A new chronology for the Maori settlement of Aotearoa (NZ) and the potential role of climate change in demographic developments.

Understanding the role of climate change, resource availability, and population growth in human mobility remains critically important in anthropology. Researching linkages between climate and demographic changes during the short settlement history of Aotearoa (New Zealand) requires temporal precision equivalent to the period of a single generation. However, current modeling approaches frequently use small terrestrial radiocarbon datasets, a practice that obscures past Maori population patterns and their connection to changing climate. Our systematic analysis of terrestrial and marine 14C ages has enabled robust assessments of the largest dataset yet collated from island contexts. This analysis has been made possible by the recent development of a temporal marine correction for southern Pacific waters, and our findings show the shortcomings of previous models. We demonstrate that human settlement in the mid to late 13th century AD is unambiguous. We highlight initial (AD 1250 to 1275) settlement in the North Island. The South Island was reached a decade later (AD 1280 to 1295), where the hunting of giant flightless moa commenced (AD 1300 to 1415), and the population grew rapidly. Population growth leveled off around AD 1340 and declined between AD 1380 and 1420, synchronous with the onset of the Little Ice Age and moa loss as an essential food source. The population continued to grow in the more economically stable north, where conditions for horticulture were optimal. The enhanced precision of this research afforded by the robust analysis of marine dates opens up unique opportunities to investigate interconnectivity in Polynesia and inform the patterns seen in other island contexts.

Multivariate analysis of a missense variant in CREBRF reveals associations with measures of adiposity in people of Polynesian ancestries.

The minor allele of rs373863828, a missense variant in CREB3 Regulatory Factor, is associated with several cardiometabolic phenotypes in Polynesian peoples. To better understand the variant, we tested the association of rs373863828 with a panel of correlated phenotypes (body mass index [BMI], weight, height, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol) using multivariate Bayesian association and network analyses in a Samoa cohort (n = 1632), Aotearoa New Zealand cohort (n = 1419), and combined cohort (n = 2976). An expanded set of phenotypes (adding estimated fat and fat-free mass, abdominal circumference, hip circumference, and abdominal-hip ratio) was tested in the Samoa cohort (n = 1496). In the Samoa cohort, we observed significant associations (log10 Bayes Factor [BF] ≥ 5.0) between rs373863828 and the overall phenotype panel (8.81), weight (8.30), and BMI (6.42). In the Aotearoa New Zealand cohort, we observed suggestive associations (1.5 < log10 BF < 5) between rs373863828 and the overall phenotype panel (4.60), weight (3.27), and BMI (1.80). In the combined cohort, we observed concordant signals with larger log10 BFs. In the Samoa-specific expanded phenotype analyses, we also observed significant associations between rs373863828 and fat mass (5.65), abdominal circumference (5.34), and hip circumference (5.09). Bayesian networks provided evidence for a direct association of rs373863828 with weight and indirect associations with height and BMI.

Adapting an equity-focused implementation process framework with a focus on ethnic health inequities in the Aotearoa New Zealand context.

BACKGROUND: Health intervention implementation in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), as in many countries globally, usually varies by ethnicity. Maori (the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa) and Pacific peoples are less likely to receive interventions than other ethnic groups, despite experiencing persistent health inequities. This study aimed to develop an equity-focused implementation framework, appropriate for the Aotearoa NZ context, to support the planning and delivery of equitable implementation pathways for health interventions, with the intention of achieving equitable outcomes for Maori, as well as people originating from the Pacific Islands. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature to identify existing equity-focused implementation theories, models and frameworks was undertaken. One of these, the Equity-based framework for Implementation Research (EquIR), was selected for adaptation. The adaptation process was undertaken in collaboration with the project's Maori and consumer advisory groups and informed by the expertise of local health equity researchers and stakeholders, as well as the international implementation science literature. RESULTS: The adapted framework's foundation is the principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the written agreement between Maori rangatira (chiefs) and the British Crown), and its focus is whanau (extended family)-centred implementation that meets the health and wellbeing aspirations, priorities and needs of whanau. The implementation pathway comprises four main steps: implementation planning, pathway design, monitoring, and outcomes and evaluation, all with an equity focus. The pathway is underpinned by the core constructs of equitable implementation in Aotearoa NZ: collaborative design, anti-racism, Maori and priority population expertise, cultural safety and values-based. Additionally, the contextual factors impacting implementation, i.e. the social, economic, commercial and political determinants of health, are included. CONCLUSIONS: The framework presented in this study is the first equity-focused process-type implementation framework to be adapted for the Aotearoa NZ context. This framework is intended to support and facilitate equity-focused implementation research and health intervention implementation by mainstream health services.

