Comparison of Prehospital Assessment by Paramedics and In-Hospital Assessment by Physicians in Suspected Stroke Patients: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown if ambulance paramedics adequately assess neurological deficits used for prehospital stroke scales to detect anterior large-vessel occlusions. We aimed to compare prehospital assessment of these stroke-related deficits by paramedics with in-hospital assessment by physicians. METHODS: We used data from 2 prospective cohort studies: the LPSS (Leiden Prehospital Stroke Study) and PRESTO study (Prehospital Triage of Patients With Suspected Stroke). In both studies, paramedics scored 9 neurological deficits in stroke code patients in the field. Trained physicians scored the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at hospital presentation. Patients with transient ischemic attack were excluded because of the transient nature of symptoms. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used to assess correlation between the total prehospital assessment score, defined as the sum of all prehospital items, and the total NIHSS score. Correlation, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each prehospital item with the corresponding NIHSS item as reference. RESULTS: We included 2850 stroke code patients. Of these, 1528 had ischemic stroke, 243 intracranial hemorrhage, and 1079 stroke mimics. Correlation between the total prehospital assessment score and NIHSS score was strong (rs=0.70 [95% CI, 0.68-0.72]). Concerning individual items, prehospital assessment of arm (rs=0.68) and leg (rs=0.64) motor function correlated strongest with corresponding NIHSS items, and had highest sensitivity (arm 95%, leg 93%) and moderate specificity (arm 71%, leg 70%). Neglect (rs=0.31), abnormal speech (rs=0.50), and gaze deviation (rs=0.51) had weakest correlations. Neglect and gaze deviation had lowest sensitivity (52% and 66%) but high specificity (84% and 89%), while abnormal speech had high sensitivity (85%) but lowest specificity (65%). CONCLUSIONS: The overall prehospital assessment of stroke code patients correlates strongly with in-hospital assessment. Prehospital assessment of neglect, abnormal speech, and gaze deviation differed most from in-hospital assessment. Focused training on these deficits may improve prehospital triage.

Prehospital Stroke Triage: A Modeling Study on the Impact of Triage Tools in Different Regions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Direct transportation to a thrombectomy-capable intervention center is beneficial for patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO), but can delay intravenous thrombolytics (IVT). The aim of this modeling study was to estimate the effect of prehospital triage strategies on treatment delays and overtriage in different regions. METHODS: We used data from two prospective cohort studies in the Netherlands: the Leiden Prehospital Stroke Study and the PRESTO study. We included stroke code patients within 6 h from symptom onset. We modeled outcomes of Rapid Arterial oCclusion Evaluation (RACE) scale triage and triage with a personalized decision tool, using drip-and-ship as reference. Main outcomes were overtriage (stroke code patients incorrectly triaged to an intervention center), reduced delay to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), and delay to IVT. RESULTS: We included 1798 stroke code patients from four ambulance regions. Per region, overtriage ranged from 1-13% (RACE triage) and 3-15% (personalized tool). Reduction of delay to EVT varied by region between 24 ± 5 min (n = 6) to 78 ± 3 (n = 2), while IVT delay increased with 5 (n = 5) to 15 min (n = 21) for non-LVO patients. The personalized tool reduced delay to EVT for more patients (25 ± 4 min [n = 8] to 49 ± 13 [n = 5]), while delaying IVT with 3-14 min (8-24 patients). In region C, most EVT patients were treated faster (reduction of delay to EVT 31 ± 6 min (n = 35), with RACE triage and the personalized tool. CONCLUSIONS: In this modeling study, we showed that prehospital triage reduced time to EVT without disproportionate IVT delay, compared to a drip-and-ship strategy. The effect of triage strategies and the associated overtriage varied between regions. Implementation of prehospital triage should therefore be considered on a regional level.

