Pros and Cons of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health.

The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are found in seafood, supplements, and concentrated pharmaceutical preparations. Prospective cohort studies demonstrate an association between higher intakes of EPA+DHA or higher levels of EPA and DHA in the body and lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, and of cardiovascular mortality in the general population. The cardioprotective effect of EPA and DHA is due to the beneficial modulation of a number of risk factors for CVD. Some large trials support the use of EPA+DHA (or EPA alone) in high-risk patients, although the evidence is inconsistent. This review presents key studies of EPA and DHA in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, briefly describes potential mechanisms of action, and discusses recently published RCTs and meta-analyses. Potential adverse aspects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in relation to CVD are discussed.

A historical, evidence-based, and narrative review on commonly used dietary supplements in lipid-lowering.

Dietary supplements augment the nutritional value of everyday food intake and originate from the historical practices of ancient Egyptian (Ebers papyrus), Chinese (Pen Ts'ao by Shen Nung), Indian (Ayurveda), Greek (Hippocrates), and Arabic herbalists. In modern-day medicine, the use of dietary supplements continues to increase in popularity with greater than 50% of the US population reporting taking supplements. To further compound this trend, many patients believe that dietary supplements are equally or more effective than evidence-based therapies for lipoprotein and lipid-lowering. Supplements such as red yeast rice, omega-3 fatty acids, garlic, cinnamon, plant sterols, and turmeric are marketed to and believed by consumers to promote "cholesterol health." However, these supplements are not subjected to the same manufacturing scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration as pharmaceutical drugs and as such, the exact contents and level of ingredients in each of these may vary. Furthermore, supplements do not have to demonstrate efficacy or safety before being marketed. The holistic approach to lowering atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk makes dietary supplements an attractive option to many patients; however, their use should not come at the expense of established therapies with proven benefits. In this narrative review, we provide a historical and evidence-based approach to the use of some dietary supplements in lipoprotein and lipid-lowering and provide a framework for managing patient expectations.

Fads2 knockout mice reveal that ALA prevention of hepatic steatosis is dependent on delta-6 desaturase activity.

The production of the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) relies on the delta-6 desaturase (D6D) enzyme encoded by the Fads2 gene. While EPA and DHA reduce hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) storage and regulate lipogenesis, the independent impact of ALA is less understood. To address this gap in knowledge, hepatic fatty acid metabolism was investigated in male wild-type (WT) and Fads2 knockout (KO) mice fed diets (16% kcal from fat) containing either lard (no n-3 LCPUFA), flaxseed oil (ALA-rich), or menhaden oil (EPA/DHA rich) for 21 weeks. Fat content and composition, as well as markers of lipogenesis, glyceroneogenesis, and TAG synthesis, were analyzed using histology, gas chromatography, and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Mice fed the menhaden diet had significantly lower hepatic TAG compared to both lard- and flax-fed mice, concomitant with changes in n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA in both TAG and phospholipid (PL) fractions (all P < 0.05). Flax-fed WT mice had lower liver TAG content compared to their KO counterparts. Menhaden-fed mice had significantly lower expression of key lipogenic (Scd1, Srebp-1c, Fasn, Fads1, and Fads2), glyceroneogenic (Pck1), and TAG synthesis (Agpat3) genes compared to lard, with flax-fed mice showing some intermediate effects. Gene expression effects were independent of D6D activity, since no differences were detected between WT and KO mice fed the same diet. This study demonstrates that EPA/DHA and not ALA itself is critical for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.

Omega-3 Blood Levels and Stroke Risk: A Pooled and Harmonized Analysis of 183 291 Participants From 29 Prospective Studies.