Hauora Maori - Maori health: a right to equal outcomes in primary care.

BACKGROUND: For more than a century, Maori have experienced poorer health than non-Maori. In 2019 an independent Tribunal found the Government had breached Te Tiriti o Waitangi by "failing to design and administer the current primary health care system to actively address persistent Maori health inequities". Many Maori (44%) have unmet needs for primary care. Seven models of primary care were identified by the funders and the research team, including Maori-owned practices. We hypothesised patient health outcomes for Maori would differ between models of care. METHODS: Cross-sectional primary care data were analysed at 30 September 2018. National datasets were linked to general practices at patient level, to measure associations between practice characteristics and patient health outcomes. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: polypharmacy (≥ 55 years), HbA1c testing, child immunisations, ambulatory sensitive hospitalisations (0-14, 45-64 years) and emergency department attendances. Regressions include only Maori patients, across all models of care. RESULTS: A total of 660,752 Maori patients were enrolled in 924 practices with 124,854 in 65 Maori-owned practices. Maori practices had: no significant association with HbA1c testing, ambulatory sensitive hospitalisations or ED attendances, and a significant association with lower polypharmacy (3.7% points) and lower childhood immunisations (13.4% points). Maori practices had higher rates of cervical smear and cardiovascular risk assessment, lower rates of HbA1c tests, and more nurse (46%) and doctor (8%) time (FTE) with patients. The average Maori practice had 52% Maori patients compared to 12% across all practices. Maori practices enrolled a higher percentage of children and young people, five times more patients in high deprivation areas, and patients with more multimorbidity. More Maori patients lived rurally (21.5% vs 15%), with a greater distance to the nearest ED. Maori patients were more likely to be dispensed antibiotics or tramadol. CONCLUSIONS: Maori practices are an expression of autonomy in the face of enduring health system failure. Apart from lower immunisation rates, health outcomes were not different from other models of care, despite patients having higher health risk profiles. Across all models, primary care need was unmet for many Maori, despite increased clinical input. Funding must support under-resourced Maori practices and ensure accountability for the health outcomes of Maori patients in all models of general practice.

Equity of travel to access surgery and radiation therapy for lung cancer in New Zealand.

PURPOSE: Centralisation of lung cancer treatment can improve outcomes, but may result in differential access to care for those who do not reside within treatment centres. METHODS: We used national-level cancer registration and health care access data and used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methods to determine the distance and time to access first relevant surgery and first radiation therapy among all New Zealanders diagnosed with lung cancer (2007-2019; N = 27,869), and compared these outcomes between ethnic groups. We also explored the likelihood of being treated at a high-, medium-, or low-volume hospital. Analysis involved both descriptive and adjusted logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: We found that Maori tend to need to travel further (with longer travel times) to access both surgery (median travel distance: Maori 57 km, European 34 km) and radiation therapy (Maori 75 km, European 35 km) than Europeans. Maori have greater odds of living more than 200 km away from both surgery (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.83, 95% CI 1.49-2.25) and radiation therapy (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.25-1.60). CONCLUSIONS: Centralisation of care may often improve treatment outcomes, but it also makes accessing treatment even more difficult for populations who are more likely to live rurally and in deprivation, such as Maori.

