[Influence of chronic immobilization stress on vitamin status in rats fed different diets].

The influence of a stress factor, widespread in modern conditions, on the vitamin status has not been studied enough. At the same time, the negative stress impact can be aggravated against the background of unhealthy nutrition, which in turn affects the vitamin status of the organism. In this regard, the goal of the research was to evaluate the effect of chronic restrict stress on the vitamin supply in rats fed a diet with adequate and increased content of fat, sugar and cholesterol. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 37 growing male Wistar rats (initial body weight of 45±5 g) divided into 4 groups. Animals of the 1st (control) and the 2nd groups received a complete semi-synthetic diet (CSSD) (20% protein, 10% fat, 58% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 384 kcal/100 g) for 92 days. The levels of all vitamins and mineral elements in the rats' diets were adequate for growing rats. Rats of the 3rd and the 4th groups were fed a high-calorie, high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD) (20% protein, 28% fat, 2% cholesterol, 18% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 20% sucrose, 511 kcal/100 g). Animals of groups 2 and 4 were subjected to daily 90-minute immobilization. The concentration of vitamins A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol) in the blood serum and liver were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver and urine, as well as riboflavin in the blood serum and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods. Biochemical parameters of blood serum were determined on a biochemical analyzer; the total content of fat, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CH) was determined in the liver. Results. Replacing CSSD with HFHCD, both under restraint stress and without, was accompanied by an increase in liver weight by 1.8-2.0 fold, in its fat content by 2.6-3.3 fold, cholesterol by 32.6-35.3 fold and TG - by 33.0-57.6 fold (p=<0.001). An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by 1.7-2.0 fold (p=<0.01), in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level by 5.4 fold (p=<0.05) and the atherogenic coefficient by 2.5 fold (p<0.01) as well as a decrease in creatinine and urea level (p=<0.05) in blood serum were revealed. Immobilization was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, liver and liver fat in rats fed both CSSD and HFHCD (p<0.05), but didn't affect the blood serum biochemical parameters, with the exception of an increase in ALT activity. If the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) did not change during immobilization of rats fed the CSSD, then in animals fed the high-calorie diet it decreased by 37.5% (p=<0.05 from the control) under its increase against the background of restrict stress by 78.7% (p=<0.01) compared to the indicator of rats of the 3rd group. Immobilization of rats treated with CSSD was accompanied by an increase in both absolute serum α-tocopherol level and concentration correlated with the level of cholesterol and triglycerides by 26.0-57.5% (p<0.05), with a simultaneous decrease in its content in the liver per 1 g of wet tissue by 22.1% (p=0.041) relative to the indicators of intact animals. Immobilization reduced the level of retinol palmitate in the liver by 2.3 times (p<0.01), but did not affect retinol level in the blood serum. At the same time, indicators of B vitamin status (the content of vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver per 1 g of wet tissue and per organ, blood serum riboflavin level, urinary excretion of riboflavin and 4-PA) did not change, with the exception of thiamine urinary excretion, which reduced compared to the control by 38.8%. In rats fed HFHCD, immobilization had no additional effect on the supply with vitamins A and E. The content of vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver in terms of the whole organ was reduced by 14.0-26.7% relative to the indicator in animals of the 3rd group, not subjected to chronic stress, only due to differences in liver weight in animals of these groups. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that chronic stress has a negative effect on the vitamin status of the body, worsening the supply with vitamins A, E and B1, and substantiate the feasibility of studying the mechanisms of this effect in order to develop effective vitamin complexes for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by long-term stress.

[Influence of the rat diet enrichment with oat ß-gucans on the assimilation of B group vitamins, mineral elements and lipid metabolism].

