RESUMO
We have previously provided the first genetic evidence that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the critical receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and ACE2 protects the lung from injury, providing a molecular explanation for the severe lung failure and death due to SARS-CoV infections. ACE2 has now also been identified as a key receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infections, and it has been proposed that inhibiting this interaction might be used in treating patients with COVID-19. However, it is not known whether human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) blocks growth of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that clinical grade hrsACE2 reduced SARS-CoV-2 recovery from Vero cells by a factor of 1,000-5,000. An equivalent mouse rsACE2 had no effect. We also show that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect engineered human blood vessel organoids and human kidney organoids, which can be inhibited by hrsACE2. These data demonstrate that hrsACE2 can significantly block early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/farmacologia , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/ultraestrutura , Vasos Sanguíneos/virologia , COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Rim/citologia , Rim/virologia , Camundongos , Organoides/virologia , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Células VeroRESUMO
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has highlighted the need for antiviral approaches that can target emerging viruses with no effective vaccines or pharmaceuticals. Here, we demonstrate a CRISPR-Cas13-based strategy, PAC-MAN (prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells), for viral inhibition that can effectively degrade RNA from SARS-CoV-2 sequences and live influenza A virus (IAV) in human lung epithelial cells. We designed and screened CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) targeting conserved viral regions and identified functional crRNAs targeting SARS-CoV-2. This approach effectively reduced H1N1 IAV load in respiratory epithelial cells. Our bioinformatic analysis showed that a group of only six crRNAs can target more than 90% of all coronaviruses. With the development of a safe and effective system for respiratory tract delivery, PAC-MAN has the potential to become an important pan-coronavirus inhibition strategy.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Viral/antagonistas & inibidores , Células A549 , Antibioticoprofilaxia/métodos , Sequência de Bases , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , COVID-19 , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Simulação por Computador , Sequência Conservada , Coronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Coronavirus/genética , Coronavirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo de Coronavírus , RNA-Polimerase RNA-Dependente de Coronavírus , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo/genética , Pandemias , Fosfoproteínas , Filogenia , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genéticaRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 infection has emerged as a serious global pandemic. Because of the high transmissibility of the virus and the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19, developing effective and safe vaccines is a top research priority. Here, we provide a detailed evaluation of the immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines encoding the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or the spike receptor binding domain in mice. We demonstrate that a single dose of these vaccines induces strong type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, as well as long-lived plasma and memory B cell responses. Additionally, we detect robust and sustained neutralizing antibody responses and the antibodies elicited by nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines do not show antibody-dependent enhancement of infection in vitro. Our findings suggest that the nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccine platform can induce robust immune responses and is a promising candidate to combat COVID-19.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/biossíntese , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , RNA Mensageiro/imunologia , RNA Viral/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Animais , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/virologia , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Furina/genética , Furina/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunização/métodos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Memória Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas/química , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas , Vacinas Virais/biossíntese , Vacinas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is wreaking havoc on worldwide public health and economies has heightened awareness about the lack of effective antiviral treatments for human coronaviruses (CoVs). Many current antivirals, notably nucleoside analogs (NAs), exert their effect by incorporation into viral genomes and subsequent disruption of viral replication and fidelity. The development of anti-CoV drugs has long been hindered by the capacity of CoVs to proofread and remove mismatched nucleotides during genome replication and transcription. Here, we review the molecular basis of the CoV proofreading complex and evaluate its potential as a drug target. We also consider existing nucleoside analogs and novel genomic techniques as potential anti-CoV therapeutics that could be used individually or in combination to target the proofreading mechanism.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Genoma Viral , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , RNA Viral/genética , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/química , Monofosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/química , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Amidas/química , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/química , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Citidina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Hidroxilaminas , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Mutação , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Pirazinas/química , Pirazinas/uso terapêutico , RNA Viral/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Ribonucleosídeos/química , Ribonucleosídeos/uso terapêutico , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transcrição Gênica , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 infections are rapidly spreading around the globe. The rapid development of therapies is of major importance. However, our lack of understanding of the molecular processes and host cell signaling events underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection hinders therapy development. We use a SARS-CoV-2 infection system in permissible human cells to study signaling changes by phosphoproteomics. We identify viral protein phosphorylation and define phosphorylation-driven host cell signaling changes upon infection. Growth factor receptor (GFR) signaling and downstream pathways are activated. Drug-protein network analyses revealed GFR signaling as key pathways targetable by approved drugs. The inhibition of GFR downstream signaling by five compounds prevents SARS-CoV-2 replication in cells, assessed by cytopathic effect, viral dsRNA production, and viral RNA release into the supernatant. This study describes host cell signaling events upon SARS-CoV-2 infection and reveals GFR signaling as a central pathway essential for SARS-CoV-2 replication. It provides novel strategies for COVID-19 treatment.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/genética , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento/genética , Proteínas Virais/genética , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Células CACO-2 , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic reminded us of the urgent need for new antivirals to control emerging infectious diseases and potential future pandemics. Immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology and could complement the use of antivirals, but its application to infectious diseases remains largely unexplored. Nucleoside analogs are a class of agents widely used as antiviral and anti-neoplastic drugs. Their antiviral activity is generally based on interference with viral nucleic acid replication or transcription. Based on our previous work and computer modeling, we hypothesize that antiviral adenosine analogs, like remdesivir, have previously unrecognized immunomodulatory properties which contribute to their therapeutic activity. In the case of remdesivir, we here show that these properties are due to its metabolite, GS-441524, acting as an Adenosine A2A Receptor antagonist. Our findings support a new rationale for the design of next-generation antiviral agents with dual - immunomodulatory and intrinsic - antiviral properties. These compounds could represent game-changing therapies to control emerging viral diseases and future pandemics.