Ethnic differences in the characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer in the Te Manawa Taki region of New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Maori have three times the mortality from lung cancer compared with non-Maori. The Te Manawa Taki region has a population of 900 000, of whom 30% are Maori. We have little understanding of the factors associated with developing and diagnosing lung cancer and ethnic differences in these characteristics. AIMS: To explore the differences in the incidence and characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer between Maori and non-Maori. METHODS: Patients were identified from the regional register. Incidence rates were calculated based on population data from the 2013 and 2018 censuses. The patient and tumour characteristics of Maori and non-Maori were compared. The analysis used Χ2 tests and logistic models for categorical variables and Student t tests for continuous variables. RESULTS: A total of 4933 patients were included, with 1575 Maori and 3358 non-Maori. The age-standardised incidence of Maori (236 per 100 000) was 3.3 times higher than that of non-Maori. Maori were 1.3 times more likely to have an advanced stage of disease and 1.97 times more likely to have small cell lung cancer. Maori were more likely to have comorbidities, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. They also had higher levels of social deprivation and tended to be younger, female and current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The findings point to the need to address barriers to early diagnosis and the need for system change including the need to introduce a lung cancer screening focussing on Maori. There is also the need for preventive programmes to address comorbidities that impact lung cancer outcomes as well as a continued emphasis on creating a smoke-free New Zealand.

Tuakana-teina peer education programme to help Maori elders enhance wellbeing and social connectedness.

BACKGROUND: There are significant inequities between Maori (Indigenous people) and non-Maori in ageing outcomes. This study used a strengths-based approach based on the key cultural concept of mana motuhake (autonomy and self-actualisation) to develop a tuakana-teina (literally older sibling-younger sibling) peer education programme to assist kaumatua (elders) in addressing health and social needs. The purpose of this study was to test the impact on those receiving the programme. Three aims identify the impact on outcomes, resources received and the cost effectiveness of the programme. METHODS: Five Kaupapa Maori (research and services guided by Maori worldviews) iwi (tribe) and community providers implemented the project using a partnership approach. Tuakana (peer educators) had up to six conversations each with up to six teina (peer learners) and shared information related to social and health services. A pre- and post-test, clustered staggered design was the research design. Participants completed a baseline and post-programme assessment of health and mana motuhake measures consistent with Maori worldviews. Open-ended questions on the assessments, five focus groups, and four individual interviews were used for qualitative evaluation. FINDINGS: A total of 113 kaumatua were recruited, and 86 completed the programme. The analysis revealed improvements in health-related quality of life, needing more help with daily tasks, life satisfaction, paying bills and housing problems. Qualitative results supported impacts of the programme on mana motuhake and hauora (holistic health) through providing intangible and tangible resources. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the intervention is cost effective, with a cost per QALY of less than the conventional threshold of three times GDP per capita. CONCLUSIONS: A culturally-resonant, strengths-based programme developed through a participatory approach can significantly improve health and social outcomes in a cost-effective way. TRIAL REGISTRY: Clinical trial registry: Trial registration: (ACTRN12620000316909). Prospectively registered 06/03/2020, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=379302&isClinicalTrial=False .

Cultural and co-designed principles for developing a Maori kaumatua housing village to address health and social wellbeing.

BACKGROUND: The current study is a case study of a Maori (Indigenous people of New Zealand) organisation and their developmental processes in creating a kaumatua (older people) housing village for health and social wellbeing. This study identifies how a set of established co-design and culturally-centred principles were enacted when creating and developing the village. METHOD: A mixed-method concurrent design was used in creating the case with interviews (n = 4), focus groups (N = 4 with 16 total participants) and survey questionnaires (n = 56) involving kaumatua and organisation members. RESULTS: Survey results illustrate that suitable and affordable housing are associated with self-rated health, loneliness, and life satisfaction. The primary purpose of the housing village was to enable kaumatua to be connected to the marae (community meeting house) as part of a larger vision of developing intergenerational housing around the marae to enhance wellbeing. Further, key themes around visioning, collaborative team and funding, leadership, fit-for-purpose design, and tenancy management were grounded in cultural elements using te ao Maori (Maori worldview). CONCLUSION: This case study illustrates several co-design and culturally-centred principles from a previously developed toolkit that supported the project. This case study demonstrates how one community enacted these principles to provide the ground for developing a housing project that meets the health and social wellbeing of kaumatua.