Safety and efficacy of active blood-pressure reduction to the recommended thresholds for intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke in the Netherlands (TRUTH): a prospective, observational, cluster-based, parallel-group study.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous thrombolysis is contraindicated in patients with ischaemic stroke with blood pressure higher than 185/110 mm Hg. Prevailing guidelines recommend to actively lower blood pressure with intravenous antihypertensive agents to allow for thrombolysis; however, there is no robust evidence for this strategy. Because rapid declines in blood pressure can also adversely affect clinical outcomes, several Dutch stroke centres use a conservative strategy that does not involve the reduction of blood pressure. We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of both strategies. METHODS: Thrombolysis and Uncontrolled Hypertension (TRUTH) was a prospective, observational, cluster-based, parallel-group study conducted across 37 stroke centres in the Netherlands. Participating centres had to strictly adhere to an active blood-pressure-lowering strategy or to a non-lowering strategy. Eligible participants were adults (≥18 years) with ischaemic stroke who had blood pressure higher than 185/110 mm Hg but were otherwise eligible for intravenous thrombolysis. The primary outcome was functional status at 90 days, measured using the modified Rankin Scale and assessed through telephone interviews by trained research nurses. Secondary outcomes were symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, the proportion of patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis, and door-to-needle time. All ordinal logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, stroke severity, endovascular thrombectomy, and baseline imbalances as fixed-effect variables and centre as a random-effect variable to account for the clustered design. Analyses were done according to the intention-to-treat principle, whereby all patients were analysed according to the treatment strategy of the participating centre at which they were treated. FINDINGS: Recruitment began on Jan 1, 2015, and was prematurely halted because of a declining inclusion rate and insufficient funding on Jan 5, 2022. Between these dates, we recruited 853 patients from 27 centres that followed an active blood-pressure-lowering strategy and 199 patients from ten centres that followed a non-lowering strategy. Baseline characteristics of participants from the two groups were similar. The 90-day mRS score was missing for 15 patients. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for a shift towards a worse 90-day functional outcome was 1·27 (95% CI 0·96-1·68) for active blood-pressure reduction compared with no active blood-pressure reduction. 798 (94%) of 853 patients in the active blood-pressure-lowering group were treated with intravenous thrombolysis, with a median door-to-needle time of 35 min (IQR 25-52), compared with 104 (52%) of 199 patients treated in the non-lowering group with a median time of 47 min (29-78). 42 (5%) of 852 patients in the active blood-pressure-lowering group had a symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage compared with six (3%) of 199 of those in the non-lowering group (aOR 1·28 [95% CI 0·62-2·62]). INTERPRETATION: Insufficient evidence was available to establish a difference between an active blood-pressure-lowering strategy-in which antihypertensive agents were administered to reduce blood pressure below 185/110 mm Hg-and a non-lowering strategy for the functional outcomes of patients with ischaemic stroke, despite higher intravenous thrombolysis rates and shorter door-to-needle times among those in the active blood-pressure-lowering group. Randomised controlled trials are needed to inform the use of an active blood-pressure-lowering strategy. FUNDING: Fonds NutsOhra.

[Severe paediatric leptospirosis caused by a pet rat]. / Kind met ernstige leptospirose door tamme rat.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection which may cause multiple non-specific symptoms. Transmission of the disease can occur via rats or surface water infected by rats. The Netherlands have seen a record number of cases of leptospirosis in 2019. Diagnosis is often delayed and not always considered because of the variable clinical presentation of the disease. Surveillance of disease prevention concerning rat breeders is inadequate. CASE DESCRIPTION: An 11-year-old girl visited the paediatrician with fever, myalgia and a headache followed by a stiff neck. Two days earlier she was bitten by one of her pet rats. Diagnostic testing confirmed a meningitis caused by leptospirosis-infection. The pet rats were found to be infected with leptospirosis. All rats were euthanized. CONCLUSION: Consider the diagnosis leptospirosis in patients with unexplained non-specific symptoms following rat exposure. Information regarding visits to tropical areas and animal exposure is vital. More awareness of zoonoses is needed among physicians and pet breeders.

Comparison of Prehospital Scales for Predicting Large Anterior Vessel Occlusion in the Ambulance Setting.

