemokines and their receptors in ESCA, to improve the understanding of tumorigenesis of ESCA and determine new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ESCA. We reviewed the literature on CC and CXC chemokines and their receptors in ESCA identified by PubMed database. This article introduces the general structures and functions of CC, CXC chemokines and their receptors in TME, as well as their roles in the progress of ESCA. Chemokines are involved in the development of ESCA, such as cancer cell invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and radioresistance, and are key determinants of disease progression, which have a great impact on patient prognosis and treatment response. In addition, a full understanding of their mechanism of action is essential to further verify that these chemokines and their receptors may serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets of ESCA.

Effect of sarcopenia on short-term and long-term outcomes of older patients with locally advanced gastric cancer: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of preoperative sarcopenia on the short-term and long-term outcomes in older patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). METHODS: Clinicopathological data of older patients with LAGC who underwent radical surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined as a skeletal muscle index of less than 36.4 cm2/m2 for men and less than 28.4 cm2/m2 for women. Comparing the postoperative complications and survival between sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups using multicenter data. RESULTS: A total of 406 older patients with LAGC were included in the analysis, including 145 (35.7%) with sarcopenia and 261 (64.3%) with non-sarcopenia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications with CD grade ≥ II (OR 1.616; P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the sarcopenia group were lower than those in the non-sarcopenia group (P both < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that sarcopenia was an independent prognostic factor for 5-year OS and RFS (P both < 0.05). The 5-year recurrence rate in the sarcopenia group was 57.2%, which was significantly higher than that in the non-sarcopenia group (46.4%; P = 0.036). Recurrence pattern analysis showed that the incidence of distant metastases in patients with sarcopenia (42.8%) was significantly higher than non-sarcopenia (31.4%; P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia serves as a valuable predictor of both short-term and long-term outcomes in older patients with LAGC. Therefore, the significance of assessing preoperative nutritional status and implementing thorough postoperative follow-up for older LAGC patients with sarcopenia should be emphasized.

Cisplatin induces acute liver injury by triggering caspase-3/GSDME-mediated cell pyroptosis.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin triggers Gasdermin E (GSDME) cleavage, causing membrane bubble formation, content release, and inflammation. Caspase-3 activation initiates GSDME cleavage, and thus inhibiting this pathway mitigates cisplatin-induced pyroptosis in hepatocytes. This study aimed to delve into how cisplatin induces liver injury via pyroptosis. METHODS: For animal experiments, C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: control, liver injury model group, and Ac-DMLD-CMK (caspase-3 inhibitor) intervention group. The liver histology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining. The mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis. For in vitro experiments, HL-7702 cells were treated with cisplatin or GSDME siRNA. Cell pyroptosis was determined via cellular morphology, cytotoxicity and viability detection, flow cytometric assay, and Western blot detection for the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins. RESULTS: Cisplatin-induced distinct liver morphological changes, hepatocellular injury, and inflammation in mice, along with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Heightened macrophage infiltration and hepatocellular death indicated cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Cisplatin upregulated GSDME activation, along with Bax-mediated caspase-3 cleavage both in vivo and in vitro, implicating caspase-3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis in liver injury. Treatment with Ac-DMLD-CMK ameliorated cisplatin-induced liver injury, reducing hepatocellular lesions, serum ALT and AST levels, cytokine expression, macrophage infiltration, and hepatocyte death. Ac-DMLD-CMK also attenuated GSDME-dependent pyroptosis post-cisplatin induction, as evidenced by decreased GSDME expression, Bax upregulation, and cleaved caspase-3 activation. For HL-7702 cells, GSDME siRNA transfection reduced GSDME expression, attenuated typical signs of cisplatin-induced pyroptosis, partially restored cell viability, and significantly inhibited cytotoxicity and a decrease in the proportion of propidium iodide-positive cells, indicating protection against cisplatin-induced hepatocyte pyroptosis. CONCLUSION: Our study underscores the role of the caspase-3/GSDME signaling pathway in mediating cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, particularly in cases of excessive or cumulative cisplatin exposure. These findings suggest that targeting GSDME could represent a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate cisplatin-induced liver damage.

Nomogram for prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver resection.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with high mortality. Liver resection (LR) is a curative treatment for early-stage HCC, but the prognosis of HCC patients after LR is unsatisfactory because of tumor recurrence. Prognostic prediction models with great performance are urgently needed. The present study aimed to establish a novel prognostic nomogram to predict tumor recurrence in HCC patients after LR. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 726 HCC patients who underwent LR between October 2011 and December 2016. Patients were randomly divided into the training cohort (n = 508) and the testing cohort (n = 218). The protein expression of 14 biomarkers in tumor tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The nomogram predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS) was established by a multivariate Cox regression analysis model and was evaluated by calibration curves, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, time-dependent areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs), and decision curve analyses in both the training and testing cohorts. RESULTS: Alpha-fetoprotein [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.013, P = 0.002], portal vein tumor thrombosis (HR = 1.833, P < 0.001), ascites (HR = 2.024, P = 0.014), tumor diameter (HR = 1.075, P < 0.001), E-cadherin (HR = 0.859, P = 0.011), EMA (HR = 1.196, P = 0.022), and PCNA (HR = 1.174, P = 0.031) immunohistochemistry scores were found to be independent factors for RFS. The 1-year and 3-year AUCs of the nomogram for RFS were 0.813 and 0.739, respectively. The patients were divided into the high-risk group and the low-risk group by median value which was generated from the nomogram, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the high-risk group had a shorter RFS than the low-risk group in both the training (P < 0.001) and testing cohorts (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our newly developed nomogram integrated clinicopathological data and key gene expression data, and was verified to have high accuracy in predicting the RFS of HCC patients after LR. This model could be used for early identification of patients at high-risk of postoperative recurrence.

