Tracking control problem of nonlinear strict-feedback systems with input nonlinearity: An adaptive neural network dynamic surface control method.

In this work, the tracking control problem for a class of nonlinear strict-feedback systems with input nonlinearity is addressed. In response to the influence of input nonlinearity, an auxiliary control system is constructed to compensate for it. To process unknown nonlinear dynamics, radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are introduced to approximate them, and some adaptive updating control laws are designed to estimate unknown parameters. Furthermore, during the dynamic surface control (DSC) design process, first-order low-pass filters are introduced to solve the complexity explosion problems caused by repeated differentiation. After that, an NN-based adaptive dynamic surface tracking controller is proposed to achieve the tracking control. By applying the proposed controller, it can be guaranteed that not only the output of the system can track the desired trajectory, but also that the tracking error can converge to a small neighborhood of zero, while all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through two examples.

Constitutively overexpressed 21 kDa protein in Hodgkin lymphoma and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas identified as cytochrome B5b (CYB5B).

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported a novel constitutively overexpressed 21 kDa protein in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL). The objective of the current study was to 1) identify this protein using two independent methods, 2) study the expression of the protein and its encoding mRNA in reactive lymph nodes, normal lymphocytes and CD34+ bone marrow precursor cells, 3) analyse patterns of expression of the protein in tissue microarrays assembled from a large number of diagnostic clinical biopsies from patients with HL, and 4) determine the copy number variation and mutation status of the encoding gene in HL cell lines. RESULTS: Peptide sequencing by LC-MS/MS and protein identification by protein array screening identified a single protein, CYB5B. No mutations were detected in the CYB5B gene in HL cell lines. Quantitative PCR showed CYB5B gene expression was increased in HL and NHL cell lines. Array CGH using a submegabase resolution tiling array revealed gains in the CYB5B locus in HL cell lines KMH2 and L428. Membrane expression was seen in Reed-Sternberg cells in clinical biopsies from patients with HL but not in reactive lymph nodes. Bone marrow CD34+ precursor cells were CYB5B negative on the cell surface. RT-PCR assays of RNA extracted from T and B cell enriched fractions obtained from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reactive lymph nodes, tonsils and normal bone marrow samples showed no evidence of increased mRNA levels of CYB5B in comparison to housekeeping gene GAPDH. CONCLUSIONS: The 21 kDa protein overexpressed in HL and aggressive NHL is identical to CYB5B. CYB5B gene expression is increased in a subset of HL and NHL cell lines tested. This is associated with CYB5B gene amplification in HL cell lines KMH2 and L428. CYB5B may be a potential target for antibody-based therapy of HL and aggressive NHL as although cytoplasmic expression is present in reactive lymphocytes, it is not expressed on the cell surface of non-neoplastic lymphocytes or bone marrow precursor cells.

Effects of exercise training on cellular mechanisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulation in coronary arteries after chronic occlusion.

Exercise training enhances agonist-mediated relaxation in both control and collateral-dependent coronary arteries of hearts subjected to chronic occlusion, an enhancement that is mediated in part by nitric oxide. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate exercise training-induced adaptations in specific cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in coronary arteries of ischemic hearts. Ameroid constrictors were surgically placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) of adult female Yucatan miniature swine. Eight weeks postoperatively, animals were randomized into sedentary (pen-confined) or exercise training (treadmill run; 5 days/wk; 14 wk) protocols. Coronary artery segments ( approximately 1.0 mm luminal diameter) were isolated from collateral-dependent (LCX) and control (nonoccluded left anterior descending) arteries 22 wk after ameroid placement. Endothelial cells were enzymatically dissociated, and intracellular Ca(2+) responses (fura 2) to bradykinin stimulation were studied. Immunofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to quantify endothelial cell eNOS and caveolin-1 cellular distribution under basal and bradykinin-stimulated conditions. Immunoblot analysis was used to determine eNOS, phosphorylated (p)-eNOS, protein kinase B (Akt), pAkt, and caveolin-1 protein levels. Bradykinin-stimulated nitrite plus nitrate (NOx; nitric oxide metabolites) levels were assessed via HPLC. Exercise training resulted in significantly enhanced bradykinin-mediated increases in endothelial Ca(2+) levels, NOx levels, and the distribution of eNOS-to-caveolin-1 ratio at the plasma membrane in endothelial cells of control and collateral-dependent arteries. Exercise training also significantly increased total eNOS and phosphorylated levels of eNOS (pSer(1179)) in collateral-dependent arteries. Total eNOS protein levels were also significantly increased in collateral-dependent arteries of sedentary animals. These data provide new insights into exercise training-induced adaptations in cellular mechanisms of nitric oxide regulation in collateral-dependent coronary arteries of chronically occluded hearts that contribute to enhanced nitric oxide production.

