Comparative effects of low-carbohydrate, full-strength and low-alcohol beer on gastric emptying, alcohol absorption, glycaemia and insulinaemia in health.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of low-carbohydrate (LC), full-strength (FS), and low-alcohol (LA) beer on gastric emptying (GE), ethanol absorption, glycaemia and insulinaemia in health. METHODS: Eight subjects (four male, four female; age: 20.4 ± 0.4 years; BMI 22.7 ± 0.4 kg/m2 ) had concurrent measurements of GE, plasma ethanol, blood glucose and plasma insulin for 180 min on three separate occasions after ingesting 600 mL of (i) FS beer (5.0% w/v, 246 kcal, 19.2 g carbohydrate), (ii) LC beer (4.6% w/v, 180 kcal, 5.4 g carbohydrate) and (iii) LA beer (2.6% w/v, 162 kcal, 17.4 g carbohydrate) labelled with 20 MBq 99mTc-calcium phytate, in random order. RESULTS: There was no difference in the gastric 50% emptying time (T50) (FS: 89.0 ± 13.5 min vs LC: 79.5 ± 12.9 min vs LA: 74.6 ± 12.4 min; P = .39). Plasma ethanol was less after LA than LC (P < .001) and FS (P < .001), with no difference between LC and FS (P = 1.0). There was an inverse relationship between plasma ethanol at 15 min and GE after LA (r = -0.87, P < .01) and a trend for inverse relationships after LC (r = -0.67, P = .07) and FS (r = -0.69, P = .06). The AUC 0-180 min for blood glucose was greater for LA than LC (P < .001), with no difference between LA and FS (P = .40) or LC and FS (P = 1.0). CONCLUSION: In healthy young subjects, GE of FS, LC and LA beer is comparable and a determinant of the plasma ethanol response.

Insulinaemia and insulin resistance in Caucasian general paediatric population aged 2 to 10 years: Associated risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine values of insulinaemia, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) among a population of prepubertal Caucasian children, to analyse factors associated with insulin resistance (IR), and to study its association with cardiovascular risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Population-based study conducted on a randomly selected sample of prepubescent Caucasian subjects aged 2.00 to 9.99 years old. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and fasting blood samples were obtained, including fasting glucose, triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and insulin. In addition, QUICKI and HOMA indices were calculated. Generalised additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) was used to calculate centiles curves and multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with IR. RESULTS: A total of 654 subjects were included. Mean values obtained for insulinaemia, HOMA index, and QUICKI were 3.74 µIU/mL, 0.73, and 0.44, respectively, in the overall population and 3.32 µIU/mL, 0.64 and 0.46, respectively, in normal weight subjects. The main factor associated with IR was abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR] 3.38 [95% CI 1.44-7.94] in the subgroup aged 2.00-5.99 years and OR 9.14 [3.42-24.41] for those aged 6.00-9.99 years). An increased risk of hyperglycaemia (P = 0.043), hypertriglyceridaemia (P < .001), and HDL < p10 (P = 0.021) was described among children aged 2.00 to 5.99 years with IR, and among those aged 6.00 to 9.99 years, IR was associated with an increased risk of hypertriglyceridaemia (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was the main factor associated with IR. Metabolic changes associated with IR seem to be present from early stages of life, which highlights the importance of the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of obesity.

Prior exercise alters the difference between arterialised and venous glycaemia: implications for blood sampling procedures.

Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity are common measures, but are determined using various blood sampling methods, employed under many different experimental conditions. This study established whether measures of oral glucose tolerance and oral glucose-derived insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity indices; ISI) differ when calculated from venous v. arterialised blood. Critically, we also established whether any differences between sampling methods are consistent across distinct metabolic conditions (after rest v. after exercise). A total of ten healthy men completed two trials in a randomised order, each consisting of a 120-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), either at rest or post-exercise. Blood was sampled simultaneously from a heated hand (arterialised) and an antecubital vein of the contralateral arm (venous). Under both conditions, glucose time-averaged AUC was greater from arterialised compared with venous plasma but importantly, this difference was larger after rest relative to after exercise (0·99 (sd 0·46) v. 0·56 (sd 0·24) mmol/l, respectively; P<0·01). OGTT-derived ISIMatsuda and ISICederholm were lower when calculated from arterialised relative to venous plasma and the arterialised-venous difference was greater after rest v. after exercise (ISIMatsuda: 1·97 (sd 0·81) v. 1·35 (sd 0·57) arbitrary units (au), respectively; ISICederholm : 14·76 (sd 7·83) v. 8·70 (sd 3·95) au, respectively; both P<0·01). Venous blood provides lower postprandial glucose concentrations and higher estimates of insulin sensitivity, compared with arterialised blood. Most importantly, these differences between blood sampling methods are not consistent after rest v. post-exercise, preventing standardised venous-to-arterialised corrections from being readily applied.

