Closed-Loop Control of Macrophage Engineering Enabled by Focused-Ultrasound Responsive Mechanoluminescence Nanoplatform for Precise Cancer Immunotherapy.

Macrophage engineering has emerged as a promising approach for modulating the anti-tumor immune response in cancer therapy. However, the spatiotemporal control and real-time feedback of macrophage regulatory process is still challenging, leading to off-targeting effect and delayed efficacy monitoring therefore raising risk of immune overactivation and serious side effects. Herein, a focused ultrasound responsive immunomodulator-loaded optical nanoplatform (FUSION) is designed to achieve spatiotemporal control and status reporting of macrophage engineering in vivo. Under the stimulation of focused ultrasound (FUS), the immune agonist encapsulated in FUSION can be released to induce selective macrophage M1 phenotype differentiation at tumor site and the near-infrared mechanoluminescence of FUSION is generated simultaneously to indicate the initiation of immune activation. Meanwhile, the persistent luminescence of FUSION is enhanced due to hydroxyl radical generation in the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, which can report the effectiveness of macrophage regulation. Then, macrophages labeled with FUSION as a living immunotherapeutic agent (FUSION-M) are utilized for tumor targeting and focused ultrasound activated, immune cell-based cancer therapy. By combining the on-demand activation and feedback to form a closed loop, the nanoplatform in this work holds promise in advancing the controllability of macrophage engineering and cancer immunotherapy for precision medicine.

Focused Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocomposite with Near-Infrared II Mechanoluminescence for Spatiotemporally Selective Immune Activation in Lymph Nodes.

The immune regulation of the lymphatic system, especially the lymph node (LN), is of great significance for the treatment of diseases and the inhibition of pathogenic organisms spreading in the body. However, achieving precise spatiotemporal control of immune cell activation in LN in vivo remains a challenge due to tissue depth and off-target effects. Furthermore, minimally invasive and real-time feedback methods to monitor the regulation of the immune system in LN are lacking. Here, focused ultrasound responsive immunomodulator loaded nanoplatform (FURIN) with near-infrared II (NIR-II) luminescence is designed to achieve spatiotemporally controllable immune activation in LN in vivo. The NIR-II persistent luminescence of FURIN can track its delivery in LN through bioimaging. Under focused ultrasound (FUS) stimulation, the immunomodulator encapsulated in FURIN can be released locally in the LN to activate immune cells such as dendritic cells and the NIR-II mechanoluminescence of FURIN provides real-time optical feedback signals for immune activation. This work points to a FUS mediated, spatiotemporal selective immune activation strategy in vivo with the feedback control of luminescence signals via ultrasound responsive nanocomposite, which is of great significance in improving the efficacy and reducing the side effect of immune regulation for the development of potential immunotherapeutic methods in the future.

Intelligent Health Assessment of Aviation Bearing Based on Deep Transfer Graph Convolutional Networks under Large Speed Fluctuations.

As a critical support and fixed component of aero engines, electro-hydrostatic actuators, and other equipment, the operation of aviation bearings is often subject to high speed, high-temperature rise, large load, and other continuous complex fluctuation conditions, which makes their health assessment tasks more difficult. To solve this problem, an intelligent health assessment method based on a new Deep Transfer Graph Convolutional Network (DTGCN) is proposed for aviation bearings under large speed fluctuation conditions. First, a new DTGCN algorithm is designed, which mainly uses the domain adaptation mechanism to enhance the performance of Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) and the generalization performance of transfer properties. Specifically, order spectrum analysis is employed to resample the vibration signals of aviation bearings and transform them into order spectral signals. Then, the trained 1dGCN is used as the feature extractor, and the designed Dynamic Multiple Kernel Maximum Mean Discrepancy (DMKMMD) is calculated to match the difference in edge distribution. Finally, the aligned features are fed into the softmax classifier for intelligent health assessment. The effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic algorithm and method are validated by using aviation bearing fault data set under large speed fluctuation conditions.

Multi-Channel Lanthanide Nanocomposites for Customized Synergistic Treatment of Orthotopic Multi-Tumor Cases.