Assuntos
Monofosfato de Adenosina , Adenosina , Alanina , Antivirais , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/farmacologia , Adenosina/química , Humanos , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/farmacologia , Alanina/química , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Animais , Agentes de Imunomodulação/farmacologia , Agentes de Imunomodulação/química , Antagonistas do Receptor A2 de Adenosina/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor A2 de Adenosina/química , Antagonistas do Receptor A2 de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Pandemias , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Vero , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Receptor A2A de Adenosina/metabolismo , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologiaRESUMO
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with more than 780,000 deaths worldwide (as of 20 August 2020). To develop antiviral interventions quickly, drugs used for the treatment of unrelated diseases are currently being repurposed to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine is an anti-malaria drug that is used for the treatment of COVID-19 as it inhibits the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the African green monkey kidney-derived cell line Vero1-3. Here we show that engineered expression of TMPRSS2, a cellular protease that activates SARS-CoV-2 for entry into lung cells4, renders SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero cells insensitive to chloroquine. Moreover, we report that chloroquine does not block infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the TMPRSS2-expressing human lung cell line Calu-3. These results indicate that chloroquine targets a pathway for viral activation that is not active in lung cells and is unlikely to protect against the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in and between patients.
Assuntos
Cloroquina/farmacologia , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Animais , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Pulmão/virologia , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Falha de Tratamento , Células Vero , Internalização do Vírus , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
The new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for the replication of its genome and the transcription of its genes1-3. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp in an active form that mimics the replicating enzyme. The structure comprises the viral proteins non-structural protein 12 (nsp12), nsp8 and nsp7, and more than two turns of RNA template-product duplex. The active-site cleft of nsp12 binds to the first turn of RNA and mediates RdRp activity with conserved residues. Two copies of nsp8 bind to opposite sides of the cleft and position the second turn of RNA. Long helical extensions in nsp8 protrude along exiting RNA, forming positively charged 'sliding poles'. These sliding poles can account for the known processivity of RdRp that is required for replicating the long genome of coronaviruses3. Our results enable a detailed analysis of the inhibitory mechanisms that underlie the antiviral activity of substances such as remdesivir, a drug for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)4.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/enzimologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , RNA Viral/biossíntese , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/química , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/ultraestrutura , RNA-Polimerase RNA-Dependente de Coronavírus , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/ultraestrutura , SARS-CoV-2 , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging respiratory infection caused by the introduction of a novel coronavirus into humans late in 2019 (first detected in Hubei province, China). As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. As humans do not have pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents and vaccines to mitigate the current pandemic and to prevent the re-emergence of COVID-19. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assembled an international panel to develop animal models for COVID-19 to accelerate the testing of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Animais , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Furões/virologia , Humanos , Mesocricetus/virologia , Camundongos , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Primatas/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global pandemic and no antiviral drug or vaccine is yet available for the treatment of this disease1-3. Several clinical studies are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of repurposed drugs that have demonstrated antiviral efficacy in vitro. Among these candidates, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been given to thousands of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-the virus that causes COVID-19-worldwide but there is no definitive evidence that HCQ is effective for treating COVID-194-7. Here we evaluated the antiviral activity of HCQ both in vitro and in SARS-CoV-2-infected macaques. HCQ showed antiviral activity in African green monkey kidney cells (Vero E6) but not in a model of reconstituted human airway epithelium. In macaques, we tested different treatment strategies in comparison to a placebo treatment, before and after peak viral load, alone or in combination with azithromycin (AZTH). Neither HCQ nor the combination of HCQ and AZTH showed a significant effect on viral load in any of the analysed tissues. When the drug was used as a pre-exposure prophylaxis treatment, HCQ did not confer protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our findings do not support the use of HCQ, either alone or in combination with AZTH, as an antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19 in humans.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Animais , Azitromicina/farmacologia , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Citocinas/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/farmacocinética , Hidroxicloroquina/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Cinética , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , Mucosa Respiratória/citologia , Mucosa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Respiratória/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Fatores de Tempo , Falha de Tratamento , Células Vero , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