Despite the widespread use of oat ß-glucans as ingredient of foods and dietary supplements, there is insufficient data on their effect on the metabolism of vitamins and minerals. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of including oat bran with a high content of ß-glucans (ß-glucan) in the diet on the absorption of micronutrients and lipid metabolism in growing rats deficient in vitamins D, group B and trace elements (iron, copper, zinc). Material and methods. After the development of micronutrient deficiency (for 23 days), in order to assess the effect of oat bran (5%) with a high content of ß-glucans on the correction of the micronutrient status of growing male Wistar rats (with initial body weight of 70.7±0.7 g), the missing micronutrients were introduced in the semi-synthetic diet deficient in vitamins D, group B, iron, copper and zinc within 7 days either along with ß-glucan (1.47%) or without its addition. Indicators of micronutrient sufficiency (riboflavin serum concentration, daily urinary excretion of thiamine, riboflavin and 4-pyridoxic acid, measured by fluorometric methods; serum concentration and urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, measured by the atomic absorption method or using standard methods on a biochemical analyzer) and the biochemical parameters of blood serum were compared with the parameters of rats adequately provided with all micronutrients throughout the experiment. Results. Replenishment of missing micronutrients in the diet of rats with deficiency in vitamins D and group B, iron, copper and zinc for 7 days led to the elimination of deficiency of vitamins B1, B2 and B6, regardless of the presence of ß-glucans in the diet. At the same time, against the background of the presence of ß-glucans in the feed, an increase in the absorption of iron was observed, as evidenced by an increase by 1.73 times in iron blood plasma level (р<0.05) and a tendency towards its urinary excretion decrease by 1.60 fold (р<0.10) compared to animals from the control group. Adding oat bran with ß-glucans to the feed did not lead to a decrease in blood plasma level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in rats of all three groups did not have statistically significant differences. Conclusion. The presence of ß-glucans in the diet had virtually no effect on the absorption of B vitamins and improved the absorption of iron.

[Specialized vitamin-mineral supplements for persons in extreme conditions].

Monitoring the actual nutrition of various groups of the population of the Russian Federation indicates the presence of pronounced deficiencies of essential micronutrients, and above all vitamins and biologically active compounds. Deficiency of many micronutrients is a risk factor for the development of a number of conditions (anxiety, depression, etc.) and non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular, cognitive and neuromuscular disorders). It reduces the effectiveness of the treatment of injuries and wounds, and also leads to a negative effect on the antioxidant protection of the body and a more pronounced response to stress. To prevent long-term consequences, the population is primarily provided with psychological assistance, not always paying due attention to healthy nutrition. The aim of the research was to substantiate and develop vitamin-mineral supplements (VMS) for special purposes to restore impaired functions in various population groups in extreme situations, including those located in the zones of a special military operation. Material and methods. A review of the literature on the problem in recent years was carried out using the databases of the RSCI, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed by the keywords "B vitamins", "vitamin-mineral supplement", "military personnel", "mood", "efficiency", "depression", "refugees", «multivitamin¼, «conflict¼, "efficiency". Results. In an emergency situation, under conditions of high physiological (physical and neuropsychiatric) stress, the requirements in micronutrients increase. An inverse association between micronutrient status and the development of symptoms of depression, sleep disturbance has been found. The analysis of the data on the administration of VMS with different composition in the nutrition of the population and law enforcement officers showed the effectiveness of its intake for all persons in the zone of military conflicts. At the same time, VMS should contain a complete set of vitamins, in doses for B vitamins 200-300% of the recommended daily intake (RDI), vitamin D and other vitamins in a dose of 100%, magnesium, zinc, iodine, iron - in doses up to 50% of RDI. The administration of such VMS for 1-6 months provides an increase in blood serum vitamin level and antioxidant activity, leads to an improvement in functional adaptation and military professional performance, increases self-esteem of health, reduces symptoms of stress and anxiety, improves the mood. Conclusion. The expediency of including VMS for special purposes in the nutrition of both military personnel and the entire population in the zone of military conflict has been proved. Enrichment of the diet with micronutrients is a reliable non-drug prevention of health disorders caused by stress in emergency.

[Influence of multiple insufficiency of vitamin D and B group vitamins, calcium and magnesium in the diet of rats on micronutrient sufficiency and plasma biochemical indicators].