'E koekoe te Tui, e ketekete te Kaka, e kuku te Kereru, The Tui chatters, the Kaka cackles, and the Kereru coos': Insights into explanatory factors, treatment experiences and recovery for Maori with eating disorders - A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders are as common in Maori, the Indigenous people of Aotearoa-New Zealand, as they are in non-Maori; however, research has focused on the experiences of non-Maori. This paper will describe explanatory factors, treatment experiences and what helps with recovery for Maori. METHODS: Kaupapa Maori research methodology informed the methods and analysis. Fifteen semi-structured interviews comprised thirteen Maori participants with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder) and two whanau (support network) members. A thematic analysis was undertaken by a first cycle of coding that used deductive structural coding to identify data describing participants' perceived causes of eating disorders, their experience of treatment and recovery. A second cycle of coding used inductive analysis with descriptive and pattern coding. RESULTS: Three overarching themes were antecedents (cumulative exposure), treatment (a system of complexities) and recovery (resource empowerment). Antecedents comprised cumulative exposure to body and sporting ideals and adversity as causal factors of eating disorders. In the treatment theme, a system of complexities critiqued rural settings for generalised mental health services, allocation of Maori cultural support, the economic burden of treatment, culturally incongruent treatment (methods, values) and a weight-focused discharge criterion. Recovery (resource empowerment) found appropriate health information, self-determination and connection to Maori culture and whanau aspirations helped with recovery. CONCLUSION: The diversity of birdcalls reminds us of the individuality of eating disorders. Health practitioners are reminded that just as the Tui, Kaka and Kereru possess their own unique birdcalls, so do Maori with eating disorders and their whanau have their own experiences, needs and required treatment responses.

Supporting whanau during COVID-19 pandemic in Aotearoa New Zealand: a systems thinking case study.

BACKGROUND: The Aotearoa New Zealand COVID-19 pandemic response has been hailed as a success story, however, there are concerns about how equitable it has been. This study explored the experience of a collective of Maori health and social service providers in the greater Wellington region of Aotearoa New Zeland delivering COVID-19 responses. METHODS: The study was a collaboration between a large urban Maori health and social service provider, Takiri Mai Te Ata whanau ora collective, and public health researchers in Aotearoa New Zealand. Two online workshops were held with staff of the Maori service provider, collectively developing a qualitative causal loop diagram and generating systemic insights. The causal loop diagram showed interactions of various factors affecting COVID-19 response for supporting whanau (Maori family/households) at a community level. The iceberg model of systems thinking offered insights for action in understanding causal loop diagrams, emphasizing impactful changes at less visible levels. RESULTS: Six interacting subsystems were identified within the causal loop diagram that highlighted the systemic barriers and opportunities for effective COVID-19 response to Maori whanau. The medical model of health service produces difficulties for delivering kaupapa Maori services. Along with pre-existing vulnerability and health system gaps, these difficulties increased the risk of negative impacts on Maori whanau as COVID-19 cases increased. The study highlighted a critical need to create equal power in health perspectives, reducing dominance of the individual-focused medical model for better support of whanau during future pandemics. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided insights on systemic traps, their interactions and delays contributing to a relatively less effective COVID-19 response for Maori whanau and offered insights for improvement. In the light of recent changes in the Aotearoa New Zealand health system, the findings emphasize the urgent need for structural reform to address power imbalances and establish kaupapa Maori approach and equity as a norm in service planning and delivery.