Development of dietary soluble fibres by enzymatic synthesis and assessment of their digestibility in in vitro, animal and randomised clinical trial models.

The aim was to develop novel fibres by enzymatic synthesis, to determine their total dietary fibre by AOAC method 2009.01 and to estimate their potential digestibility and assess their digestibility in vivo using glycaemic and insulinaemic responses as markers in mice and randomised clinical trial models. We found that fibre candidates to which α-(1,2) branching was added were resistant to digestion in the mouse model, depending on the amount of branching. These results show that in vivo models are needed to reliably assess the digestibility of α-glycosidic-linked oligomeric dietary fibre candidates, possibly due to absence of brush border α-glucosidase activity in the current in vitro assessment. α-(1,3)-linked and α-(1,6)-linked glucose oligomers were completely digested in humans and mice. In conclusion, it is possible to develop dietary soluble fibres by enzymatic synthesis. Adding α-(1,2) branching increases their resistance to digestion in vivo and can thus improve their suitability as potential fibre candidates. Clinical Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02701270.

Postprandial Responses to a Standardised Meal in Hypertension: The Mediatory Role of Visceral Fat Mass.

Postprandial insulinaemia, triglyceridaemia and measures of inflammation are thought to be more closely associated with cardiovascular risk than fasting measures. Although hypertension is associated with altered fasting metabolism, it is unknown as to what extent postprandial lipaemic and inflammatory metabolic responses differ between hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Linear models adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), visceral fat mass (VFM) and multiple testing (false discovery rate), were used to investigate whether hypertensive cases and normotensive controls had different fasting and postprandial (in response to two standardised test meal challenges) lipaemic, glycaemic, insulinaemic, and inflammatory (glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA)) responses in 989 participants from the ZOE PREDICT-1 nutritional intervention study. Compared to normotensive controls, hypertensive individuals had significantly higher fasting and postprandial insulin, triglycerides, and markers of inflammation after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI (effect size: Beta (Standard Error) ranging from 0.17 (0.08), p = 0.04 for peak insulin to 0.29 (0.08), p = 4.4 × 10-4 for peak GlycA). No difference was seen for postprandial glucose. When further adjusting for VFM effects were attenuated. Causal mediation analysis suggests that 36% of the variance in postprandial insulin response and 33.8% of variance in postprandial triglyceride response were mediated by VFM. Hypertensive individuals have different postprandial insulinaemic and lipaemic responses compared to normotensive controls and this is partially mediated by visceral fat mass. Consequently, reducing VFM should be a key focus of health interventions in hypertension. Trial registration: The ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier is NCT03479866.

Cognitive Performance Following Ingestion of Glucose-Fructose Sweeteners That Impart Different Postprandial Glycaemic Responses: A Randomised Control Trial.

We aimed to investigate the isolated effect of glycaemia on cognitive test performance by using beverages sweetened with two different glucose-fructose disaccharides, sucrose and isomaltulose. In a randomised crossover design, 70 healthy adults received a low-glycaemic-index (GI) isomaltulose and sucralose beverage (GI 32) and a high-GI sucrose beverage (GI 65) on two occasions that were separated by two weeks. Following beverage ingestion, declarative memory and immediate word recall were examined at 30, 80 and 130 min. At 140 min, executive function was tested. To confirm that the glycaemic response of the test beverages matched published GI estimates, a subsample (n = 12) of the cognitive testing population (n = 70) underwent glycaemic response testing on different test days. A significantly lower value of mean (95% CI) blood glucose concentration incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was found for isomaltulose, in comparison to the blood glucose concentration iAUC value for sucrose, the difference corresponding to -44 mmol/L∙min (-70, -18), p = 0.003. The mean (95% CI) difference in numbers of correct answers or words recalled between beverages at 30, 80 and 130 min were 0.1 (-0.2, 0.5), -0.3 (-0.8, 0.2) and 0.0 (-0.5, 0.5) for declarative memory, and -0.5 (-1.4, 0.3), 0.4 (-0.4, 1.3) and -0.4 (-1.1, 0.4) for immediate free word recall. At 140 min, the mean difference in the trail-making test between beverages was -0.3 sec (-6.9, 6.3). None of these differences were statistically or clinically significant. In summary, cognitive performance was unaffected by different glycaemic responses to beverages during the postprandial period of 140 min.