The lack of vitamins D, B group, calcium and magnesium is common for the diet of the Russian population. It has been previously demonstrated that that the elimination of B vitamin deficiency is a necessary condition for the implementation of vitamin D biological functions. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of a combined deficiency of vitamins D and B group, calcium and magnesium in the diet of rats on biomarkers of micronutrient sufficiency and plasma biochemical indicators. Material amd methods. Male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 66±1 g were randomly assigned to one of five groups. The rats of the 1st group (Control) were fed a standard semi-synthetic diet (SD) for 28 days. The combined deficit of vitamins D and B group, calcium and magnesium in rats of four experimental groups was caused by a 5-fold decrease in their content in the vitamin mixture and 2-fold decrease in their content in mineral mixture of the SD for 23 days. Over the next 5 days, the rats of 2nd group (+В+D+Ca+Mg) were fed a diet replenished for all missing vitamins and minerals, the rats of 3rd group (-В+D+Ca+Mg) were fed a diet with continued deficiency of B group vitamins, the rats of the 4th group (+В+D-Ca-Mg) were fed a diet with continued lack of calcium and magnesium, the diet of the 5th group (-B-D-Ca-Mg) was not replenished. Vitamins B1 and B2 in lyophilized liver and brain and urine, riboflavin in plasma and 4-pyridoxic acid in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods, 25(OH)D in plasma was determined by ELISA, the level of vitamins A and E in blood plasma and lyophilized liver, of vitamin E in whole brain - by HPLC. Biochemical parameters of blood plasma were determined using a biochemical analyzer. Results. In rats of the 5th group (-B-D-Ca-Mg), there were 3.4-fold increase (p<0.05) in iron plasma level, 1.7-fold elevation (p<0.10) in alkaline phosphatase activity, and 1.8-fold decrease (p<0.05) in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity on the background of the increase in α-tocopherol blood plasma level by 26.7% (p<0.05) and liver content by 2.0 fold (p<0.05) relative to the indicators in animals who hadn't passed the deficiency of micronutrients (Control) and / or from the 2nd group (+B+D+Ca+Mg). The lack of B group vitamins in the diet, which persisted during the correction of vitamin D, calcium and magnesium deficiency in rats of the 3rd group (-B+D+Ca+Mg), inhibited the recovery of diagnostically significant biochemical parameters of blood plasma (namely, an increased level of glucose, iron, triglycerides, cholesterol, α-tocopherol, increased alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced ALT activity) to the level in animals of the control group and/or rats fed the diet replenished for all missing micronutrients (+B+D+Ca+Mg). Conclusion. Combined deficiency of several micronutrients led to changes in biochemical blood parameters. Reduced intake of calcium and magnesium during the correction of the lack of vitamins D and B group in the diet can have a negative impact on vitamin B2 status. Even under normal dietary vitamin E intake the combined deficiency of several other micronutrients affected the metabolism of this vitamin (increased levels of vitamin E in the liver and blood plasma of animals). Chronic combined alimentary deficit of B vitamins, calcium and magnesium, which is characteristic in the diet of the Russian population, reduces vitamin D bioavailability, which justifies the expediency of using vitamin-mineral complexes.

[Efficiency of vitamin D deficit correction depending on rats' supply with B vitamins].