Pediatric anesthesia in Australia and New Zealand and health inequity among First Nations and Maori children.

Australia and New Zealand are two countries in the Southern Pacific region. They share many pediatric anesthesia similarities in terms of medical organizational systems, education, training, and research, however there are important differences between the two nations in relation to geography, the First Nations populations and the history of colonization. While the standards for pediatric anesthesia and the specialty training requirements are set by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anesthetists and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia in New Zealand and Australia, colonization has created distinct challenges that each nation now faces in order to improve the anesthetic care of its pediatric population. Australia generally has a high standard of living and good access to health care; disparities exist for First Nations People and for those living in rural or remote areas. Two influences have shaped training within New Zealand over the past 40 years; establishment of a national children's hospital in 1990 and, more importantly, acknowledgement that the First Nations people of New Zealand (Maori) have suffered because of failure to recognize their rights consequent to establishing a partnership treaty between Maori and the British Crown in 1840. Health inequities among Maori in New Zealand and First Nations People in Australia have implications for the health system, culturally appropriate approaches to treatment, and the importance of having an appreciation of First Nations people's history and culture, language, family structure, and cultural safety. Trainees in both countries need to be adequately supported in these areas in order for the sub-specialty of pediatric anesthesia to develop further and improve the anesthetic and surgical outcomes of our children.

HUI: Beautiful scars.

This article is the written account of a discussion between a group of indigenous women (trained both in Western and Indigenous knowledge systems), on the relevance of diagnosis in their conceptualisations of health and illness.

Understanding ethnic inequities associated with tobacco use in Aotearoa New Zealand: a quantitative analysis.

Despite the inclusion of both individual interventions and population-based measures in the Aotearoa New Zealand (Aotearoa NZ) Tobacco Control Programme, the gap between Maori, Pacific peoples and European/Asian/Other (EAO) populations in tobacco use has not decreased significantly. Tobacco control interventions that focus on individual behaviour change have produced little impact towards reducing tobacco smoking inequities for Maori and Pacific peoples in Aotearoa NZ. Using data from the New Zealand Health Survey (NZHS), this research investigates the impact of the wider determinants of health and individual-level factors on inequities in tobacco use between Maori, Pacific peoples and EAO. A conceptual framework was developed to support the theoretical positioning of this research and to inform data categorization, framing, discourse, analyses and interpretation. We conducted hierarchical regression to examine the effect of factors from each domain on ethnic inequities in tobacco use. We found that socioeconomic factors accounted for a significant amount of the disparity in adults currently smoking between Maori and Pacific peoples and EAO. Our results suggest that socioeconomic factors may be a more effective target of intervention than individual behaviours for reducing tobacco-related inequities. Addressing the broader determinants of health through comprehensive cross-agency cooperation to reduce ethnic inequities in tobacco use in Aotearoa NZ is likely to be more effective than individual behaviour change approaches.

Maori nurse practitioners: The intersection of patient safety and culturally safe care from an Indigenous lens.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic and complex health systems require innovative and adaptive solutions to support patient safety and achieve equitable health outcomes for Indigenous populations. Understanding the ways by which Indigenous (and specifically Maori) nurse practitioners (NPs) practice patient safety is key to enhancing Indigenous health outcomes in predominantly westernized healthcare systems. AIM: To describe Maori NPs perspectives on patient safety when caring for Maori and understand how Maori NPs deliver safe health care. METHODOLOGY: A group of five Maori NPs worked alongside a Maori nurse researcher to explore their perceptions of patient safety. Together, they held an online hui (focus group) in early 2024. Data were analysed collectively, informed by kaupapa Maori principles, using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Maori NP experiences, expressions and understandings of patient safety envelop cultural safety and have many facets that are specific to the needs of Maori populations. The three themes showed: (1) Te hanga a te mahi: the intersection of cultural and clinical expertise; (2) Matauranga tuku iho: the knowledge from within, where safe practice was strongly informed by traditional knowledge and cultural practice; (3) Te Ao hurihuri: walking in two worlds, where Maori NPs navigated the westernized health system's policies and practices while acting autonomously to advocate for and deliver culturally safe care. CONCLUSION: The Maori NP lens on patient safety is vital for promoting culturally responsive and effective health care. By recognizing the unique needs of Maori patients and families and incorporating cultural perspectives into practice, Maori NPs contribute to a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to patient safety that goes beyond westernized principles and practices. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Whakawhanaungatanga-Building trust and connections: A qualitative study indigenous Maori patients and whanau (extended family network) hospital experiences.