BACKGROUND: The effect of marine omega-3 PUFAs on risk of stroke remains unclear. METHODS: We investigated the associations between circulating and tissue omega-3 PUFA levels and incident stroke (total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic) in 29 international prospective cohorts. Each site conducted a de novo individual-level analysis using a prespecified analytical protocol with defined exposures, covariates, analytical methods, and outcomes; the harmonized data from the studies were then centrally pooled. Multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs across omega-3 PUFA quintiles were computed for each stroke outcome. RESULTS: Among 183 291 study participants, there were 10 561 total strokes, 8220 ischemic strokes, and 1142 hemorrhagic strokes recorded over a median of 14.3 years follow-up. For eicosapentaenoic acid, comparing quintile 5 (Q5, highest) with quintile 1 (Q1, lowest), total stroke incidence was 17% lower (HR, 0.83 [CI, 0.76-0.91]; P<0.0001), and ischemic stroke was 18% lower (HR, 0.82 [CI, 0.74-0.91]; P<0.0001). For docosahexaenoic acid, comparing Q5 with Q1, there was a 12% lower incidence of total stroke (HR, 0.88 [CI, 0.81-0.96]; P=0.0001) and a 14% lower incidence of ischemic stroke (HR, 0.86 [CI, 0.78-0.95]; P=0.0001). Neither eicosapentaenoic acid nor docosahexaenoic acid was associated with a risk for hemorrhagic stroke. These associations were not modified by either baseline history of AF or prevalent CVD. CONCLUSIONS: Higher omega-3 PUFA levels are associated with lower risks of total and ischemic stroke but have no association with hemorrhagic stroke.

Growth, Survival, and Intestinal Health Alterations in Mediterranean Yellowtail (Seriola dumerili) Due to Alternatives to Fishmeal and Fish Oil.

Fishmeal and fish oil substitution in aquafeeds might have adverse effects on fish growth and health, mainly in carnivorous species, such as Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili). Mediterranean yellowtail shows great potential as an alternative aquaculture species due to its fast growth and high price on the market, but the need for high-quality protein and fatty acid content in its diets is limiting its production. In order to improve the sustainability of its production, this study was conducted with 360 fish of 35 g to evaluate the effects on fish growth and health. Six diets were used: one control diet without replacement, three with FM replacement (FM66, FM33, and FM0) (33%, 66%, and 100% FM replacement), and two with FO replacement (FO50 and FO0) (50% and 100% FO replacement). The substitution of FM was with vegetable (VM) (corn gluten) and animal (AM) (krill and meat meal) meals. The reductions in FM and FO of up to 33 and 0%, respectively, did not affect the growth and survival of S. dumerili at the intestinal morphology level, except for the anterior intestine regarding the lower villi length and width and the posterior intestine regarding the lower width of the lamina propria. On the other hand, the substitution of fish ingredients in the diet affects liver morphology, indicating alterations in the major diameter of hepatocytes or their nuclei. Finally, diet did not affect the gut microbiota with respect to the control, but significant differences were found in alpha and beta diversity when FO and FM microbiota were compared. A 66% FM replacement and total FO replacement would be possible without causing major alterations in the fish.

Safety and Efficacy of a Composite Lipid Emulsion with Fish Oil in Hospitalized Neonates and Infants Requiring Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous lipids are critical to the care of extremely premature and other high-risk infants. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated safety and efficacy of parenteral nutrition (PN) with composite intravenous lipid emulsion (CO-ILE) with fish oil compared with pure soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE). METHODS: Randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter study (NCT02579265) in neonates/infants anticipated to require ≥28 d of PN due to gastrointestinal malformations or injury. Duration of the initial and extended treatment phase was 28 d and 84 d, respectively (for patients with PN indication after day 28). RESULTS: Eighty-three patients (mean postnatal age 11.4 d, 54 preterm) received CO-ILE and 78 patients received SOLE (mean postnatal age 8.3 d, 59 preterm). Thirty-three patients per group completed 28 d of treatment. Risk of having conjugated bilirubin values >2 mg/dL confirmed by a second sample 7 d after the first during the initial treatment phase (primary outcome) was 2.4% (2 of 83) with CO-ILE and 3.8% (3 of 78) with SOLE (risk ratio: 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 3.76). Between days 29 and 84, the number of patients with confirmed conjugated bilirubin values >2 mg/dL did not increase in the CO-ILE group (n = 2) and increased in the SOLE group (n = 9). At the end of the initial treatment phase, conjugated bilirubin concentrations were 45.6% lower under CO-ILE than under SOLE (P = 0.006). There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency in patients in the CO-ILE group. Median time to discharge alive was 56.7 d and 66.4 d with CO-ILE and SOLE, respectively (hazard ratio: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.68). CONCLUSIONS: CO-ILE was associated with a possible lower risk of cholestasis and significantly lower conjugated bilirubin concentration at the end of the initial treatment phase in high-risk neonates and infants as compared with patients treated with SOLE. In summary, these data indicate that CO-ILE can be considered safe and may be preferable over SOLE in high-risk neonates. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02579265.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Chronic Lung Diseases: A Narrative Review of Impacts from Womb to Tomb.

