Identification of spontaneous age-related cataract in Microtus fortis. / ä¸œæ–¹ç”°é¼ è‡ªå‘æ€§å¹´é¾„ç›¸å ³æ€§ç™½å† éšœçš„é‰´å®š.

OBJECTIVES: Age-related cataract is the most common type of adult cataract and a leading cause of blindness. Currently, there are few reports on the establishment of animal models for age-related cataract. During the experimental breeding of Microtus fortis (M. fortis), we first observed that M. fortis aged 12 to 15 months could naturally develop cataracts. This study aims to explore the possibility of developing them as an animal model for age-related cataract via identifing and analyzing spontaneous cataract in M. fortis. METHODS: The 12-month-old healthy M. fortis were served as a control group and 12-month-old cataractous M. fortis were served as an experimental group. The lens transparency was observed using the slit-lamp biomicroscope. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect pathological changes in the lens. Biochemical detection methods were applied to detect blood routine, blood glucose levels, the serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in both groups. Finally, real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the transcription levels of cataract-related genes in the lens of 2 groups. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the lens of cataract M. fortis showed severely visible opacity, the structure of lens was destroyed seriously, and some pathological damage, such as swelling, degeneration/necrosis, calcification, hyperplasia, and fiber liquefaction were found in lens epithelial cells (LECs). The fibrous structure was disorganized and irregularly distributed with morgagnian globules (MGs) aggregated in the degenerated lens fibers. There was no statistically significant difference in blood glucose levels between the experimental and control groups (P>0.05). However, white blood cell (WBC) count (P<0.05), lymphocyte count (P<0.01), and lymphocyte ratio (P<0.05) were significantly decreased, while neutrophil percentage (P<0.05) and monocyte ratio (P<0.01) were significantly increased. The serum activities of SOD and GSH-Px (both P<0.05) were both reduced. The mRNAs of cataract-related genes, including CRYAA, CRYBA1, CRYBB3, Bsfp1, GJA3, CRYBA2, MIP, HspB1, DNase2B, and GJA8, were significantly downregultaed in the lenses of the experimental group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in lens pathological changes, peroxidase levels, and cataract-related gene expression between cataract and healthy M. fortis. The developed cataract spontaneously in M. fortis is closely related to age, the cataract M. fortis might be an ideal animal model for the research of age-related cataract.

Effects of seaweed fertilizer application on crops' yield and quality in field conditions in China-A meta-analysis.

Seaweed fertilizer, formulated primarily with seaweed extract as its main ingredient, has been extensively studied and found to significantly improve nutrient use efficiency, increase crop yield and quality, and enhance soil properties under field conditions. This growing body of evidence shows that seaweed fertilizer is a suitable option for sustainable agriculture in China. However, a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the overall effects of seaweed fertilizer application in China is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of relevant studies on the effects of seaweed fertilizers under field conditions in China with MetaWin and SPSS software. Our analysis examined the effects of seaweed fertilizers on crop yield, quality, and growth under different preparation methods, application techniques, and regions. Our results showed that the application of seaweed fertilizer led to a significant average increase in crop yield of 15.17% compared with the control treatments. Root & tuber crops exhibited the most pronounced response, with a yield boost of 21.19%. Moreover, seaweed fertilizer application significantly improved crop quality, with elevations in the sugar-acid ratio (38.32%) vitamin C (18.07%), starch (19.65%), and protein (11.45%). In addition, plant growth parameters such as height, stem thickness, root weight, and leaf area showed significant enhancement with seaweed fertilizer use. The yield-increasing effect of seaweed fertilizers varied depending on their preparation and use method, climate, and soil of application location. Our study provides fundamental reference data for the efficient and scientific application of seaweed fertilizers in agricultural practices.

AHEGC: Adaptive Hindsight Experience Replay With Goal-Amended Curiosity Module for Robot Control.

With shaped reward functions, reinforcement learning (RL) has recently been successfully applied to several robot control tasks. However, designing a task-relevant and well-performing reward function takes time and effort. Still, if RL can train an agent to complete a task in a sparse reward environment, it is an effective way to address the difficulty of reward function design, but it is still a significant challenge. To address this issue, the pioneering hindsight experience replay (HER) method dramatically enhances the probability of acquiring skills in sparse reward environments by transforming unsuccessful experiences into helpful training samples. However, HER still requires a lengthy training period. In this article, we propose a new technique based on HER termed adaptive HER with goal-amended curiosity module (AHEGC) for further enhancing sample and exploration efficiency. Specifically, an adaptive adjustment strategy of hindsight experience (HE) sampling rate and reward weights is developed to enhance sample efficiency. Furthermore, we introduce a curiosity mechanism to encourage more efficient exploration of the environment and propose a goal-amended (GA) curiosity module as a solution to the problem of over-seeking novelty caused by the curiosity introduced. We conducted experiments on six demanding robot control tasks with binary rewards, including Fetch and Hand environments. The results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods regarding learning ability and convergence speed.

Interface Manipulation to Improve Plasmon-Coupled Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting on α-Fe2 O3 Photoanodes.

The plasmon resonance effect of metal nanoparticles (NPs) offers a promising route to improve the solar energy conversion efficiency of semiconductors. In this study, it is revealed that hot electrons generated by the plasmon resonance effect of Au NPs tend to inject into the surface states instead of the conduction band of Fe2 O3 photoanodes, and then severe surface recombination occurs. Such an electron-transfer process seems to be independent of external applied potentials, but is sensitive to metal-semiconductor interface properties. Passivating the surface states of Fe2 O3 with a noncatalytic Al2 O3 layer can construct an effective resonant energy-transfer interface between Ti-doped Fe2 O3 (Ti-Fe2 O3 ) and Au NPs. In such a Ti-Fe2 O3 /Al2 O3 /Au electrode configuration, the enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting performance can be attributed to the following two factors: 1) in the non-light-responsive wavelength range of Au NPs, both the relaxing Fermi pinning effect of the Al2 O3 passivation layer and the higher work function of Au enlarge band bending; thus promoting the charge separation; and 2) in the light-responsive wavelength range of Au NPs, the effective resonant energy transfer contributes to light harvesting and conversion. The interface manipulation proposed herein may provide a new route to design efficient plasmonic PEC devices for energy conversion.