Simultaneous photothermal ablation of multiple tumors is limited by unpredictable photo-induced apoptosis, caused by individual intratumoral differences. Here, a multi-channel lanthanide nanocomposite was used to achieve tailored synergistic treatment of multiple subcutaneous orthotopic tumors under non-uniform whole-body infrared irradiation prescription. The nanocomposite reduces intratumoral glutathione by simultaneously activating the fluorescence and photothermal channels. The fluorescence provides individual information on different tumors, allowing customized prescriptions to be made. This enables optimal induction of hyperthermia and dosage of chemo drugs, to ensure treatment efficacy, while avoiding overtherapy. With an accessional therapeutic laser system, customized synergistic treatment of subcutaneous orthotopic cancer cases with multiple tumors is possible with both high efficacy and minimized side effects.

Lanthanide Luminescent Nanocomposite for Non-Invasive Temperature Monitoring in Vivo.

Temperature monitoring in vivo plays a vital role in the investigation of biological processes of organisms and the improvement of disease theranostic methods. The development of lanthanide luminescent nanocomposite-derived temperature probes in vivo allows accurate and reliable interrogation of biological thermodynamic processes due to their superior photostability, high sensitivity, and non-invasive sensing fashion. This concept presented an overview of the recent development of lanthanide luminescent nanocomposite which are suitable for in vivo temperature monitoring, including the thermometric principles, key features, materials designs as well as their potential biomedical applications for non-invasive temperature detection in the living body. The perspectives of these lanthanide luminescent nanocomposite thermometers for the optimization of temperature monitoring performance and potential future development are also discussed.

Sono-optogenetics facilitated by a circulation-delivered rechargeable light source for minimally invasive optogenetics.

Optogenetics, which uses visible light to control the cells genetically modified with light-gated ion channels, is a powerful tool for precise deconstruction of neural circuitry with neuron-subtype specificity. However, due to limited tissue penetration of visible light, invasive craniotomy and intracranial implantation of tethered optical fibers are usually required for in vivo optogenetic modulation. Here we report mechanoluminescent nanoparticles that can act as local light sources in the brain when triggered by brain-penetrant focused ultrasound (FUS) through intact scalp and skull. Mechanoluminescent nanoparticles can be delivered into the blood circulation via i.v. injection, recharged by 400-nm photoexcitation light in superficial blood vessels during circulation, and turned on by FUS to emit 470-nm light repetitively in the intact brain for optogenetic stimulation. Unlike the conventional "outside-in" approaches of optogenetics with fiber implantation, our method provides an "inside-out" approach to deliver nanoscopic light emitters via the intrinsic circulatory system and switch them on and off at any time and location of interest in the brain without extravasation through a minimally invasive ultrasound interface.

Quantitative Drug Release Monitoring in Tumors of Living Subjects by Magnetic Particle Imaging Nanocomposite.

In vivo drug release monitoring provides accurate and reliable information to guide drug dosing. Image-based strategies for in vivo monitoring are advantageous because they are non-invasive and provide visualization of the spatial distribution of drug, but those imaging modalities in use (e.g., fluorescence imaging (FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) remain inadequate because of the low tissue penetration depth (for FI) or difficulty with quantification of release rate and signal convolution with noise sources (for MRI). Magnetic particle imaging (MPI), employing superparamagnetic nanoparticles as the contrast agent and sole signal source, enables large tissue penetration and quantifiable signal intensity. These properties make it ideal for application to in vivo drug release monitoring. In this work, we design a superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanocluster@poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) core-shell nanocomposite loaded with a chemotherapy drug (doxorubicin) which serves as a dual drug delivery system and MPI quantification tracer. The as-prepared nanocomposite can degrade under a mild acidic microenvironment (pH = 6.5), which induces a sustained release of doxorubicin and gradual decomposition of the Fe3O4 nanocluster, causing the MPI signal changes. We showed that nanocomposite-induced MPI signal changes display a linear correlation with the release rate of doxorubicin over time (R2 = 0.99). Utilizing this phenomenon, we successfully established quantitative monitoring of the release process in cell culture. We then performed in vivo drug release monitoring in a cancer therapy setting using a murine breast cancer model by injecting the nanocomposite, monitoring the drug release, and assessing the induced tumor cell kill. This study provides an improved solution for in vivo drug release monitoring compared to other available monitoring strategies. This translational strategy using a biocompatible polymer-coated iron oxide nanocomposite will be promising in future clinical use.

Dual functional NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+@NaYF4:Yb3+, Nd3+ core-shell nanoparticles for cell temperature sensing and imaging.