The lungs are a mucosal organ constantly exposed to potentially harmful compounds and pathogens. Beyond their role in gas exchange, they must perform a well-orchestrated protective response against foreign invaders. The lungs identify these foreign compounds, respond to them by eliciting an inflammatory response, and restore tissue homeostasis after inflammation to ensure the lungs continue to function. In addition, lung function can be affected by genetics, environmental exposures, and age, leading to pulmonary diseases that infringe on quality of life. Recent studies indicate that diet can influence pulmonary health including the incidence and/or severity of lung diseases. Specifically, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have gained attention because of their potential to reduce inflammation and promote resolution of inflammation. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are 2 potentially beneficial n-3 PUFAs primarily acquired through dietary intake. Here we review current literature examining the role of n-3 PUFAs and the biological mechanisms by which these fatty acids alter the incidence and pathologies of chronic lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung disease. We also highlight the role of n-3 PUFAs in vulnerable populations such as pre/postnatal children, those with obesity, and the elderly. Lastly, we review the impact of n-3 PUFA intake and supplementation to evaluate if increasing consumption can mitigate mechanisms driving chronic lung diseases.

Study protocol: fish oil supplement in prevention of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in adjuvant colorectal cancer patients - a randomized controlled trial. (OxaNeuro).

BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in general and painful OIPN in particular is a debilitating late effect that severely affects cancer survivors' quality of life and causes premature cessation of potentially lifesaving treatment. No preventive treatments and no effective treatment for chronic OIPN exist despite many attempts. One of several suggested mechanisms includes neuroinflammation as a contributing factor to OIPN. Fish oil containing long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) are precursors to specialized proresolving mediators that mediate the resolution of inflammation. Our primary hypothesis is that a high supplementation of n-3 LCPUFAs will lower the prevalence and severity of OIPN. METHODS: The OxaNeuro project is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. We will include 120 patients eligible to receive adjuvant oxaliplatin after colorectal cancer surgery. Patients will receive fish oil capsules containing n-3 LCPUFAs or corn oil daily for 8 months. The primary endpoint is the prevalence of OIPN at 8 months defined as relevant symptoms, including one of the following: abnormal nerve conduction screening, abnormal vibration threshold test, abnormal skin biopsy, or abnormal pinprick test. Additional endpoints include the intensity and severity of OIPN-related neuropathic pain, patient-reported OIPN symptoms, quality of life, mental health symptoms, body composition, and cognitive evaluation. Furthermore, we will evaluate inflammatory biomarkers in blood samples and skin biopsies, including the potential OIPN biomarker neurofilament light protein (NfL) which will be measured before each cycle of chemotherapy. DISCUSSION: If readily available fish oil supplementation alleviates OIPN prevalence and severity, it will significantly improve the lives of both cancer survivors and palliative cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin; it will improve their quality of life, optimize chemotherapeutic treatment plans by lowering the need for dose reduction or premature cessation, and potentially increase survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT05404230 Protocol version: 1.2, April 25th. 2023.

Fish oil supplementation in relation to the risk of chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes.