Despite the presence of combined deficiency of vitamins D and group B among the population of Russia, the intake of cholecalciferol is often recommended without correcting the supply with B group vitamins, which are involved in ensuring the biological functions of vitamin D. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of vitamin D deficit correction by replenishing its content in the diet to an adequate level without eliminating the deficit of B vitamins and by restoring vitamin D level in combination with B vitamins. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats (n=33) with an initial body weight of 69.5±0.8 g. Combined deficit of vitamins D and B group in rats (n=24) was caused by a 5-fold decrease in their content in the vitamin mixture of a semi-synthetic diet for 23 days. Over the next 7 days, in order to correct vitamin deficiency, 12 rats (group «-B+D¼) were fed a diet, replenished up to 100% for vitamin D with continued deficiency of B group vitamins, and 12 rats (group «+B+D¼) were fed a diet replenished for all missing vitamins. Animals of the control group (n=9) received a full semi-synthetic diet during the entire experiment. The concentration of vitamins A and E in blood plasma and lyophilized liver and whole brain was determined by HPLC, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver, brain and urine, riboflavin in plasma and 4-pyridoxic acid in urine - by fluorimetric methods, 25(OH)D in blood plasma was determined by ELISA. The content of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in freeze-dried liver and brain was determined by atomic absorption method, biochemical parameters of blood and urine were determined using a biochemical analyzer. Results. The only vitamin D addition to the feed with a persisting deficiency of B vitamins did not restore the concentration of 25(OH)D and osteocalcin to the level in control animals sufficiently provided with all vitamins. In animals of the "-B+D" group, 25(OH)D plasma level was reduced by 17.3% (p<0.10), osteocalcin - by 11.7% (p<0.05), the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was 1.5 fold less, alanine aminotransferase - 2.3 fold (p<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase - by 14.9% (p<0.10), while the concentration of iron exceeded 2.7 times, glucose - by 15.0%, calcium - by 8.0%, creatinine - by 8.7% (p<0.05), urea - by 32.1%, direct bilirubin - by 24.2% (p<0.10 ) compared with corresponding indicator in rats of the control group. The level of cholesterol and HDL cholesterol was 14.7% and 15.9% higher (p<0.10) than in animals of the «+B+D¼ group. Conclusions. Deficiency of B vitamins inhibits the restoration of adequate supply with vitamin D. In the presence of a lack of B vitamins in rats, vitamin D deficit and its consequences cannot be completely eliminated. Adequate supply with vitamins D and B group are synergistic factors in maintaining the level of glucose, cholesterol in blood plasma and other diagnostically significant parameters.

[Vitaminology: from molecular aspects to improving technology of vitamin status children and adults].

A statistical analysis of the data on the sufficiency with vitamins of certain groups of the Russian adults and children from 1987 to 2017 revealed certain patterns. At first, the presence of multiple micronutrient deficiency (vitamins D, B group, as well as a number of minerals) is still a characteristic feature. At second, vitamin D deficit is the most common. At third, the decrease in the frequency of detection of B vitamin deficiency was inhibited and it still persists in a significant number of examined individuals (median detection frequency is 41%). Vitamin C, A and E deficiency is rarely found among healthy adults. The literature analysis and rat model studies show that the performance of each vitamin depends on the saturation of the organism with other vitamins. Sufficient provision of the body with all vitamins is a necessary condition for the implementation of many functions of vitamin D, the functions of B vitamins are inextricably linked. A diet composed of traditional products does not allow reaching the optimal supply of the body with vitamins and minerals. Everyday using of fortified foods or vitamin-mineral supplements (VMS) is an effective way to eliminate the micronutrient deficiency in the nutrition of the population. The theoretical basis for the development of VMS, intended for different groups of the population, includes the study of the initial vitamin-mineral status, features of work and physical activity, taking into account the role of the lack of individual vitamins in the development of the pathological process and the drug therapy used, individual characteristics of metabolism, in particular due to gene polymorphism. VMS with optimal composition should include vitamin D and all vitamins of B group. The doses of vitamins should be significant, comparable with the recommended daily intake. Additional biomedical requirements for the composition of VMS are formed taking into account the characteristics of the diet. The dose of the antioxidant vitamins and mineral substances should be increased in order to mitigate the effect of dietary fiber with adsorbing properties or polyunsaturated fatty acids that are susceptible to peroxidation and reduce antioxidant status of the organism. VMS with increased doses of all vitamins are intended for the quick and effective elimination of micronutrient deficiency. The total daily intake of micronutrients should not be excessive.

[COVID-19: new challenges for medical science and practical health].