Importance: The efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for symptomatic large anterior vessel occlusion (sLAVO) sharply decreases with time. Because EVT is restricted to comprehensive stroke centers, prehospital triage of patients with acute stroke codes for sLAVO is crucial, and although several prediction scales are already in use, external validation, head-to-head comparison, and feasibility data are lacking. Objective: To conduct external validation and head-to-head comparisons of 7 sLAVO prediction scales in the emergency medical service (EMS) setting and to assess scale feasibility by EMS paramedics. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study was conducted between July 2018 and October 2019 in a large urban center in the Netherlands with a population of approximately 2 million people and included 2 EMSs, 3 comprehensive stroke centers, and 4 primary stroke centers. Participants were consecutive patients aged 18 years or older for whom an EMS-initiated acute stroke code was activated. Of 2812 acute stroke codes, 805 (28.6%) were excluded, because no application was used or no clinical data were available, leaving 2007 patients included in the analyses. Exposures: Applications with clinical observations filled in by EMS paramedics for each acute stroke code enabling reconstruction of the following 7 prediction scales: Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS); Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE); Cincinnati Stroke Triage Assessment Tool; Prehospital Acute Stroke Severity (PASS); gaze-face-arm-speech-time; Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination; and gaze, facial asymmetry, level of consciousness, extinction/inattention. Main Outcomes and Measures: Planned primary and secondary outcomes were sLAVO and feasibility rates (ie, the proportion of acute stroke codes for which the prehospital scale could be reconstructed). Predictive performance measures included accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, the Youden index, and predictive values. Results: Of 2007 patients who received acute stroke codes (mean [SD] age, 71.1 [14.9] years; 1021 [50.9%] male), 158 (7.9%) had sLAVO. Accuracy of the scales ranged from 0.79 to 0.89, with LAMS and RACE scales yielding the highest scores. Sensitivity of the scales ranged from 38% to 62%, and specificity from 80% to 93%. Scale feasibility rates ranged from 78% to 88%, with the highest rate for the PASS scale. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that all 7 prediction scales had good accuracy, high specificity, and low sensitivity, with LAMS and RACE being the highest scoring scales. Feasibility rates ranged between 78% and 88% and should be taken into account before implementing a scale.

Prognosis of haemorrhagic stroke in childhood: a long-term follow-up study.

Little is known about long-term physical sequelae, cognitive functioning, and quality of life of children who have had a haemorrhagic stroke. Fifty-six patients (29 females, 27 males) under 16 years of age at time of the bleeding were studied. Mean age at time of bleeding was 7.7 years (range 1 month to 15.9 years). The primary site and cause of the bleeding at baseline were determined. Occurrences of death, re-bleedings, and seizures during follow-up were recorded. Patients who survived were invited for a follow-up examination including physical check-up, general screening of cognition, and an inventory of subjective health perception. Thirteen children died directly as a result of the haemorrhage; nine experienced a recurrent bleeding, which was fatal in three; six children developed epileptic seizures. At follow-up 36 of 56 patients were still alive. Mean follow-up time was 10.3 years (range 1.3 to 19.9 years) and mean age was 18.6 years (range 1.8 to 34.1 years). There was no patient lost to follow-up. Five patients declined to visit the hospital. In 15 out of 31 patients who could be examined, no physical impairment was observed, 11 had a hemiparesis of varying severity, and three had symptoms of cerebellar ataxia. One child had persisting tetraparesis and one persisting paraparesis. Signs of cognitive deficits were found in 15 patients. Of the children who survive haemorrhagic stroke, the physical and functional prognosis is relatively good, as almost all children were independent at follow-up. However, only a quarter of the surviving children had no physical or cognitive deficit after a mean follow-up period of 10 years. The majority had low self-esteem as well as emotional, behavioural, and health problems.

Long-term prognosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in childhood.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but potentially serious disorder in children. There is no literature on the long-term neuropsychological and emotional sequelae and implications for quality of life. We studied 17 children who had CVST after the neonatal period, aged between 1 month and 16 years at the time of CVST (mean age at CVST was 6 years, median 4 years 8 months). Five children died during follow-up. The cause of death was related to CVST in one child. Twelve children participated in a clinical follow-up assessment. Mean follow-up was 2 years 8 months. One child had physical sequelae with impairment of skilled movement. All children had average or high intelligence scores. Two children with CVST due to an uncomplicated mastoiditis had mild cognitive deficits: one child had difficulty with written language; the other had diminished cognitive efficiency with concentration and attention problems associated with decreased psychosocial functioning. Decreased physical well-being was reported in three of 12 children. We conclude that children who had survived CVST had a fair prognosis. Most had normal cognitive and physical development, although mild cognitive deficits or decreased physical and psychosocial well-being can occur.