AIM: To investigate the association between fish oil supplementation and subsequent risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with diabetes, and further evaluate the mediation effect of typical glycolipid and inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS: In total, 24 497 patients with diabetes from the UK Biobank were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD risk, and the rate advancement period was calculated to quantify and communicate the impact of fish oil upon that risk. In addition, we also used mediation analysis to assess the mediating role of plasma biomarkers. RESULTS: Overall, 7122 patients reported taking fish oil supplements. During a mean of 11.3 years of follow-up, 3533 CKD cases occurred. In the fully adjusted model, fish oil use was inversely associated with the incidence of CKD (HR 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97), which was mediated by serum levels of HbA1c (4.7%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (3.4%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (2.3%). Participants who took fish oil supplements displayed the same risk of CKD events, but that risk was delayed by approximately 2.79 years compared with non-users of fish oil. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings advocate the beneficial role of fish oil use in preventing CKD among patients with diabetes, which may be mediated by serum levels of HbA1c, CRP and HDL-C, and support public health policies aiming to promote fish oil supplementation for the prevention of diabetes complications.

Fish oil supplementation, genetic susceptibility and risk of new-onset hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: The risk of new-onset hypertension is influenced by habitual fish oil supplementation, but whether the association is modified by genetic predisposition is unknown. METHODS: A total of 213,604 participants without hypertension were identified at baseline from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. The weighted polygenetic risk score (PRS) comprising 118 identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to quantify genetic susceptibility. Cox regression models were applied to determine the association between fish oil supplementation, PRS, and hypertension and evaluate the effect modification of genetic susceptibility. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 18,498 new-onset hypertension cases were identified. Approximately 30.6 % (65,452) of participants were habitual fish oil users. The hazard ratio (HR) of habitual fish oil users for hypertension was 0.94 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.98). Fish oil nonusers with a high genetic risk had an increased risk of hypertension (HR, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.41-1.64) compared to fish oil users with a low genetic risk. In addition, an interaction on the additive scale between the fish oil use and intermediate or high levels of genetic susceptibility was observed. The interactive effects accounted for approximately 7 % and 22 % of the risk of developing hypertension, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort study indicates regular fish oil supplementation could be beneficial in preventing hypertension, particularly among individuals with intermediate or high genetic susceptibility on an additive scale.

Fish oil supplement use modifies the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and plasma n-3 PUFA levels: an analysis of the UK Biobank.

Observational evidence linking dietary n-3 PUFA intake and health outcomes is limited by a lack of robust validation of dietary intake using blood n-3 PUFA levels and potential confounding by fish oil supplement (FOS) use. We investigated the relationship between oily fish intake, FOS use and plasma n-3 PUFA levels in 121 650 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants. Ordinal logistic regression models, adjusted for clinical and lifestyle factors, were used to quantify the contribution of dietary oily fish intake and FOS use to plasma n-3 PUFA levels (measured by NMR spectroscopy). Oily fish intake and FOS use were reported by 38 % and 31 % of participants, respectively. Increasing oily fish intake was associated with a higher likelihood of FOS use (P < 0·001). Oily fish intake ≥ twice a week was the strongest predictor of high total n-3 PUFA (OR 6·7 (95 % CI 6·3, 7·1)) and DHA levels (6·6 (6·3, 7·1). FOS use was an independent predictor of high plasma n-3 PUFA levels (2·0 (2·0, 2·1)) with a similar OR to that associated with eating oily fish < once a week (1·9 (1·8, 2·0)). FOS use was associated with plasma n-3 PUFA levels that were similar to individuals in the next highest oily fish intake category. In conclusion, FOS use is more common in frequent fish consumers and modifies the relationship between oily fish intake and plasma n-3 PUFA levels in UKBB participants. If unaccounted for, FOS use may confound the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFA intake, blood levels of n-3 PUFAs and health outcomes.