AIMS: Investigated the experiences of Maori (the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa, New Zealand) patients and whanau (extended family network) engaging with acute hospital inpatient services and their priorities for a Maori-centred model of relational care. DESIGN: A qualitative Maori-centred research design using a Thought Space Wananga (learning through in-depth group discussion, deliberation and consideration) approach. METHODS: Two wananga were conducted between May 2022 and June 2022, with 13 Maori patients who had been acutely hospitalized within the past 12 months and their whanau members. The first wananga utilized storytelling and journey mapping to collect data. The second wananga refined the initial themes. Wananga were audio-recorded and then inductively coded and developed into themes. RESULTS: Thirteen patients and whanau attended the first wananga, while 10 patients and whanau participated in the second wananga). Four themes were developed: (1) Whakawhanaungatanga (establishing connections and relationships), (2) Whakamana (uplifting the status and esteem of Maori), (3) Whakawhitiwhiti korero (the importance of communicating, discussing and deliberating) and (4) Kotahitanga (working together with purpose) all provide insights into the importance of effectively engaging and connecting with Maori patients and whanau when acutely hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: The experiences and priorities of Maori patients and whanau affirm the international literature, suggesting that Indigenous relational concepts are critical to building relationships, connections and trust. Despite existing healthcare models for working with Indigenous peoples, their poor application contributes to sub-optimal healthcare experiences at all points of their healthcare journey. A relational mode of practice focused on engagement and forming connections better meets the needs of Indigenous peoples engaging with inpatient health services. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Despite the existence of Indigenous models of care, Indigenous peoples consistently report a lack of engagement and connection when accessing inpatient health services. Without establishing relationships, applying models of care is challenging. IMPACT (ADDRESSING): What problem did the study address? Internationally, healthcare systems are consistently ill-equipped to deliver culturally safe care for Indigenous and marginalized peoples, evident in ongoing health inequities. Like other reports of Indigenous experiences of health services, Maori express dissatisfaction with care delivery in an acute inpatient setting. This study investigated Maori patients and whanau experiences engaging with acute hospital inpatient services and their priorities for a Maori-centred model of relational care. What were the main findings? Maori patients and whanau recounted negative experiences with healthcare professionals lacking effective relationships and trust. Satisfaction occurred when engagement with health care professionals resembled Indigenous cultural rituals of encounter that considered their holistic, collective and dynamic worldviews. Previous models of relational care, while helpful, are not Indigenous and so do not address their needs, such as engagement as a mode of practice (how) to achieve this. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? This research impacts Indigenous peoples' health outcomes, particularly Maori, and nurses and clinicians working and interacting within acute inpatient and other hospital settings. Indigenous research methods support co-constructing knowledge for translation into practical outcomes through transformational practices, policies and theory development. REPORTING METHOD: We used the Consolidated Criteria for Strengthening the Reporting of Health Research Involving Indigenous Peoples (CONSIDER) statement (see File S2-CONSIDER Checklist) and the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines (see File S3-COREQ Checklist). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Maori patients and their whanau interviewed about their experiences were involved in data interpretation.

A 'te ao Maori' disaster risk reduction framework.