Lanthanide-doped up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) provide a remote temperature sensing approach to monitoring biological microenvironments. In this research, the UCNPs of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+@NaYF4:Yb3+, Nd3+ with hexagonal (ß)-phase were synthesized and applied in cell temperature sensing as well as imaging after surface modification with meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. In the core-shell UCNPs, Yb3+ ions were introduced as energy transfer media between sensitizers of Nd3+ and activators of Er3+ to improve Er3+emission and prevent their quenching behavior due to multiple energy levels of Nd3+. Under the excitations of 808 nm and 980 nm lasers, the NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+@NaYF4:Yb3+, Nd3+ nanoparticles exhibited an efficient green band with two emission peaks at 525 nm and 545 nm, respectively, which originated from the transitions of 2H11/2 â†’ 4I15/2 and 4S3/2 â†’ 4I15/2 for Er3+ ions. We demonstrate that an occurrence of good logarithmic linearity exists between the intensity ratio of these two emission peaks and the reciprocal of the inside or outside temperature of NIH-3T3 cells. A better thermal stability is proved through temperature-dependent spectra with a heating-cooling cycle. The obtained viability of NIH-3T3 cells is greater than 90% after incubations of about 12 and 24 (h), and they possess a lower cytotoxicity of UCNPs. This work provides a method for monitoring the cell temperature and its living state from multiple dimensions including temperature response, cell images and visual up-conversion fluorescent color.

Anti-Stokes shift luminescent materials for bio-applications.

Anti-Stokes shift luminescence is a special optical process, which converts long-wavelength excitation to short-wavelength emission. This unique ability is especially helpful for bio-applications, because the longer-wavelength light source, usually referring to near infrared light, has a larger penetration depth offering a longer working distance for in vivo applications. The anti-Stokes shift luminescence signal can also be distinguished from the auto-fluorescence of biological tissues, thus reducing background interference during bioimaging. Herein, we summarize recent advances in anti-Stokes shift luminescent materials, including lanthanide and triplet-triplet-annihilation-based upconversion nanomaterials, and newly improved hot-band absorption-based luminescent materials. We focus on the synthetic strategies, optical optimization and biological applications as well as present comparative discussions on the luminescence mechanisms and characteristics of these three types of luminescent materials.

High-Contrast Visualization of Upconversion Luminescence in Mice Using Time-Gating Approach.

Optical imaging through the near-infrared (NIR) window provides deep penetration of light up to several centimeters into biological tissues. Capable of emitting 800 nm luminescence under 980 nm illumination, the recently developed upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) suggest a promising optical contrast agent for in vivo bioimaging. However, presently they require high-power lasers to excite when applied to small animals, leading to significant scattering background that limits the detection sensitivity as well as a detrimental thermal effect. In this work, we show that the time-gating approach implementing pulsed illumination from a NIR diode laser and time-delayed imaging synchronized via an optical chopper offers detection sensitivity more than 1 order of magnitude higher than the conventional approach using optical band-pass filters (S/N, 47321/6353 vs 5339/58), when imaging UCNPs injected into Kunming mice. The pulsed laser illumination (70 µs ON in 200 µs period) also reduces the overall thermal accumulation to 35% of that under the continuous-wave mode. Technical details are given on setting up the time-gating unit comprising an optical chopper, a pinhole, and a microscopy eyepiece. Being generally compatible with any camera, this provides a convenient and low cost solution to NIR animal imaging using UCNPs as well as other luminescent probes.

Nd3+-Sensitized Upconversion Nanostructure as a Dual-Channel Emitting Optical Probe for Near Infrared-to-Near Infrared Fingerprint Imaging.

Lanthanide upconversion nanophosphors (Ln-UCNPs) have attracted great attention in a variety of fields, benefiting from low background fluorescence interference and a high signal-to-noise ratio of upconversion luminescence. However, the establishment of Ln-UCNPs with dual near-infrared (NIR) emission channels still remains challenging. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of Nd3+-sensitized NaYbF4:Tm@NaYF4:Yb@NaNdF4:Yb hierarchical-structured nanoparticles that emit NIR luminescence at 696 and 980 nm under excitation at 808 nm. The sensitizer-rich NaYbF4 core promotes efficient energy transfer to Tm3+. The interlayer of NaYF4:Yb effectively prevents the cross-relaxation process from Tm3+ to Nd3+ and thus enhances the luminescence emission. The introduction of Nd3+ ion as the sensitizer transforms the excitation wavelength from 980 to 808 nm, which subtly averts the laser-induced thermal effect and offers a new pathway for the NIR emission channel at 980 nm. The as-prepared nanoparticles were further applied in developing latent and blood fingerprint images, which exhibited high signal-to-noise ratio and distinguishable details under 808 nm excitation with negligible thermal damage to the sample. Our work provides a promising strategy to realize NIR-to-NIR dual-channel emissions in Ln-UCNPs. With further functionalization, such nanoparticles are expected to have great potential in forensic and biological sciences.