The impact of fish oil and/or probiotics on serum fatty acids and the interaction with low-grade inflammation in pregnant women with overweight and obesity: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

N-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) and probiotics are generally considered to induce health benefits. The objective was to investigate (1) the impact of fish oil and/or probiotics on serum fatty acids (sFA), (2) the interaction of sFA with low-grade inflammation and (3) the relation of sFA to the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnant women with overweight/obesity were allocated into intervention groups with fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics or placebo + placebo in early pregnancy (fish oil: 1·9 g DHA and 0·22 g EPA, probiotics: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 CFU, each daily). Blood samples were collected in early (n 431) and late pregnancy (n 361) for analysis of fatty acids in serum phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesteryl esters (CE), TAG and NEFA with GC and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and GlycA by immunoassay and NMR spectroscopy, respectively. GDM was diagnosed according to 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. EPA in PC, CE and TAG and DHA in PC, CE, TAG and NEFA were higher in fish oil and fish oil + probiotics groups compared with placebo. EPA in serum NEFA was lower in women receiving probiotics compared with women not receiving. Low-grade inflammation was inversely associated with n-3 LC-PUFA, which were related to an increased risk of GDM. Fish oil and fish oil + probiotics consumption increase serum n-3 LC-PUFA in pregnant women with overweight/obesity. Although these fatty acids were inversely related to inflammatory markers, n-3 LC-PUFA were linked with an increased risk for GDM.

Omega-3 fatty acids and health of auditory and vestibular systems: a comprehensive review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to comprehensively review animal and human studies that explore the role of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the health of the auditory organ across all life stages. METHODS: This narrative review involved searching Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles from December 1980 to July 2023. RESULTS: some animal and human studies suggest that both deficiency and excessive intake of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can lead to auditory neural conduction impairment and reduced hearing acuity from fetal development to old age (presbycusis). These effects are likely to be dependent on the dosage. Some research indicates that an excessive intake of omega-3, rather than a deficiency, can result in nutritional toxicity and hearing impairments. Animal studies highlight the positive impact of omega-3 supplements with high DHA content in addressing hearing damage, but human research on this subject is limited. Furthermore, certain studies propose that omega-3 PUFAs may prevent or delay age-related hearing loss, with high plasma omega-3 concentration, particularly long-chain omega-3 PUFA, linked to reduced hearing loss. Additionally, consuming fish more than twice a week may be associated with a lower risk of hearing loss in adulthood, with these effects potentially influenced by age and gender. However, the majority of studies have been conducted on animals, and clinical trials are scarce. Research on the influence of omega-3 PUFAs on the peripheral and central vestibular systems remains limited. CONCLUSION: This article delves into the impact of omega-3 on the auditory-vestibular system, exploring its influence on neurodevelopment, protection, and treatment. It not only highlights specific research gaps but also offers valuable insights for potential future studies.

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy decreases liver endocannabinoid system and lipogenic markers in newborn rats exposed to maternal high-fat diet.

PURPOSE: Maternal high-fat diet (HF) programs obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia associated with increased endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the liver of adult male rat offspring. We hypothesized that maternal HF would induce sex specific ECS changes in the liver of newborn rats, prior to obesity onset, and maternal fish oil (FO) supplementation would reprogram the ECS and lipid metabolism markers preventing liver triglycerides (TG) accumulation. METHODS: Female rats received a control (CT) (10.9% fat) or HF (28.7% fat) diet 8 weeks prior to mating and during pregnancy. A subgroup of HF dams received 3% FO supplementation in the HF diet (35.4% fat) during pregnancy (HFFO). Serum hormones and liver TG, ECS, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and autophagy markers were assessed in male and female newborn offspring. RESULTS: Maternal HF diet increased liver cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in males and decreased CB2 in females, with no effect on liver TG. Maternal FO supplementation reduced liver CB1 regardless of the offspring sex, but reduced TG liver content only in females. FO reduced the liver content of the endocannabinoid anandamide in males, and the content of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in both sexes. Maternal HF increased lipogenic and decreased lipid oxidation markers, and FO induced the opposite regulation in the liver of offspring. CONCLUSION: Prenatal HF and FO differentially modulate liver ECS in the offspring before obesity and MASLD development. These results suggest that maternal nutrition at critical stages of development can modulate the offspring's ECS, predisposing or preventing the onset of metabolic diseases.