A new coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the aetiological agent responsible for the 2019-2020 viral pneumonia outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1-4. Currently, there are no targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of this disease, and effective treatment options remain very limited. Here we describe the results of a programme that aimed to rapidly discover lead compounds for clinical use, by combining structure-assisted drug design, virtual drug screening and high-throughput screening. This programme focused on identifying drug leads that target main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2: Mpro is a key enzyme of coronaviruses and has a pivotal role in mediating viral replication and transcription, making it an attractive drug target for SARS-CoV-25,6. We identified a mechanism-based inhibitor (N3) by computer-aided drug design, and then determined the crystal structure of Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 in complex with this compound. Through a combination of structure-based virtual and high-throughput screening, we assayed more than 10,000 compounds-including approved drugs, drug candidates in clinical trials and other pharmacologically active compounds-as inhibitors of Mpro. Six of these compounds inhibited Mpro, showing half-maximal inhibitory concentration values that ranged from 0.67 to 21.4 µM. One of these compounds (ebselen) also exhibited promising antiviral activity in cell-based assays. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of our screening strategy, which can lead to the rapid discovery of drug leads with clinical potential in response to new infectious diseases for which no specific drugs or vaccines are available.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/química , Cisteína Endopeptidases/química , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Modelos Moleculares , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19 , Células Cultivadas/virologia , Proteases 3C de Coronavírus , Infecções por Coronavirus/enzimologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/enzimologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 has triggered an ongoing global pandemic of the severe pneumonia-like disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. The development of a vaccine is likely to take at least 12-18 months, and the typical timeline for approval of a new antiviral therapeutic agent can exceed 10 years. Thus, repurposing of known drugs could substantially accelerate the deployment of new therapies for COVID-19. Here we profiled a library of drugs encompassing approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small molecules to identify candidate therapeutic drugs for COVID-19. We report the identification of 100 molecules that inhibit viral replication of SARS-CoV-2, including 21 drugs that exhibit dose-response relationships. Of these, thirteen were found to harbour effective concentrations commensurate with probable achievable therapeutic doses in patients, including the PIKfyve kinase inhibitor apilimod2-4 and the cysteine protease inhibitors MDL-28170, Z LVG CHN2, VBY-825 and ONO 5334. Notably, MDL-28170, ONO 5334 and apilimod were found to antagonize viral replication in human pneumocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, and apilimod also demonstrated antiviral efficacy in a primary human lung explant model. Since most of the molecules identified in this study have already advanced into the clinic, their known pharmacological and human safety profiles will enable accelerated preclinical and clinical evaluation of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
Assuntos
Antivirais/análise , Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/farmacologia , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/citologia , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/análise , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hidrazonas , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Modelos Biológicos , Morfolinas/análise , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Pandemias , Pirimidinas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , SARS-CoV-2 , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/análise , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Triazinas/análise , Triazinas/farmacologia , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
A new coronavirus was recently discovered and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in humans causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been rapidly spreading around the globe1,2. SARS-CoV-2 shows some similarities to other coronaviruses; however, treatment options and an understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells are lacking. Here we identify the host cell pathways that are modulated by SARS-CoV-2 and show that inhibition of these pathways prevents viral replication in human cells. We established a human cell-culture model for infection with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Using this cell-culture system, we determined the infection profile of SARS-CoV-2 by translatome3 and proteome proteomics at different times after infection. These analyses revealed that SARS-CoV-2 reshapes central cellular pathways such as translation, splicing, carbon metabolism, protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and nucleic acid metabolism. Small-molecule inhibitors that target these pathways prevented viral replication in cells. Our results reveal the cellular infection profile of SARS-CoV-2 and have enabled the identification of drugs that inhibit viral replication. We anticipate that our results will guide efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the modulation of host cells after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, our findings provide insights for the development of therapies for the treatment of COVID-19.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Proteômica , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , COVID-19 , Células CACO-2 , Carbono/metabolismo , Infecções por Coronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Cinética , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/genética , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteostase , Splicing de RNA , SARS-CoV-2 , Fatores de Tempo , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