Co-ingestion of whole almonds and almond oil with carbohydrate suppresses postprandial glycaemia in mice in an insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manner.

Co-ingestion of almonds with carbohydrate prevents excessive increase in plasma glucose level (PGL), but information about the functional fraction is limited. Identifying the functional fraction is necessary to use almonds more efficiently in terms of controlling postprandial glycaemia after a high-carbohydrate meal. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of almond skin, oil, water-soluble fraction and water-insoluble fraction on both postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. The effect of almond skin was tested by comparing the effect of whole almonds with the effect of skinless almonds. Male ICR mice were administered dextrin and 4 g/kg body weight test samples. After the administration, 2-h postprandial changes in glycaemia and insulinaemia were measured. Oil was the only fraction being able to blunt postprandial glycaemia. Interestingly, when co-ingesting with dextrin, almond oil did not change the insulin level compared with the control but whole almonds or skinless almonds triggered a 4-fold increase in insulin level. The co-ingestion of whole almonds or skinless almonds similarly suppressed the PGL at 15 and 30 min (P < 0·05), which means almond skin has no effect on postprandial glycaemia. Neither soluble nor insoluble fractions lead to any significant changes in postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. In conclusion, oil is the main functional component accounting for the glycaemia-lowering effect without altering insulin level.

Fructo-oligosaccharides and glucose homeostasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis in animal models.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation on glucose homeostasis. The search process was based on the selection of publications listed in the Pubmed-Medline database until April 2016 to identify studies evaluating the impact of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides or oligofructose on glucose homeostasis. Twenty-nine trials were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis was performed on twelve of these papers according to the inclusion criteria. Fasting blood concentrations of glucose and insulin were selected as pertinent criteria of glucose homeostasis for the meta-analysis. The consumption of fructo-oligosaccharides decreased fasting blood glycaemia levels, whatever the metabolic status (healthy, obese or diabetic) and diet (low-fat or high-fat) throughout the experiment. This reduction was linear with prebiotic dose (from 0 to 13% of the feed). Fasting insulinaemia also decreased linearly with fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation but the reduction was only significant in rodents fed a low-fat diet. Potential underlying mechanisms include gut bacterial fermentation of fructo-oligosaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial modulation of bile acids, both interacting with host metabolism. This systemic review, followed by the meta-analysis, provides evidence that fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation has a significant effect on glucose homeostasis whatever the health status and diet consumed by animals.

Postprandial Glycaemic, Hormonal and Satiety Responses to Rice and Kiwifruit Preloads in Chinese Adults: A Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial.

Controlling postprandial glycaemia helps to prevent and manage non-communicable diseases. One strategy in controlling glycaemia may be to consume meals in two parts; a preload, followed by the remainder of the meal. Our aim was to test preloading a rice meal given for breakfast and lunch on different days, either by splitting the meal (rice preload followed by rice meal) or by using kiwifruit as a preload compared with consuming the rice meal in one sitting. Primary outcomes were glycaemic and insulinaemic responses with secondary outcomes of other hormonal responses, subjective satiety, and subsequent energy intake. Following breakfast, postprandial glycaemic peak concentration was 0.9 (95% CI: 0.2, 1.6) mmol/L lower for the kiwifruit preload compared with the rice meal eaten in one sitting. Following lunch, glycaemic peak concentrations were 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) and 1.1 (0.5, 1.7) mmol/L lower for the rice-split and kiwifruit preload compared with the rice meal alone, respectively. Postprandial insulinaemia area-under-the-curve was 1385 (87, 2684) mU/L·min less for the kiwifruit preload compared with the rice-split. There were no differences among treatments for subsequent energy intake. Meal splitting is useful for lowering postprandial glycaemia, and replacing part of a meal with kiwifruit may help with insulin efficiency without detriment to subsequent energy intake.