A new scoring system for predicting the outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma patients without microvascular invasion-a large-scale multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of HCC patients without MVI (so called M0) is highly heterogeneous and the need for adjuvant therapy is still controversial. METHODS: Patients with HCC with M0 who underwent liver resection (LR) or liver transplantation (LT) as an initial therapy were included. The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH)-M0 score was developed from a retrospective cohort to form the training cohort. The classification which was developed using multivariate cox regression analysis was externally validated. RESULTS: The score was developed using the following factors: α-fetoprotein level, tumour diameter, liver cirrhosis, total bilirubin, albumin and aspartate aminotransferase. The score differentiated two groups of M0 patients (≤3, >3 points) with distinct long-term prognoses outcomes (median overall survival (OS), 98.0 vs. 46.0 months; p < 0.001). The predictive accuracy of the score was greater than the other commonly used staging systems for HCC. And for M0 patients with a higher score underwent LR. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was effective to prolong OS. CONCLUSIONS: The EHBH M0 scoring system was more accurate in predicting the prognosis of HCC patients with M0 after LR or LT. Adjuvant therapy is recommended for HCC patients who have a higher score.

Research progress on genetics in cardioembolic stroke.

Cardioembolic stroke, characterized by severe illness, poor prognosis, and high recurrence rate, is one of the important causes of ischemic stroke. In the field of genetic research, numerous genes associated with cardioembolic stroke have been identified, and their potential in predicting disease risk and evaluating risk factors has been progressively explored. Here, we provide an overview of the latest advancements in genetics for cardioembolic stroke, including genome-wide association studies, copy number variation studies, whole-genome sequencing studies. Furthermore, we also summarize the application of genetic datasets in polygenic risk score and Mendelian randomization. The aim of this overview is to provide insights and references from multiple perspectives for future investigations on the genetic information for cardioembolic stroke.

Establishment and characterization of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome rabbit model.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a congenital defect disease that results in defective purine metabolism. It is caused by pathogenic variants of the HPRT gene. Its clinical symptoms mainly include high uric acid levels, gout, and kidney stones and damage. The mechanism of LNS has not been fully elucidated, and no cure exists. Animal models have always played an important role in exploring causative mechanisms and new therapies. This study combined CRISPR/Cas9 and microinjection to knock out the HPRT gene to create an LNS rabbit model. A sgRNA targeting exon 3 of HPRT gene was designed. Subsequently, Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA were injected into rabbit zygotes, and injected embryos were transferred to the uterus. The genotype and phenotype of rabbits were analyzed after birth. Four infant rabbits (named R1, R2, R3 and R4), which showed varying levels of gene modification, were born. The gene-editing efficiency was 100%. No wild-type sequences at the target HPRT gene were detected in R4 rabbit. Next, 6-thioguanine drug testing confirmed that HPRT enzymatic activity was deficient in R4 infant rabbit. HE staining revealed kidney abnormalities in all infant rabbits. Overall, an sgRNA capable of knocking out the HPRT gene in rabbits was successfully designed, and HPRT gene-modified rabbits were successfully constructed by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and microinjection. This study provides a new nonrodent animal model for studying LNS syndrome.

Combination therapy with human amniotic epithelial cells and hyaluronic acid promotes immune balance recovery in type 1 diabetic rats through local engraftment.

Stem cell engraftment is currently a promising approach for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment. In our previous study, engraftment of a combination of human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and hyaluronic acid (HA) showed potent anti-diabetic effect in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM mice via tail vein injection. Here, we adopted a different route of stem cell delivery, that is via pancreatic subcapsular transplantation. This combined local engraftment of hAECs and HA in STZ-induced T1DM rats showed potent anti-diabetic activity, leading to stronger hypoglycaemia, more intact islet structure and increased number of insulin-positive cells compared with those with hAECs or insulin treatments. Engraftment of hAECs alone increased the proportion of Th1 and T-reg cells and decreased the proportion of Th2 and Th17 cells to protect islet ß cells in STZ-induced T1DM rats, whereas the combined engraftment of hAECs and HA showed more potent regulatory capacity, considerably decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-17 and increased the level of TGF-ß1 compared with those by other treatments. The potent synergistic effect of HA contributed to the recovery of immune balance in the diabetic rat model, thereby suggesting a new strategy for effective treatment of T1DM.

