Regenerative endodontic treatment of an immature incisor tooth with a novel platelet-rich product: A five-year follow-up case report.

This case report presents a five-year follow-up and the management of a necrotic, immature incisor tooth treated by a novel platelet-rich plasma/platelet extract solution and platelet-rich fibrin (PRP-PES/PRF) and the restoration by using a stress-reduced direct composite restoration (SRDC) technique. The patient with a broken maxillary lateral tooth was referred to our clinic. Extra/intra-oral examinations were within normal limits. The nonvital tooth having an apical lesion and open-apical apex was treated with a regenerative endodontic treatment procedure (REP), and further root development with continued apical closure was shown in the follow-ups up to 60 months. In conclusion, the SRDC and PRP-PES/PRF combination can be an opportunity for the teeth requiring post-restoration. In contrast to the treatment strategy susceptible to weakening or fracturing the patient's tooth root, the REP approach may lead to a better prognosis for the patient's tooth.

A Prospective Study of Long-Term Regenerative Endodontics Outcomes of Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth: An 8-Year Follow-Up.

For the management of necrotic immature teeth, regenerative endodontics offers the advantage of further root lengthening, thickening of dentin wall, and apical closure. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of regenerative endodontics in immature necrotic permanent teeth. A total of 23 immature roots were medicated by triple antibiotic paste. After 21 days, bleeding was induced by over-instrumentation, and then mineral trioxide aggregate and coronal restoration were applied. Patients were scheduled for clinical and radiographic follow-up for 8 years. The radiographic changes of root dimensions were assessed using the ImageJ Plugin and statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test at a 95% confidence level. For qualitative evaluation, images were overlapped and analyzed using Photoshop software. All teeth were asymptomatic one month after the treatment. All teeth (n = 18) with preoperative periapical radiolucency showed complete resolution within 6-9 months. Recall rate at two, three, and eight years was 69.6%, 56.5%, and 34.8%, respectively. Continuous root development with a significant increase in root length and thickening of dentin wall accompanied by a significant decrease in apical canal diameter was seen at the end of the observation period (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the long-term outcome of regenerative endodontics revealed successful clinical and radiographic results with appropriate case selection.

Tratamiento del Diente Permanente Necrótico. Un Cambio de Paradigma en el Campo de la Endodoncia / Treatment of the Necrotic Permanent Tooth. A Paradigm Shift in Endodontics

RESUMEN: El tratamiento de dientes inmaduros necróticos es hoy un gran desafío clínico. La ausencia de cierre del ápice y el reducido grosor de las paredes de la dentina hacen que el tratamiento endodóntico del diente sea difícil e impredecible. Tradicionalmente, estos dientes han sido tratados con apexificación y obturación del canal radicular, sin embargo, con este tratamiento el diente permanece desvitalizado y con paredes de dentina frágiles y cortas, lo que compromete su pronóstico. La endodoncia regenerativa, por el contrario, busca revitalizar el diente e inducir una maduración de la raíz, y se basa en la utilización de las células madre mesenquimales presentes en la región periapical, los factores de crecimiento presentes en la dentina y un andamio que permite el crecimiento de tejido nuevo al interior del canal. Los resultados clínicos son alentadores, ya que en general existe maduración de la raíz y revascularización del diente, sin embargo, el tejido neoformado es tejido de tipo reparativo y, a excepción de estudios ocasionales, no se ha observado regeneración de dentina y pulpa. La endodoncia regenerativa se originó para tratar dientes inmaduros necróticos. Sin embargo, recientemente, estudios preliminares han expandido la aplicación de la endodoncia regenerativa a dientes maduros necróticos, es decir, en pacientes adultos. Los resultados clínicos son positivos y similares a los del diente inmaduro, si n embargo, la investigación referente a la revitalización de dientes maduros se encuentra en etapas tempranas y requiere de un mayor nivel de evidencia antes de ser ofrecida sistemáticamente como terapia a pacientes adultos. Los beneficios potenciales justifican mayor investigación al respecto. Este artículo resume la evidencia científica disponible con respecto a la revitalización de dientes inmaduros y maduros necróticos, sus fundamentos biológicos, los resultados esperados y limitaciones, así como el protocolo clínico.

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, the treatment of immature necrotic teeth is an important clinical challenge. The absence of apex closure and low thickness of the dentin walls, make endodontic treatment unpredictable and difficult. Traditionally, these teeth have been treated with apexification and obturation of the root canal. As a result of this treatment, the tooth remains devitalized and with fragile and short dentin walls, which compromises its prognosis. Regenerative endodontics, on the other hand, seeks to revitalize the tooth and induce root maturation, and is based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells present in the periapical tissues, growth factors present in the dentin and a scaffold that allows growth of new tissue in the root ca- nal. The clinical results are encouraging, since generally, there is root maturation and revascularization of the tooth. However, the newly formed tissue is reparative tissue and with the exception of some studies, no regeneration of dentin and pulp has been reported. Regenerative endodontics emerged to treat necrotic immature teeth. However, recently, preliminary studies have applied regenerative endodontics in mature necrotic teeth, in adult patients. Preliminary results are positive and are similar to those of immature teeth. Nevertheless, research regarding the revitalization of mature teeth is in the early stages and requires further evidence before being systematically administered as therapy in adult patients. However, the potential benefits justify further research in this regard. This article summarizes the available scientific evidence regarding the revitalization of immature and mature necrotic teeth, their biological basis, the expected results and limitations, as well as the clinical protocols for each case.