Neonatal complications associated with use of fetal scalp electrode: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence and risk of complications associated with a fetal scalp electrode and to determine whether its application in the setting of operative vaginal delivery was associated with increased neonatal morbidity. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Twelve clinical centers with 19 hospitals across nine American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists US districts. POPULATION: Women in the USA. METHODS: We evaluated 171 698 women with singleton deliveries ≥ 23 weeks of gestation in a secondary analysis of the Consortium on Safe Labor study between 2002 and 2008, after excluding conditions that precluded fetal scalp electrode application such as prelabour caesarean delivery. Secondary analysis limited to operative vaginal deliveries ≥ 34 weeks of gestation was also performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidences and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals of neonatal complications were calculated, controlling for maternal characteristics, delivery mode and pregnancy complications. RESULTS: Fetal scalp electrode was used in 37 492 (22%) of deliveries. In non-operative vaginal delivery, fetal scalp electrode was associated with increased risk of injury to scalp due to birth trauma (1.2% versus 0.9%; adjusted odds ratios 1.62; 95% confidence intervals 1.41-1.86) and cephalohaematoma (1.0% versus 0.9%; adjusted odds ratios 1.57; 95% confidence intervals 1.36-1.83). Neonatal complications were not significantly different comparing fetal scalp electrode with vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery and vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery alone or comparing fetal scalp electrode with forceps-assisted vaginal delivery and forceps-assisted vaginal delivery alone. CONCLUSIONS: We found increased neonatal morbidity with fetal scalp electrode though the absolute risk was very low. It is possible that these findings reflect an underlying indication for its use. Our findings support the use of fetal scalp electrodes when clinically indicated. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Neonatal risks associated with fetal scalp electrode use were low (injury to scalp 1.2% and cephalohaematoma 1.0%).

Timely Detection of Infants at Risk of Intrapartum Acidosis and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Using Cardiotocography.

This work aims to improve the intrapartum detection of fetuses with an increased risk of developing fetal acidosis or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine pressure (UP) signals. Our study population comprised 40,831 term births divided into 3 classes based on umbilical cord or early neonatal blood gas assessments: 374 with verified HIE, 3,047 with acidosis but no encephalopathy and 37,410 healthy babies with normal gases. We developed an intervention recommendation system based on a random forest classifier. The classifier was trained using classical and novel features extracted electronically from 20-minute epochs of FHR and UP. Then, using the predictions of the classifier on each epoch, we designed a decision rule to determine when to recommended intervention. Compared to the Caesarean rates in each study group, our system identified an additional 5.68% of babies who developed HIE (54.55% vs 60.23%, p < 0.01) with a specific alert threshold. Importantly, about 75% of these recommendations were made more than 200 minutes before birth. In the acidosis group, the system identified an additional 17.44% (37.15% vs 54.59%, p < 0.01) and about 2/3 of these recommendations were made more than 200 minutes before birth. Compared to the Caesarean rate in the healthy group, the associated false positive rate was increased by 1.07% (38.80% vs 39.87%, p<0.01).Clinical Relevance- This method recommended intervention in more babies affected by acidosis or HIE, than the intervention rate observed in practice and most often did so 200 minutes before delivery. This was early enough to expect that interventions would have clinical benefit and reduce the rate of HIE. Given the high burden associated with HIE, this would justify the marginal increase in the normal Cesarean rate.

Foetal electrocardiograph (ST-analyser or STAN) for intrapartum foetal heart rate monitoring: a friend or a foe?

Cardiotocograph (CTG) is associated with a high false positive rate of up to 60% which may increase the risk of unnecessary intrapartum interventions (emergency caesarean sections or operative vaginal deliveries) without any significant benefits. A recent study on variation of caesarean section rates in England has concluded that there was a very wide variation even in the adjusted rates of caesarean section from 14.9% to 32.1%. Cochrane Systematic Reviews have concluded that the use of FBS does not reduce caesarean section rate or any pre-specified neonatal outcomes. Fetal ECG (ST-Analyser or STAN) has been used in the clinical practice for more than 20 years. Although, initial randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showed great promise regarding the role of STAN in reducing operative delivery rates (instrumental vaginal births and emergency caesarean sections) and neonatal metabolic acidosis, subsequent studies have questioned the role of STAN in clinical practice. A recent meta-analysis which included six randomised controlled trials (a total of 26,446 women) has concluded that there was a 36% reduction in the rate of neonatal metabolic acidosis. Practising clinicians currently face a dilemma as to whether STAN has a place in contemporary obstetric practice or whether it?s use should be discouraged and discontinued.