An ongoing change in legislation means decision-makers in Aotearoa New Zealand need to incorporate 'matauranga' (Maori knowledge/knowledge system) in central and local government legislation and strategy. This paper develops a 'te ao Maori' (Maori worldview) disaster risk reduction (DRR) framework for non-Maori decision-makers to guide them through this process. This 'interface framework' will function as a Rosetta Stone between the 'two worlds'. It intends to help central and local officials trained in Western knowledge-based disciplines by translating standard DRR concepts into a te ao Maori DRR framework. It draws on previous work examining Maori DRR thinking to create a novel framework that can help these stakeholders when they are converting higher-level theoretical insights from matauranga Maori into more practical 'on the ground' applications. This type of interface is essential: while Indigenous knowledge's utility is increasingly recognised nationally and internationally, a gap remains between this acknowledgement and its practical and applied integration into emergency management legislation and strategy.

A quality improvement approach to improving recognition of Maori tamariki (children) and assessing barriers to culturally responsive care in a paediatric ward setting.

BACKGROUND: Health inequity persists in Aotearoa (New Zealand) and internationally amongst most indigenous peoples. To address these health inequities, countries need to contend with the ramifications of entrenched historical, cultural and systemic failures. Within Aotearoa part of the solution to rectifying persistent health inequities lies in shifting everyday healthcare practices towards a more culturally responsive, patient-centred approach that utilises Maori knowledge and principles. Although the need for culturally responsive services in healthcare settings is clearly evident, most practitioners struggle with the challenge of creating a culturally safe environment. Further to these challenges, there are issues related to accurate recognition of ethnicity within the time constraints of an overwrought hospital environment. Within this environment, the correct identification of ethnicity is a fundamental step in the process of moving towards culturally responsive and more inclusive care. METHOD: The research was concerned with indigenous Maori patients being consistently and correctly identified so that they might receive culturally appropriate interaction and treatment. The research specifically focused on the impact of introducing a customised sticker prompt on the front cover of clinical notes of Maori tamariki (children) to assist with correct ethnicity identification. Surveys were conducted on the paediatric ward over a 3-week period, prior to and during the intervention to evaluate the effect of the customised stickers. This study sought to (1) assess the efficacy of a sticker to improve recognition of Maori tamariki (children), (2) examine key barriers to identifying ethnicity and (3) identify wider impacts of a sticker prompt on clinical practice. RESULTS: Results showed wide ranging positive impacts on clinical practice and culturally responsive care. Sixty-four per cent of participants indicated that the stickers were a useful tool to improve identification of Maori tamariki. Respondents reported increased accuracy of identifying patients by ethnicity, as well as improved awareness of existing ethnicity documentation, and increased engagement regarding cultural needs and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that sticker prompts are a useful tool for healthcare workers to improve recognition and awareness of ethnicity and to increase dialogue around cultural needs. The stickers led to increased consideration of the wider elements of holistic wellbeing and therefore improved culturally responsive care for Maori tamariki.

It's not special treatment That's part of the Treaty of Waitangi! Organisational barriers to enhancing the Aged Residential Care environment for older Maori and Whanau in New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: New Zealand's older Indigenous Maori people experience poorer health and reduced access to healthcare than their older non-Maori counterparts. Organisational factors (such as leadership or workforce) may influence the attitudes and perceptions of older Maori and their family (whanau) to use aged residential care services. Currently, there is a paucity of research surrounding the organisational barriers that impact the experiences of older Maori people who seek care in aged residential care (ARC) services. METHODS: This study used a Kaupapa Maori qualitative research approach that legitimises Maori knowledge and critiques structures that subjugate Maori autonomy and control over their wellbeing. Interviews regarding their experiences of care were carried out with older Maori (n = 30) and whanau (family) members (n = 18) who had used, or declined to use an aged residential care facility. Narrative data were analysed inductively for themes that illustrated organisational barriers. RESULTS: The key organisational theme was 'Culturally safe care', within which there were three barriers: 'Acceptability and Adequacy of Facility', 'Interface Between Aged Residential Care and Whanau Models of Care', and 'Workforce'. Collectively, these barriers emphasise the importance of an organisational approach to improving the quality of care delivered to older Maori and whanau in ARC. CONCLUSION: Fostering a collective culture of equity within ARC provider services and equipping healthcare leaders and staff with the skills and knowledge to deliver culturally safe care is critical to addressing organisational barriers to ARC.