Constitutive overexpression of a novel 21 kDa protein by Hodgkin lymphoma and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

BACKGROUND: CD30, a 120 kDa surface phosphorylated protein is a member of tumour necrosis/nerve growth factor receptor (TNF/NGFR) family and constitutively expressed by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and the neoplastic cells of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL). A disease-specific protein marker is yet to be identified in Hodgkin lymphoma cells. In order to define HL-specific biomarkers, novel murine monoclonal antibodies were developed in our laboratory. RESULTS: Murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised against the B3 sub clone of HL-derived cell line KM-H2. Two of these mabs (clone R23.1 mab and clone R24.1 mab) are IgG1 class antibodies that recognize a 21 kDa protein present at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm in HL-derived cell lines. Clone R24.1 mab recognizes a formalin-resistant epitope and labels HRS cells in tissue samples from patients with HL of the classical type, ALCL, and subsets of T and B cell aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL). The antigen recognized by the clone R23.1 mab and clone R24.1 mab does not share epitopes with CD30 cluster regions A, B, or C, and, unlike CD30, is not expressed by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated T cells. CONCLUSION: The 21 kDa protein detected by clone R23.1 and clone R24.1 mabs is a novel membrane-associated protein that may be a potential marker for the diagnosis and targeted therapy of HL and aggressive T and B cell NHL.

Sub-megabase resolution tiling (SMRT) array-based comparative genomic hybridization profiling reveals novel gains and losses of chromosomal regions in Hodgkin Lymphoma and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL), are forms of malignant lymphoma defined by unique morphologic, immunophenotypic, genotypic, and clinical characteristics, but both overexpress CD30. We used sub-megabase resolution tiling (SMRT) array-based comparative genomic hybridization to screen HL-derived cell lines (KMH2 and L428) and ALCL cell lines (DEL and SR-786) in order to identify disease-associated gene copy number gains and losses. RESULTS: Significant copy number gains and losses were observed on several chromosomes in all four cell lines. Assessment of copy number alterations with 26,819 DNA segments identified an average of 20 genetic alterations. Of the recurrent minimally altered regions identified, 11 (55%) were within previously published regions of chromosomal alterations in HL and ALCL cell lines while 9 (45%) were novel alterations not previously reported. HL cell lines L428 and KMH2 shared gains in chromosome cytobands 2q23.1-q24.2, 7q32.2-q36.3, 9p21.3-p13.3, 12q13.13-q14.1, and losses in 13q12.13-q12.3, and 18q21.32-q23. ALCL cell lines SR-786 and DEL, showed gains in cytobands 5p15.32-p14.3, 20p12.3-q13.11, and 20q13.2-q13.32. Both pairs of HL and ALCL cell lines showed losses in 18q21.32-18q23. CONCLUSION: This study is considered to be the first one describing HL and ALCL cell line genomes at sub-megabase resolution. This high-resolution analysis allowed us to propose novel candidate target genes that could potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of HL and ALCL. FISH was used to confirm the amplification of all three isoforms of the trypsin gene (PRSS1/PRSS2/PRSS3) in KMH2 and L428 (HL) and DEL (ALCL) cell lines. These are novel findings that have not been previously reported in the lymphoma literature, and opens up an entirely new area of research that has not been previously associated with lymphoma biology. The findings raise interesting possibilities about the role of signaling pathways triggered by membrane associated serine proteases in HL and aggressive NHL, similar to those described in epithelial tumors.

The rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 directly interacts with the caveolar structural protein caveolin-1.

Rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) is known to function as an intracellular receptor at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) critical to viral morphogenesis and is the first characterized viral enterotoxin. Exogenously added NSP4 induces diarrhea in rodent pups and stimulates secretory chloride currents across intestinal segments as measured in Ussing chambers. Circular dichroism studies further reveal that intact NSP4 and the enterotoxic peptide (NSP4(114-135)) that is located within the extended, C-terminal amphipathic helix preferentially interact with caveola-like model membranes. We now show colocalization of NSP4 and caveolin-1 in NSP4-transfected and rotavirus-infected mammalian cells in reticular structures surrounding the nucleus (likely ER), in the cytosol, and at the cell periphery by laser scanning confocal microscopy. A direct interaction between NSP4 residues 112 to 140 and caveolin-1 was determined by the Pro-Quest yeast two-hybrid system with full-length NSP4 and seven overlapping deletion mutants as bait, caveolin-1 as prey, and vice versa. Coimmunoprecipitation of NSP4-caveolin-1 complexes from rotavirus-infected mammalian cells demonstrated that the interaction occurs during viral infection. Finally, binding of caveolin-1 from mammalian cell lysates to Sepharose-bound, NSP4-specific synthetic peptides confirmed the yeast two-hybrid data and further delineated the binding domain to amino acids 114 to 135. We propose that the association of NSP4 and caveolin-1 contributes to NSP4 intracellular trafficking from the ER to the cell surface and speculate that exogenously added NSP4 stimulates signaling molecules located in caveola microdomains.

Role of the sterol carrier protein-2 N-terminal membrane binding domain in sterol transfer.

Previous studies showed that the N-terminal 32 amino acids of sterol carrier protein-2 ((1-32)SCP(2)) comprise an amphipathic alpha-helix essential for SCP(2) binding to membranes [Huang et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 13231]. However, it is unclear whether membrane interaction of the (1-32)SCP(2) portion of SCP(2) is in itself sufficient to mediate intermembrane sterol transfer, possibly by altering membrane structure. In this study a fluorescent sterol exchange assay was used to resolve these issues and demonstrated that the SCP(2) N-terminal peptide (1-32)SCP(2) did not by itself enhance intermembrane sterol transfer but potentiated the ability of the SCP(2) protein to stimulate sterol transfer. Compared with SCP(2) acting alone, (1-32)SCP(2) potentiated the sterol transfer activity of SCP(2) by increasing the initial rate of sterol transfer by 2.9-fold and by decreasing the half-time of sterol transfer by 10-fold (from 11.6 to 1.2 min) without altering the size of the transferable fractions. The ability of a series of SCP(2) mutant N-terminal peptides to potentiate SCP(2)-mediated sterol transfer was directly correlated with membrane affinity of the respective peptide. N-Terminal peptide (1-32)SCP(2) did not potentiate intermembrane sterol transfer by binding sterol (dehydroergosterol), altering membrane fluidity (diphenylhexatriene) or membrane permeability (leakage assay). Instead, fluorescence lifetime measurements suggested that SCP(2) and (1-32)SCP(2) bound to membranes and thereby elicited a shift in membrane sterol microenvironment to become more polar. In summary, these data for the first time showed that while the N-terminal membrane binding domain of SCP(2) was itself inactive in mediating intermembrane sterol transfer, it nevertheless potentiated the ability of SCP(2) to enhance sterol transfer.

ACBP and cholesterol differentially alter fatty acyl CoA utilization by microsomal ACAT.