A newly described coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected over 2.3 million people, led to the death of more than 160,000 individuals and caused worldwide social and economic disruption1,2. There are no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19, nor are there any vaccines that prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, and efforts to develop drugs and vaccines are hampered by the limited knowledge of the molecular details of how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells. Here we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins that physically associated with each of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins using affinity-purification mass spectrometry, identifying 332 high-confidence protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds (of which, 29 drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 12 are in clinical trials and 28 are preclinical compounds). We screened a subset of these in multiple viral assays and found two sets of pharmacological agents that displayed antiviral activity: inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. Further studies of these host-factor-targeting agents, including their combination with drugs that directly target viral enzymes, could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat COVID-19.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Animais , Antivirais/classificação , Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Clonagem Molecular , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Células HEK293 , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Espectrometria de Massas , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Ligação Proteica , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Domínios Proteicos , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Receptores sigma/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Proteínas Ligases SKP Culina F-Box/metabolismo , Células Vero , Proteínas Virais/genética , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) recently emerged and is rapidly spreading in humans, causing COVID-191,2. A key to tackling this pandemic is to understand the receptor recognition mechanism of the virus, which regulates its infectivity, pathogenesis and host range. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV recognize the same receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-in humans3,4. Here we determined the crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex with ACE2. In comparison with the SARS-CoV RBD, an ACE2-binding ridge in SARS-CoV-2 RBD has a more compact conformation; moreover, several residue changes in the SARS-CoV-2 RBD stabilize two virus-binding hotspots at the RBD-ACE2 interface. These structural features of SARS-CoV-2 RBD increase its ACE2-binding affinity. Additionally, we show that RaTG13, a bat coronavirus that is closely related to SARS-CoV-2, also uses human ACE2 as its receptor. The differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and RaTG13 in ACE2 recognition shed light on the potential animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study provides guidance for intervention strategies that target receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Receptores Virais/química , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Zoonoses/virologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , COVID-19 , China/epidemiologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Coronavirus/química , Coronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Cristalização , Cristalografia por Raios X , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Eutérios/virologia , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Estabilidade Proteica , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/química , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/transmissãoRESUMO
Coronaviruses are prone to transmission to new host species, as recently demonstrated by the spread to humans of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1. Small animal models that recapitulate SARS-CoV-2 disease are needed urgently for rapid evaluation of medical countermeasures2,3. SARS-CoV-2 cannot infect wild-type laboratory mice owing to inefficient interactions between the viral spike protein and the mouse orthologue of the human receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)4. Here we used reverse genetics5 to remodel the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and mouse ACE2 and designed mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2 MA), a recombinant virus that can use mouse ACE2 for entry into cells. SARS-CoV-2 MA was able to replicate in the upper and lower airways of both young adult and aged BALB/c mice. SARS-CoV-2 MA caused more severe disease in aged mice, and exhibited more clinically relevant phenotypes than those seen in Hfh4-ACE2 transgenic mice, which express human ACE2 under the control of the Hfh4 (also known as Foxj1) promoter. We demonstrate the utility of this model using vaccine-challenge studies in immune-competent mice with native expression of mouse ACE2. Finally, we show that the clinical candidate interferon-λ1a (IFN-λ1a) potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in primary human airway epithelial cells in vitro-both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of IFN-λ1a diminished SARS-CoV-2 replication in mice. In summary, the mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 MA model demonstrates age-related disease pathogenesis and supports the clinical use of pegylated IFN-λ1a as a treatment for human COVID-196.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Interferons/farmacologia , Interferons/uso terapêutico , Interleucinas/farmacologia , Interleucinas/uso terapêutico , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/administração & dosagem , Interferon-alfa/farmacologia , Interferon-alfa/uso terapêutico , Interferons/administração & dosagem , Interleucinas/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Moleculares , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/genética , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Receptores Virais/genética , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Effective therapies to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed. While many investigational, approved, and repurposed drugs have been suggested as potential treatments, preclinical data from animal models can guide the search for effective treatments by ruling out those that lack efficacy in vivo. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleotide analogue prodrug with broad antiviral activity1,2 that is currently being investigated in COVID-19 clinical trials and recently received Emergency Use Authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration3,4. In animal models, remdesivir was effective against infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)2,5,6. In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-27,8. Here we investigate the efficacy of remdesivir in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection9. Unlike vehicle-treated animals, macaques treated with remdesivir did not show signs of respiratory disease; they also showed reduced pulmonary infiltrates on radiographs and reduced virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavages twelve hours after the first dose. Virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract was not reduced by remdesivir treatment. At necropsy, remdesivir-treated animals had lower lung viral loads and reduced lung damage. Thus, treatment with remdesivir initiated early during infection had a clinical benefit in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. Although the rhesus macaque model does not represent the severe disease observed in some patients with COVID-19, our data support the early initiation of remdesivir treatment in patients with COVID-19 to prevent progression to pneumonia.