An integrative review of racism in nursing to inform anti-racist nursing praxis in Aotearoa New Zealand.

AIM: To synthesise international literature to identify mechanisms that maintain racism in nursing and understand the factors that contribute to designing and implementing anti-racist praxis to inform nursing in Aotearoa New Zealand. DESIGN: An integrative literature review was undertaken, integrating Indigenous Kaupapa Maori methodologies to ensure a cultural and philosophical lens. METHODS: Peer-reviewed literature published, between January 2011 and July 2023 were sourced. Of 1296 articles, 16 met the inclusion criteria and 4 were identified via citation chaining. In total, 20 articles were included. The Johns Hopkins Research Evidence Tool was applied, findings extracted, and thematic analysis completed utilising Indigenous Kaupapa Maori principles. DATA SOURCES: Databases, including CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed and Aus/NZ Reference Centre, were searched in July 2023. RESULTS: Two key themes were identified: (1) colonial active resistance to change; and (2) transformational, visionary, and proactive nursing. CONCLUSION: Nurses are well-positioned to confront the structures that maintain racism in health and education systems but are often actors in maintaining status quo. Anti-racist praxis can be a mechanism for nurses to reimagine, redefine and transform nursing care, leadership, and nursing education to begin to eradicate racism. REPORTING METHOD: This integrative review adhered to the 2020 Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION: Racism remains prevalent in nursing and the healthcare system. It is necessary to implement anti-racist praxis and policies that resist, deconstruct, and dismantle power and racism while validating Indigenous values, beliefs and practices. This is vital to deliver equitable health care. IMPACT: This integrative review presents lived realities and knowledge of Indigenous and racially minoritised nurses and scholars, alongside nursing allies to inform anti-racist praxis. This evidence signifies that it is time to walk the walk to challenge the colonising systems and processes that hold racism in place.

The Prevalence and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in New Zealand Maori Detected through an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Program.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) screening was incorporated into an abdominal aortic aneurysm screening (AAA) program for New Zealand (NZ) Maori. METHODS: AF screening was performed as an adjunct to AAA screening of Maori men aged 60-74 years and women aged 65-74 years registered with primary health care practices in Auckland, NZ. Pre-existing AF was determined through coded diagnoses or medications in the participant's primary care record. Subsequent audit of the record assessed accuracy of pre-screening coding, medication use and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Among 1,933 people successfully screened, the prevalence of AF was 144 (7.4%), of which 46 (2.4% of the cohort) were patients without AF coded in the medical record. More than half of these were revealed to be known AF but that was not coded. Thus, the true prevalence of newly detected AF was 1.1% (n=21). An additional 48 (2.5%) of the cohort had been coded as AF but were not in AF at the time of screening. Among the 19 at-risk screen-detected people with AF, 10 started appropriate anticoagulation therapy within 6 months. Of the nine patients who did not commence anticoagulation therapy, five had a subsequent adverse clinical outcome in the follow-up period, including one with ischaemic stroke; two had contraindications to anticoagulants. Among those with previously diagnosed AF, the proportion receiving anticoagulation therapy rose from 57% pre-screening to 83% at 6 months post-screening (p<0.0001); among newly diagnosed AF the proportion rose from 0% to 53% (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: AF screening is a feasible low-cost adjunct to AAA screening with potential to reduce ethnic inequities in stroke incidence. However, effective measures are needed to ensure that high-risk newly diagnosed AF is managed according to best practice guidelines.