Currently, due to the wide spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the need for anti-epidemic measures, medical science should integrate all efforts to ensure, on the one hand, at the global level - the fight against the spread of infection, on the other hand, at the individual level - increasing the adaptive capacity and immune response of the organism to protect against COVID-19. Nutrition is the most important factor determining human health and the functioning of all mechanisms to protect a person from negative environmental factors. For the prevention and treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19, a significant role is played by the correction of eating disorders, including vitamin and micronutrient deficiency. Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), prepared Recommendations on nutrition for children and adults, requiring a self-isolation regime or quarantine at home in connection with COVID-19. In order to promptly inform and advise the population on nutrition optimization in the early days of anti-epidemic measures, an information reference Contact Center was created and is continuously functioning on the basis of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology. Equally important is the implementation of measures aimed at the prevention of food contamination with COVID-19 agent. In this regard, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Rospotrebnadzor prepared guidelines on measures to prevent the transmission of a new coronavirus infection through foods. Another aspect that the medical community has faced in connection with the pandemic is the need to reorient specialized medical organizations that have not previously worked with patients with infectious diseases in order to create Clinical centers for the treatment of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thus, in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, many areas of medicine are involved in the process of providing anti-epidemic measures. Successful completion of the tasks will significantly reduce the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the state and citizens.

[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[Development of a modern methodological base for monitoring the content of vitamins in food and food supplements].

The determination of vitamins in various food matrices is necessary for monitoring the quality and safety indicators of food, including the control of the use of vitamins as food additives - food colorings and antioxidants. As well it is necessary to evaluate the level of consumption of vitamins by different age and sex categories of the population. The analysis of the regulatory and methodical basis in the field of determining the content of vitamins in food, including food supplements, has been held. It is shown that the sample preparation process plays an important role in the procedure of determination of vitamins. The modern problems of sample preparation of foods depending on their matrix are considered. The tasks to improve the methodological base, including the harmonization of interstate and national standards of the Russian Federation with international regulatory documents, are marked. It is emphasized that the most promising methods of vitamins' determination for further development are mass-spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. The selected methods are characterized by high authenticity of the results. Mass-spectrometric detection is characterized by identification reliability. Capillary electrophoresis is characterized of simplicity of analysis.

[Analysis of regulatory and methodical base in the industry of food for special dietary uses in the Russian Federation].

The analysis of the regulatory and methodical basis in the Russian industry of food for special dietary uses is presented in this article. The modern problems in the industry of production, sale, and consumption of food for special dietary uses are mentioned. The tasks and ways to improve the national and supranational regulation of the quality indicators of food for special dietary uses are described. It is shown that evaluation of the efficacy plays an important role in the technology of production of foods for dietary prophylactic nutrition and foods for special dietary uses. With the aim of optimization of the regulatory basis, it is necessary to implement the methods of determination of biologically active substances, as well as evaluation of their efficacy and norms of consumption.

[The role of the food industry in dietetic therapy of the population. Specialized confectionery diabetic food].

Diabetes mellitus is a serious health and social problem of modernity, which in the future will increase and experts predict that the number of patients in 2030 will exceed 438,4 million. Taking into account the seriousness of the problem, and the fact that diabetes hurts an increasing number of young adults, the problem of creating diabetic food products, the positive effect of which on the organism is confirmed by experimental and clinical studies, is very relevant. The overview briefly covers information about the role of diet and ways to modify the composition and formulations of confectionery products of industrial production. The results of industry work towards the development of diabetic confectionery products in Russian Federation and peculiarities of their production and implementation in the framework of the Customs Union countries are summarized. Monitoring of the information entered in the register of specialized food products has been carried out, the lack of common approaches and tools in regulation imposed on the diabetic products in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan has been revealed. The necessity of objective regulatory impact assessment has been established. Its results will form the basis of the development of a unified approach to the production, handling and identification of diabetic confectionery and of the introduction of the General principle in relation to the probative value of the data, confirming their quality and safety. To improve the quality of population life and to reduce losses from socially significant diseases is possible through the development of personalized diets and their filling with products with attractive sensory properties. These data indicate the need for training highly qualified specialists with interdisciplinary knowledge in the field of food technology, nutrition and medicine.