RESUMO
Background: The primary objective of this project is to explore the association of urine creatinine (UCR) with the prevalence rate of kidney stones. Method: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database was employed to conduct a cross-sectional study. The analysis samples included adults aged ≥20 years from five consecutive cycles of the NHANES 2009-2018. The association between UCR and kidney stones was detected using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Further, subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the subgroup effects. Results: After adjustment for all confounders, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a weak positive relationship between UCR and kidney stone (OR = 1.015, 95% CI: 1.008-1.021). In the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, age, or race, the risk further increased in men (OR = 1.014, 95% CI: 1.005-1.023), women (OR = 1.015, 95% CI: 1.005-1.025), white race (OR = 1.022, 95% CI: 1.013-1.030), aged 40-59 years (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.006-1.028), and aged 60-80 years (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.006-1.028). Conclusions: Our results confirmed a moderately increased risk of kidney stone formation attributed to high levels of UCR, especially in middle-aged and older adults and the white race. However, because of the cross-sectional design of the study, causal inferences cannot be made.
RESUMO
In the era of combination therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are the major causes of death for patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. However, the mechanisms remain obscure. We aimed to determine whether HCC-related HBV mutations including 1762T/1764A double mutation and pre-S deletions occur more frequently in HBV/HIV co-infected individuals compared to HBV mono-infected individuals. In this study, the basic core promoter (BCP) and the preS/S regions of HBV isolated from 61 pairs of HBV/HIV co-infected and HBV mono-infected participants were analyzed. We found that the prevalence of HBV isolates with 1762T/1764A and/or preS deletion mutations was 37.7% (95% CI: 29.1-46.3). The prevalence of these mutations in HBV/HIV co-infected group (52.5%, 95% CI: 40.0-65.0) was significantly higher than in the HBV mono-infected group (23.0%, 95% CI: 12.4-33.6) (X2=11.307, P<0.05). HBV/HIV co-infection was associated with higher viral loads but these higher viral loads were not associated with the higher prevalence of HCC-related HBV mutations. Individually 1762T1764A (44.3%) or preS deletions (23%) occurred more frequently in isolates from co-infected compared to mono-infected individuals (21.3%, 4.9%, respectively) (X2=7.290, P<0.05; X2=8.270, P<0.05). Moreover, 1762T/1764A and preS deletions occurred more frequently in genotypes C and I compared to genotype B (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that co-infection with HIV was associated with the development of both 1762T/1764A ((RR: 2.932(1.325-6.488)) and preS deletions ((RR: 5.759(1.562-21.235)). These results demonstrate that co-infection with HIV was associated with increased prevalence of HCC-related mutations in HBV isolates from Chinese patients.