Microsomal acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is stimulated in vitro and/or in intact cells by proteins that bind and transfer both substrates, cholesterol, and fatty acyl CoA. To resolve the role of fatty acyl CoA binding independent of cholesterol binding/transfer, a protein that exclusively binds fatty acyl CoA (acyl CoA binding protein, ACBP) was compared. ACBP contains an endoplasmic reticulum retention motif and significantly colocalized with acyl-CoA cholesteryl acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) and endoplasmic reticulum markers in L-cell fibroblasts and hepatoma cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous cholesterol, ACAT was stimulated in the order: ACBP > sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) > liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). Stimulation was in the same order as the relative affinities of the proteins for fatty acyl CoA. In contrast, in the absence of exogenous cholesterol, these proteins inhibited microsomal ACAT, but in the same order: ACBP > SCP-2 > L-FABP. The extracellular protein BSA stimulated microsomal ACAT regardless of the presence or absence of exogenous cholesterol. Thus, ACBP was the most potent intracellular fatty acyl CoA binding protein in differentially modulating the activity of microsomal ACAT to form cholesteryl esters independent of cholesterol binding/transfer ability.

Sterol carrier protein-2 directly interacts with caveolin-1 in vitro and in vivo.

HDL-mediated reverse-cholesterol transport as well as phosphoinositide signaling are mediated through plasma membrane microdomains termed caveolae/lipid rafts. However, relatively little is known regarding mechanism(s) whereby these lipids traffic to or are targeted to caveolae/lipid rafts. Since sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) binds both cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol, the possibility that SCP-2 might interact with caveolin-1 and caveolae was examined. Double immunolabeling and laser scanning fluorescence microscopy showed that a small but significant portion of SCP-2 colocalized with caveolin-1 primarily at the plasma membrane of L-cells and more so within intracellular punctuate structures in hepatoma cells. In SCP-2 overexpressing L-cells, SCP-2 was detected in close proximity to caveolin, 48 +/- 4 A, as determined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and immunogold electron microscopy. Cell fractionation of SCP-2 overexpressing L-cells and Western blotting detected SCP-2 in purified plasma membranes, especially in caveolae/ lipid rafts as compared to the nonraft fraction. SCP-2 and caveolin-1 were coimmunoprecipitated from cell lysates by anti-caveolin-1 and anti-SCP-2. Finally, a yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that SCP-2 directly interacts with caveolin-1 in vivo. These interactions of SCP-2 with caveolin-1 were specific since a functionally related protein, phosphatidyinositol transfer protein (PITP), colocalized much less well with caveolin-1, was not in close proximity to caveolin-1 (i.e., >120 A), and was not coimmunoprecipitated by anti-caveolin-1 from cell lysates. In summary, it was shown for the first time that SCP-2 (but not PITP) selectively interacted with caveolin-1, both within the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. These data contribute significantly to our understanding of the role of SCP-2 in cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol targeted from intracellular sites of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to caveolae/lipid rafts at the cell surface plasma membrane.

Sterol carrier protein-2 functions in phosphatidylinositol transfer and signaling.

Over 20 years ago, it was reported that liver cytosol contains at least two distinct proteins that transfer phosphatidylinositol in vitro, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) and a pH 5.1 supernatant fraction containing sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2). In contrast to PITP, there has been minimal progress on the structural and functional significance of SCP-2 in phosphatidylinositol transport. As shown herein, highly purified, recombinant SCP-2 stimulated up to 13-fold the rapid (s) transfer of radiolabeled phosphatidylinositol (PI) from microsomal donor membranes to highly curved acceptor membranes. SCP-2 bound to microsomes in vitro and overexpression of SCP-2 in transfected L-cells resulted in the following: (i) redistribution of phosphatidylinositols from intracellular membranes (mitochondria and microsomes) to the plasma membrane; (ii) enhancement of insulin-mediated inositol-triphosphate production; and (iii) 5.5-fold down regulation of PITP. Like PITP, SCP-2 binds two ligands required for vesicle budding from the Golgi, PI, and fatty acyl CoA. Double immunolabeling confocal microscopy showed SCP-2 significantly colocalized with caveolin-1 in the cytoplasm (punctate) and plasma membrane of SCP-2 overexpressing hepatoma cells (72%), HT-29 cells (58%), and SCP-2 overexpressing L-cells (37%). Taken together, these data show for the first time that SCP-2 plays a hitherto unrecognized role in intracellular phosphatidylinositol transfer, distribution, and signaling.