¿Influye el consumo de comidas ricas en proteínas y grasas en la glucemia postprandial de pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 que realizan conteo de hidratos de carbono? / Does the consumption of meals rich in proteins and fats influence on the postprandial glucemia of patients with diabetes type 1 that follow carbohydrate counting?

Introducción: el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) requiere de la administración de insulina exógena; dentro de las variables a tener en cuenta para calcular la dosis se encuentra el contenido de hidratos de carbono (HC) de la comida a ingerir. Este macronutriente es considerado, desde hace varios años, el responsable del aumento de la glucemia postprandial (GPP). El conteo de hidratos de carbono (CHC) es el método más aceptado y utilizado actualmente en el tratamiento nutricional, aunque cada vez existe más evidencia de que hay otros macronutrientes, como las proteínas y las grasas, que pueden influir en la variación de la GPP. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es reunir los resultados de publicaciones científicas que analizaron la respuesta glucémica (RG) al consumo de comidas con alto contenido de proteínas y grasas y hacer un análisis de las diferentes intervenciones. Materiales y método: búsqueda bibliográfica en PUBMED, inicialmente 196 artículos. Luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 26 artículos realizados en personas con DM1 de los últimos 10 años (2007-2017) referidos al consumo de comidas altas en proteínas y grasas. Resultados: hay una significativa variación interpersonal en los requerimientos de insulina en respuesta a las grasas y proteínas dietarias, que puede fluctuar en un 65% ± 10%. En los estudios randomizados se logró determinar que en las comidas altas en grasas el pico de GPP fue demorado y la sensibilidad a la insulina fue menor. Uno de los estudios logró demostrar que el 100% de las comidas altas en grasa se asociaron con hiperglucemia tardía. En relación a las dos revisiones sistemáticas encontradas, se hace hincapié en la búsqueda de datos para mejorar el tratamiento intensificado de la DM1, siendo el control de la GPP el indicador principal, ponderando la importancia de considerar la ingesta proteica y grasa de manera adicional al CHC. Conclusión: se concluye que el efecto de una comida con un alto contenido en proteínas y grasas sobre la glucemia suele presentarse entre las 3 a 6 hs de consumidas, siempre teniendo en cuenta la respuesta individual y el modo de administrar la insulina. La tarea del equipo interdisciplinario es fundamental para conocer la respuesta individual en el paciente con DM1 ante el consumo de comidas altas en proteínas y grasas, pudiendo así orientar la toma de decisión(AU).

Introduction: the treatment of type 1 diabetes (DM1) requires the administration of exogenous insulin, being the carbohydrate (HC) content of the meal to be ingested one of the variables to be considered to calculate the insulin dose. For several years, this macronutrient has been considered responsible for the increase in postprandial glycemia (PPG). Carbohydrate Counting (CHC) is the most accepted and currently used method in the nutritional treatment, although there is enough evidence that other macronutrients, such as protein and fat, can influence on the variation of PPG. Objective: to gather the results of scientific publications which analysed the glycemic response (GR) to the consumption of high-protein and high-fat meals and to analyse de different interventions. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 articles were selected including those with individuals with DM1 from the past 10 years (with the exception of one) referring to the consumption of high-protein and high-fat meals. Results: there is a significant interpersonal variation in insulin requirements in response to dietary fat and protein, which can fluctuate by 65% +/- 10%. Randomized studies showed that in the high-fat meals, the peak of PPG was delayed and insulin sensitivity was lower. One of the studies showed that 100% of high-fat meals were associated with late hyperglycemia. Both systematic reviews emphasize the need to search for data to improve the intensive treatment of DM1, with the control of PPG being the main indicator, considering protein and fat intake, in addition to CHC. Conclusion: the effect on blood glucose of high-protein and high-fat meals usually occurs between 3 to 6 hours after being consumed, always considering the individual response and the insulin administration method. The task of the interdisciplinary team is essential to know the individual response in the DM1 patient to the consumption of high-protein and high-fat meals, thus being able to guide the decision-making process(AU).