Highly transparent cellulose-based phosphorescent materials with tunable afterglow colors and white emission.

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with wood as framework are highly desirable due to their extended afterglow, high haze and good mechanical properties, which is highly desired in lighting materials. However, it remains challenging to obtain wood-based RTP materials that possess on-demand afterglow colors while maintaining high transparency across the entire visible spectrum. In this study, long-persistent phosphorescent transparent composite with tunable afterglow color is fabricated by infiltrating delignified wood with phosphors (including carbazole, naphthalene, and pyrene) doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Such RTP woods indicate remarkable transparency, over 70 %, and an extended afterglow duration of up to 8 s. Here, PMMA serves as rigid surrounding to suppress the non-radiative transition of phosphors to ensure phosphorescence, and to fulfill in the wood lumen to match the refractive index of cellulose for transparency. By formulating phosphors with different types and concentration ratios, transparent woods with diverse phosphorescence colors, and white emission, are successfully achieved. Furthermore, the RTP woods demonstrate dynamically tunable afterglow colors over time based on the varied phosphorescent lifetimes. Characterized by their high transparency and tunable colors, these natural wood-based RTP materials have great potentials for application in the fields of LED materials, optics, and building materials.

Multifunctional Optical Tomography System With High-Fidelity Surface Extraction Based on a Single Programmable Scanner and Unified Pinhole Modeling.

OBJECTIVE: Macroscopic optical tomography is a non-invasive method that can visualize the 3D distribution of intrinsic optical properties or exogenous fluorophores, making it highly attractive for small animal imaging. However, reconstructing the images requires prior knowledge of surface information. To address this, existing systems often use additional hardware components or integrate multimodal information, which is expensive and introduces new issues such as image registration. Our goal is to develop a multifunctional optical tomography system that can extract surface information using a concise hardware design. METHODS: Our proposed system uses a single programmable scanner to implement both surface extraction and optical tomography functions. A unified pinhole model is used to describe both the illumination and detection procedures for capturing 3D point cloud. Line-shaped scanning is adopted to improve both spatial resolution and speed of surface extraction. Finally, we integrate the extracted surface information into the optical tomographic reconstruction to more accurately map the fluorescence distribution. RESULT: Comprehensive phantom experiments with different levels of complexity were designed to evaluate the performance of surface extraction and fluorescence tomography. We also imaged the axillary lymph nodes in living mice after injection of fluorophore, demonstrating the proposed system facilitates more reliable fluorescence tomography. CONCLUSION: We have successfully developed a versatile optical tomography system by leveraging concise hardware design and unified pinhole modeling. Phantom validation demonstrates that our system provides high-precision surface information with a maximum error of 0.1 mm, while the surface-guided FMT reconstruction is more reliable than the blind reconstruction using simplified surface geometry, elevating several quantitative metrics including RMSE, CNR, and Dice. SIGNIFICANCE: Our work explores the feasibility of obtaining additional surface information using existing components of standalone optical tomography. This makes the optical tomographic technique more accurate and more accessible to biomedical researchers.

A bone-targeting near-infrared luminescence nanocarrier facilitates alpha-ketoglutarate efficacy enhancement for osteoporosis therapy.

