Efficacy and predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with gallbladder cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising efficacy in multiple cancers including biliary tract cancers (BTCs). However, the data focusing on the efficacy of ICIs in patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) is still limited. In this study, we aim to assess the efficacy of ICIs in GBC and explore the clinicopathologic and molecular markers associated with ICI benefit. We retrospective analyzed 69 GBC patients who had received ICI therapy between January 2016 and December 2020. Tumor samples were obtained for genomic sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 4.4 months and 8.5 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that alcohol intake history, carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) level ≥100 U/mL, and cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. CEA level ≥100 U/mL and cutaneous irAEs were independent prognostic factors for OS. The objective response rate and disease control rate (DCR) were 15.9% and 37.7%, respectively. Patients with cutaneous irAEs, high CD8+ T cell infiltrated or immune inflamed GBCs had higher DCR. Patients with high CD8+ T cell infiltrated or immune inflamed GBCs also had a notably improved prognosis. These results suggest that ICIs were effective in patients with GBC. High CEA level, cutaneous irAEs, high CD8+ T cell infiltration, and immune inflamed phenotype could be useful for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in GBC.

A pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis with multi-site angiomyolipoma: a case report.

Background: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare low-grade malignant tumor featured with diffuse cystic changes due to the destructive proliferation of LAM cells, closely related to angiomyolipoma (AML). Here, we reported a rare case of pulmonary LAM coexisting with AMLs in multiple sites of the lung, liver, kidney, and retroperitoneum. We aimed to contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the diagnosis, identification and treatment of such cases. Case Description: A 48-year-old female with no symptoms underwent a chest computed tomography (CT) scan that showed diffuse thin-walled cysts and multiple solid nodules in the lungs. She received a right nephrectomy due to right kidney AML 30 years previously. The pathological manifestations of the right lower lung mass removed by thoracoscopic surgery was a multifocal AML with mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex gene. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals a vast area of fat signal shadow behind the peritoneum and multiple scattered fatty signal nodules in the liver parenchyma. No other treatment was given due to personal factors of the patient, and there was no significant change at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: LAM and AML are two different but substantively related rare neoplastic diseases. When typical LAM imaging features are found on chest CT or in pathological specimens collected from patients diagnosed with AML, multisystem screening should be performed for the early detection and diagnosis of LAM.