Assuntos
Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Macaca mulatta/virologia , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacocinética , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Monofosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Alanina/farmacocinética , Alanina/farmacologia , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/virologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Progressão da Doença , Farmacorresistência Viral , Feminino , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Prevenção Secundária , Fatores de Tempo , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Eliminação de Partículas Virais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged coronavirus that is responsible for the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has resulted in more than 3.7 million infections and 260,000 deaths as of 6 May 20201,2. Vaccine and therapeutic discovery efforts are paramount to curb the pandemic spread of this zoonotic virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein promotes entry into host cells and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe several monoclonal antibodies that target the S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, which we identified from memory B cells of an individual who was infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003. One antibody (named S309) potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV pseudoviruses as well as authentic SARS-CoV-2, by engaging the receptor-binding domain of the S glycoprotein. Using cryo-electron microscopy and binding assays, we show that S309 recognizes an epitope containing a glycan that is conserved within the Sarbecovirus subgenus, without competing with receptor attachment. Antibody cocktails that include S309 in combination with other antibodies that we identified further enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, and may limit the emergence of neutralization-escape mutants. These results pave the way for using S309 and antibody cocktails containing S309 for prophylaxis in individuals at a high risk of exposure or as a post-exposure therapy to limit or treat severe disease.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/imunologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/farmacologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/farmacologia , Citotoxicidade Celular Dependente de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxicidade Celular Dependente de Anticorpos/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/química , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Reações Cruzadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Epitopos de Linfócito B/química , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune/imunologia , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/química , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/farmacologia , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Modelos Moleculares , Testes de Neutralização , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/química , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/efeitos dos fármacos , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/virologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Células VeroRESUMO
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in severe and unprecedented economic and social disruptions in the world. Nucleocapsid (N) protein, which is the major structural component of the virion and is involved in viral replication, assembly and immune regulation, plays key roles in the viral life cycle. Here, we solved the crystal structures of the N- and C-terminal domains (N-NTD and N-CTD) of SARS-CoV-2 N protein, at 1.8 and 1.5 Å resolution, respectively. Both structures show conserved features from other CoV N proteins. The binding sites targeted by small molecules against HCoV-OC43 and MERS-CoV, which inhibit viral infection by blocking the RNA-binding activity or normal oligomerization of N protein, are relatively conserved in our structure, indicating N protein is a promising drug target. In addition, certain areas of N-NTD and N-CTD display distinct charge distribution patterns in SARS-CoV-2, which may alter the RNA-binding modes. The specific antigenic characteristics are critical for developing specific immune-based rapid diagnostic tests. Our structural information can aid in the discovery and development of antiviral inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo/química , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo de Coronavírus , Cristalografia por Raios X , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfoproteínas , Conformação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has spread across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to control the pandemic; therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the betacoronavirus genus like other closely related viruses including SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have caused serious outbreaks and epidemics in the past eighteen years. Here, we report that one of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), is induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in COVID-19-infected patients. CH25H converts cholesterol to 25-hydrocholesterol (25HC) and 25HC shows broad anti-coronavirus activity by blocking membrane fusion. Furthermore, 25HC inhibits USA-WA1/2020 SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung epithelial cells and viral entry in human lung organoids. Mechanistically, 25HC inhibits viral membrane fusion by activating the ER-localized acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) which leads to the depletion of accessible cholesterol from the plasma membrane. Altogether, our results shed light on a potentially broad antiviral mechanism by 25HC through depleting accessible cholesterol on the plasma membrane to suppress virus-cell fusion. Since 25HC is a natural product with no known toxicity at effective concentrations, it provides a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases in the future.