Osteoporosis (OP), which largely increases the risk of fractures, is the most common chronic degenerative orthopedic disease in the elderly due to the imbalance of bone homeostasis. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG), an endogenous metabolic intermediate involved in osteogenesis, plays critical roles in osteogenic differentiation and mineralization and the inhibition of osteoclastogenic differentiation. However, the low bioavailability and poor bone-targeting efficiency of AKG seriously limit its efficacy in OP treatment. In this work, a bone-targeting, near-infrared emissive lanthanide luminescence nanocarrier loaded with AKG (ß-NaYF4:7%Yb, 60%Nd@NaLuF4@mSiO2-EDTA-AKG, abbreviated as LMEK) is developed for the enhancement of AKG efficacy in OP therapy. By utilizing the NIR-II luminescence (>1000 nm) of LMEK, whole-body bone imaging with high spatial resolution is achieved to confirm the bone enrichment of AKG noninvasively in vivo. The results reveal that LMEK exhibits a remarkable OP therapeutic effect in improving the osseointegration of the surrounding bone in the ovariectomized OP mice models, which is validated by the enhanced inhibition of osteoclast through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α suppression and promotion of osteogenic differentiation in osteoblast. Notably, the dose of AKG in LMEK can be reduced to only 0.2 % of the dose when pure AKG is used in therapy, which dramatically improves the bioavailability of AKG and mitigates the metabolism burden. This work provides a strategy to conquer the low utilization of AKG in OP therapy, which not only overcomes the challenges in AKG efficacy for OP treatment but also offers insights into the development and application of other potential drugs for skeletal diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is an intermediate within the Krebs cycle, participating in diverse metabolic and cellular processes, showing potential for osteoporosis (OP) therapy. However, AKG's limited bioavailability and inefficient bone-targeting hinder its effectiveness in treating OP. Herein, a near-infrared emissive nanocarrier is developed that precisely targets bones and delivers AKG, bolstering its effectiveness in OP therapy. Thanks to this efficient bone-targeting delivery, the AKG dosage is reduced to 0.2 % of the conventional treatment level. This marks the first utilization of a bone-targeting nanocarrier to amplify AKG's bioavailability and OP therapy efficacy. Furthermore, the mechanism of AKG-loaded nanocarrier regulating the biological behavior of osteoclasts and osteoblasts mediated is tentatively explored.

Customized Enhancement of Thermal Sensitivity of Tumors at Different Subcutaneous Depths by Multichannel Lanthanide Nanocomposites.

The photothermal therapeutic effect on tumors located at different subcutaneous depths varies due to the attenuation of light by tissue. Here, based on the wavelength-dependent optical attenuation properties of tissues, the tumor depth is assessed using a multichannel lanthanide nanocomposite. A zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)-coated nanocomposite is able to deliver high amounts of the hydrophilic heat shock protein 90 inhibitor epigallocatechin gallate through a hydrogen-bonding network formed by the encapsulated highly polarized polyoxometalate guest. It is superior to both bare and PEGylated ZIF-8 for drug delivery. With the assessment of tumor depth and accumulated amount of nanocomposite by fluorescence, an irradiation prescription can be customized to release sufficient HSP90 inhibitor and generate heat for sensitized photothermal treatment of tumors, which not only ensured therapeutic efficacy but also minimized damage to the surrounding tissues.

An NIR-IIb emissive transmembrane voltage nano-indicator for the optical monitoring of electrophysiological activities in vivo.

In vivo transmembrane-voltage detection reflected the electrophysiological activities of the biological system, which is crucial for the diagnosis of neuronal disease. Traditional implanted electrodes can only monitor limited regions and induce relatively large tissue damage. Despite emerging monitoring methods based on optical imaging have access to signal recording in a larger area, the recording wavelength of less than 1000 nm seriously weakens the detection depth and resolution in vivo. Herein, a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based nano-indicator, NaYbF4:Er@NaYF4@Cy7.5@DPPC (Cy7.5-ErNP) with emission in the near-infrared IIb biological window (NIR-IIb, 1500-1700 nm) is developed for transmembrane-voltage detection. Cy7.5 dye is found to be voltage-sensitive and is employed as the energy donor for the energy transfer to the lanthanide nanoparticle, NaYbF4:Er@NaYF4 (ErNP), which works as the acceptor to achieve electrophysiological signal responsive NIR-IIb luminescence. Benefiting from the high penetration and low scattering of NIR-IIb luminescence, the Cy7.5-ErNP enables both the visualization of action potential in vitro and monitoring of Mesial Temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) disease in vivo. This work presents a concept for leveraging the lanthanide luminescent nanoprobes to visualize electrophysiological activity in vivo, which facilitates the development of an optical nano-indicator for the diagnosis of neurological disorders.

Lanthanide luminescence nanothermometer with working wavelength beyond 1500 nm for cerebrovascular temperature imaging in vivo.