γδT17 cells promote the accumulation and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in human colorectal cancer.

Development of cancer has been linked to chronic inflammation, particularly via interleukin-23 (IL-23) and IL-17 signaling pathways. However, the cellular source of IL-17 and underlying mechanisms by which IL-17-producing cells promote human colorectal cancer (CRC) remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that innate γδT (γδT17) cells are the major cellular source of IL-17 in human CRC. Microbial products elicited by tumorous epithelial barrier disruption correlated with inflammatory dendritic cell (inf-DC) accumulation and γδT17 polarization in human tumors. Activated inf-DCs induced γδT17 cells to secrete IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and GM-CSF with a concomitant accumulation of immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs in the tumor. Importantly, γδT17 cell infiltration positively correlated with tumor stages and other clinicopathological features. Our study uncovers an inf-DC-γδT17-PMN-MDSC regulatory axis in human CRC that correlates MDSC-meditated immunosuppression with tumor-elicited inflammation. These findings suggest that γδT17 cells might be key players in human CRC progression and have the potential for treatment or prognosis prediction.

Treatment with a flow diverter-assisted coil embolization for ruptured blood blister-like aneurysms of the internal carotid artery: a technical note and analysis of single-center experience with pooled data.

Treatment of blood blister-like aneurysms (BBAs) of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) with flow diverters (FDs) has become widespread in recent years. However, ruptured blood blister-like aneurysm (BBA) of ICA treatment with flow diverter-assisted coil embolization (FDAC) remains controversial. Moreover, limited direct comparative studies have been conducted between the two treatment modalities, FDs and FDAC, for BBAs. The purpose of this study was to document our experience and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of FDAC. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical and radiological information from ten patients who experienced ruptured BBAs of the supraclinoid ICA at our center from January 2021 to February 2023. The technical details of FDAC for ruptured BBAs were described, and the technical steps were named "pipeline embolization device (PED)-Individualized shaping(microcatheter)-Semi deploying-Rivet(coils)-Massage(microwire)" as the PEISSERM technique. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), whereas radiological results were determined through angiography. A pooled analysis was implemented, incorporating data from literature sources that reported perioperative and long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes of ruptured BBAs treated with FD and FDAC strategies, along with our data. Data in our analysis pool were categorized into FD and FDAC strategy groups to explore the preferred treatment modalities for BBAs. The PEISSERM technique was utilized to treat ten patients, seven males, and three females, with an average age of 41.7 years. A single PED was deployed in conjunction with coils in all ten patients. All PEDs were documented to have good wall apposition. The immediate postoperative angiograms demonstrated Raymond grade I in ten aneurysms. Angiographic follow-up of nine patients at 4-25 months showed total occlusion of the aneurysms. At the most recent follow-up, the mRS scores of nine patients hinted at a good prognosis. Pooled analysis of 233 ICA-BBA cases of FD revealed a technical success rate of 91% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88 to 0.95], a rate of complete occlusion of 79% (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.84), a recurrence rate of 2% (95% CI, 0.00 to 0.04), a rebleed rate of 2% (95% CI, 0.00 to 0.04), and the perioperative stroke rate was 8% (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.11). The perioperative mortality was 4% (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.07). The long-term good clinical outcome rate was 85% (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90). The mortality rate was 6% (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.09). Results from the subgroup analysis illustrated that the FDAC strategy for BBAs had a significantly higher immediate postoperative complete occlusion rate (P < 0.001), total occlusion rate (P = 0.016), and a good outcome rate (P = 0.041) compared with the FD strategy. The FDAC strategy can yield a higher rate of good outcomes than the FD strategy. The PEISSERM technique employed by the FDAC is a reliable and effective treatment approach as it can minimize the hemodynamic burden of BBA's fragile dome, thereby achieving an excellent occlusion rate. The PEISSERM technique in the FDAC strategy contributes to understanding the BBA's treatment and offers a potentially optimal treatment for BBA.

Clinical analysis of Wernicke encephalopathy after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is an acute neurological disease resulting from vitamin B1 deficiency, and there are only very few case reports of WE after liver transplantation. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, etiology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, treatment and prognosis of patients with WE after liver transplantation. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with WE after liver transplantation from the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital between January 2011 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 23 patients diagnosed with WE after liver transplantation, 6 (26%) had a classic triad of impaired consciousness, oculomotor palsy and ataxia, and 17 (74%) had two features. The misdiagnosis rate was 65%. After treatment with high-dose vitamin B1, 19 (83%) patients showed improvement, whereas 4 (17%) showed no improvement, including 3 with residual short-term memory impairments and 1 with residual spatial and temporal disorientation and ataxia. CONCLUSIONS: The misdiagnosis rate is high in the early stage of WE, and the prognosis is closely associated with whether WE is diagnosed early and treated timely. High-dose glucose or glucocorticoids can trigger WE and cannot be administered before vitamin B1 treatment. Vitamin B1 is suggested to be used as a prophylactic treatment for patients with WE after liver transplantation.