Parenteral Nutrition in the Critically Ill Adult: A Narrative Review.

Malnutrition in adult intensive care unit patients is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Providing adequate nutritional support to the critically ill adult should be an important goal for the intensivist. This narrative review aims to delineate the role of parenteral nutrition (PN) in meeting nutritional goals. We examined the data regarding the safety and efficacy of PN compared to enteral nutrition. In addition, we describe practical considerations for the use of PN in the ICU including patient nutritional risk stratification, nutrient composition selection for PN, route of PN administration, and biochemical monitoring.

Could the association between ozone and arterial stiffness be modified by fish oil supplementation?

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness (AS) is an important predicting factor for cardiovascular disease. However, no epidemiological studies have ever explored the mediating role of biomarkers in the association between ozone and AS, nor weather fish oil modified such association. METHODS: Study participants were drawn from the UK biobank, and a total of 95,699 middle-aged and older adults were included in this study. Ozone was obtained from Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model matched to residential addresses, fish oil from self-reported intake, and arterial stiffness was based on device measurements. First, we applied a double robust approach to explore the association between ozone or fish oil intake and arterial stiffness, adjusting for potential confounders at the individual and regional levels. Then, how triglycerides, apolipoprotein B (Apo B)/apolipoprotein A (ApoA) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) mediate the relationship between ozone and AS. Last, the modifying role of fish oil was further explored by stratified analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 55 years; annual average ozone exposure was associated with ASI (beta:0.189 [95%CI: 0.146 to 0.233], P < 0.001), and compared to participants who did not consume fish oil, fish oil users had a lower ASI (beta: 0.061 [95%CI: -0.111 to -0.010], P = 0.016). The relationship between ozone exposure and AS was mediated by triglycerides, ApoB/ApoA, and Non-HDL-C with mediation proportions ranging from 10.90% to 18.30%. Stratified analysis showed lower estimates on the ozone-AS relationship in fish oil users (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Ozone exposure was associated with higher levels of arterial stiffness, in contrast to fish oil consumption, which showed a protective association. The association between ozone exposure and arterial stiffness was partially mediated by some biomarkers. In the general population, fish oil consumption might provide protection against ozone-related AS.

Catalytic pyrolysis of fish waste oil using ZSM-5 catalyst for the production of renewable biofuel.

This present study enlightens the eco-friendly green synthesis of ZSM-5 from natural clay montmorillonite, and its proper incorporation with 'Ni'. Nickle (Ni) was wet impregnated onto HZSM-5 and the resulting catalyst was characterized by various techniques including XRD, BET, N2 Sorption Studies, TPD, SEM and TEM techniques. The SEM images revealed the uniform distribution of Ni over HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst and the XRD results indicated the undistorted crystalline structure of HZSM-5 even after impregnation of Ni. The latter part of the work concentrates on the strength of the catalyst in cracking oil derived from discarded fish parts. Discarded fish waste was pyrolyzed to obtain the fish oil, which was then used for cracking studies. The fish oil was efficiently converted (99% conversion) by Ni/ZSM5 (50 wt %) and yielded 70% liquid fractions, which formed gasoline (78.6%), kerosene (12.3%) and diesel (9.1%). The research is a complete parcel to examine the working potential of the produced biofuel in pre-existing engines. The quality of gasoline fraction was tested according to ASTM standards, which showed that the heating value was slightly lower compared to fossil gasoline. The torque and brake fuel consumption were also examined and it indicated that the fish oil derived gasoline fuel may need to be mixed with the commercial gasoline to optimize its performance.

Effect of solar powered MgO/graphene nano catalysed biodiesel production from Scomber scombrus.