Nanothermometers enable the detection of temperature changes at the microscopic scale, which is crucial for elucidating biological mechanisms and guiding treatment strategies. However, temperature monitoring of micron-scale structures in vivo using luminescent nanothermometers remains challenging, primarily due to the severe scattering effect of biological tissue that compromises the imaging resolution. Herein, a lanthanide luminescence nanothermometer with a working wavelength beyond 1500 nm is developed to achieve high-resolution temperature imaging in vivo. The energy transfer between lanthanide ions (Er3+ and Yb3+) and H2O molecules, called the environment quenching assisted downshifting process, is utilized to establish temperature-sensitive emissions at 1550 and 980 nm. Using an optimized thin active shell doped with Yb3+ ions, the nanothermometer's thermal sensitivity and the 1550 nm emission intensity are enhanced by modulating the environment quenching assisted downshifting process. Consequently, minimally invasive temperature imaging of the cerebrovascular system in mice with an imaging resolution of nearly 200 µm is achieved using the nanothermometer. This work points to a method for high-resolution temperature imaging of micron-level structures in vivo, potentially giving insights into research in temperature sensing, disease diagnosis, and treatment development.

Near Infrared Emissive Lanthanide Luminescence Nanoparticle Used in Early Diagnosis and Brain Temperature Detection for Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most dangerous medical conditions resulting in high mortality and morbidity. The increased brain temperature after IS is closely related to prognosis, making it highly significant for the early diagnosis and the progression evaluation of IS. Herein, a temperature-responsive near infrared (NIR) emissive lanthanide luminescence nanoparticle is developed for the early diagnosis and brain temperature detection of IS. After intravenous injection, the nanoparticles can pass through the damaged blood-brain barrier of the ischemic region, allowing the extravasation and enrichment of nanoparticles into the ischemic brain tissue. The NIR luminescence signals of the nanoparticles are used not only to judge the location and severity of the cerebral ischemic injury but also to report the brain temperature variation in the ischemic area through a visualized way. The results show that the designed nanoparticles can be used for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke and minimally invasive temperature detection of cerebral ischemic tissues in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mice model, which is expected to make the clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke more rapid and convenient, more accurately evaluate the state of brain injury in stroke patients and also guide stroke hypothermia treatment.

An erythrocyte membrane-modified biomimetic synergistic nanosystem for cancer anti-vascular therapy and initial efficacy monitoring.

Tumor vascular disruption has become a promising strategy for cancer therapy in recent decades. Nanocomposites loaded with therapeutic materials and drugs are expected to improve the accuracy of anti-vascular therapy and minimize side effects. However, how to prolong blood circulation of therapeutic nanocomposites for enhanced accumulation in tumor vasculature and how to monitor the initial efficacy of anti-vascular therapy for early evaluation of prognosis remain unsolved. Herein, a biomimetic nanosystem consisting of erythrocyte membrane modified nanocomposites (CMNCs) is developed for cooperation to achieve anti-vascular cancer therapy and initial efficacy monitoring. By utilizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the interface material, functional nanomaterials and drug molecules are successfully integrated into CMNCs. The long circulation and immune escape features of the erythrocyte membrane facilitate CMNCs loaded with photothermal agents and chemodrugs to be delivered to the tumor region for anti-vascular treatment. Furthermore, the vascular damage-induced haemorrhage and the following coagulation process is labelled by near infrared emissive CMNCs to indicate the initial therapeutic efficacy of the treatment. This work not only points to a biomimetic strategy for conquering the challenges in anti-vascular cancer therapy, but also provides insights into the biological responses of erythrocyte membrane modified nanocomposites to exploit their biomedical applications.

Recyclable and Robust Optical Nanoprobes with Engineered Enzymes for Sustainable Serodiagnostics.

Recyclable fluorescence assays that can be stored at room temperature would greatly benefit biomedical diagnostics by bringing sustainability and cost-efficiency, especially for point-of-care serodiagnostics in developing regions. Here, a general strategy is proposed to generate recyclable fluorescent probes by using engineered enzymes with enhanced thermo-/chemo-stability, which maintains an outstanding serodiagnostic performance (accuracy >95%) after 10 times of recycling as well as after storage at elevated temperatures (37 °C for 10 days). With these three outstanding properties, recyclable fluorescent probes can be designed to detect various biomarkers of clinical importance by using different enzymes.