The aim of the work is to find the efficiency of solar power in biodiesel preparation from mackerel fish. The paper also focusses on the ability of MgO/graphene prepared by one-pot synthesis using combustion methodology. The physicochemical properties of the material were analysed by XRD, N2 sorption studies, BET sorption analysis and SEM. The adsorption studies revealed the porosity of the graphene is intact, and the morphology studies indicated that MgO is uniformly distributed on the graphene surface. The highest biodiesel yield of 98.95% was obtained using the solar-powered Fresnel solar concentrator at 12.30 p.m in 6 min reaction time using 3 wt% MgO/GO catalyst at 65 °C. Conventional heating produced only 75% biodiesel at the same reaction condition, consuming25 min to complete. The solar assisted biodiesel had better HHV of 37.81 MJ/Kg, viscosity of 4.3 mm2/s, pour point of -15 °C, and a density of 0.875 g/mL. The optimized catalyst showed a shelf life of 5 cycles. The results portray the efficacy of natural energy source in alternative liquid fuel production.

Fish oil supplementation and risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus: a large population-based prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Although fish oil has been considered to have an anti-inflammatory effect and has been proven to play a beneficial role in the incidence of numerous diseases, the association between fish oil supplementation and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the correlation between fish oil use and incident SLE in a large population-based prospective cohort. METHODS: 390,277 participants without SLE at baseline from the UK Biobank were enrolled. Fish oil use was ascertained through a touchscreen questionnaire at baseline. The incidence of SLE was identified by the International Classification of Diseases version 10 code in medical records or self-report. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to estimate the association between fish oil use and SLE risk. RESULTS: Fish oil users accounted for 31.47% of participants. During a median follow-up duration of 11.57 years, 141 participants without fish oil use (4.56/100 000 person-years) and 68 participants with fish oil use (4.78/100 000 person-years) developed SLE. In four models with adjustments for different amounts of confounders, there was no significant difference in the risk of SLE between fish oil users and fish oil non-users (all p-values > 0.05). In subgroup analyses, we found that fish oil supplementation was associated with a lower risk of SLE among females with ultraviolet radiation ≥ 3 h/day (hazard ratio: 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.40-0.98), which turned insignificant after further adjustment for female-related factors and sun protection measures. CONCLUSIONS: No significant association between fish oil use and overall incident SLE was observed, except in females exposed to prolonged ultraviolet radiation. Subgroup analysis suggested that females exposed to prolonged ultraviolet radiation might benefit from fish oil supplementation in terms of preventing SLE, but it needs to be confirmed in further studies.

Association between fish oil and glucosamine use and mortality in patients diagnosed with cancer: the role of the Life Essential 8 score and cancer prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of supplements on mortality risk in patients with cancer remains uncertain and has scarcely been investigated in subgroups of patients with varying characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the association between two popular supplements, fish oil and glucosamine, and mortality risk in a large population-based cohort and determine whether cardiovascular health and clinical prognosis influence these associations. METHODS: This prospective cohort study analyzed the data of UK Biobank participants who were diagnosed with cancer. The associations of fish oil and glucosamine consumption with mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the effects of Life Essential 8 [LE8] scores (a measure of cardiovascular health) and cancer prognosis (grouped according to the survival rates of specific cancer types) on the associations between supplement use and mortality. RESULTS: This analysis included 14,920 participants (mean age = 59.9 years; 60.2% female). One third (34.1%) of the participants reported using fish oil, and one fifth (20.5%) reported using glucosamine. Over a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 2,708 all-cause deaths were registered. The use of fish oil was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.89, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.81-0.97) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.98). Similarly, glucosamine use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.93) in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of fish oil and glucosamine against mortality risk were only observed in patients with LE8 scores lower than the mean score or a poor cancer prognosis. Additionally, the association between glucosamine use and a reduced risk of CVD-related mortality was only observed in patients with lower LE8 scores. CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study identified the potential differential impact of LE8 scores and cancer prognosis on the associations of fish oil and glucosamine supplementation with survival in patients with cancer. This suggests the importance of considering these factors in future research on supplements and in the provision of personalized integrative cancer care.