Neonatal encephalopathy 2015: opportunity lost and words unspoken.

The Task Force Study on Neonatal Encephalopathy Second Edition 2014 failed to address Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) and its forty years of clinical futility, failed to condemn EFM's continued use against physicians in the world's courtrooms and ignored the ethical breaches EFM's use compels physicians to commit daily. This article considers why these critical points were overlooked and asks why the Task Force recommended continued EFM use for all women in labor while simultaneously acknowledging EFM's impotency. This paradox is explored among the background of trial lawyers' involvement in cerebral palsy and the failure of birth-related professional organizations to recognize that the Daubert doctrine may be used to exclude EFM junk science from the world's courtrooms.

Patient Safety Implications of Electronic Alerts and Alarms of Maternal - Fetal Status During Labor.

When nurses care for women during labor, they encounter numerous alerts and alarms from electronic fetal monitors and their surveillance systems. Notifications of values of physiologic parameters for a woman and fetus that may be outside preset limits are generated via visual and audible cues. There is no standardization of these alert and alarm parameters among electronic fetal monitoring vendors in the United States, and there are no data supporting their sensitivity and specificity. Agreement among professional organizations about physiologic parameters for alerts and alarms commonly used during labor is lacking. It is unknown if labor nurses view the alerts and alarms as helpful or a nuisance. There is no evidence that they promote or hinder patient safety. This clinical issue warrants our attention as labor nurses.

A potential method to lower risk for surgical site infection during cesarean birth.

It's common practice to use a preparation containing chlorhexidine to prepare the surgical site before cesarean birth. We observed an interaction between ultrasound gel, used for electronic fetal heart monitoring before birth, and chlorhexidine. This interaction creates the potential for surgical site infection. Using isopropyl alcohol to thoroughly remove all gel before application of chlorhexidine was associated with reduced rates of postsurgical infection at our institution.

Why has conventional intrapartum cardiotocography not given the expected results?

It is probable that conventional electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) has reduced the intrapartum death rate, but the expected dramatic reduction in neurological handicap has not occurred. There are two reasons for this: the majority of infants, who develop neurological problems have been harmed before the onset of labor, and the method of EFM has been more difficult to use in daily routine than expected. However, EFM is the best method we have to monitor high risk cases and the results can be improved by better training of the staff.

Comments on past and present situation of intensive monitoring of the fetus during labor.

Modern intensive monitoring of the fetus during labor affords the opportunity for the greatest possible safety to the infant, whilst at the same time dispensing with unnecessary operations to terminate labor which can be dangerous for the mother and her child. Developments over the past 28 years, since cardiotocography has been in clinical use, have unfortunately also been accompanied by confusion and mistakes. We think that there are two main reasons for this: I. Many who use cardiotocography have not assessed its efficiency correctly. Heart rate pattern with all their variations have too often been regarded as the only diagnostic criteria for the determination of fetal hypoxia. However this procedure only allows a rough selection of actually endangered fetuses. In more than 50% of the cases with a suspicious or pathologic cardiotocogram there is no concrete clinical evidence of manifest danger of hypoxia. II. Investigations concerning the practical importance of monitoring the fetus during labor were often not based on actual clinical indications. Attempts were made to prove that continuous electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate could be replaced by simple traditional auscultation. Furthermore due to failure to appreciate the real efficiency of cardiotocography, this truly excellent method was in fact blamed for the faults arising from wrong interpretation, instead of underlining the lack of logic of the investigators concerned. After all, several prospective studies, that have examined the efficiency of various monitoring strategies, demonstrate the shortcomings of these techniques in the clinical setting and have shown them to have no relevance in every practice. Presently the most suitable way to monitor the fetus during labor is to combine cardiotocography with a biochemical method. At the moment fetal blood analysis is the most suitable test to be performed in cases where the cardiotocogram is not normal. Then the role of fetal blood analysis is to find out whether in fact a danger of hypoxia is threatened or not. Today the most urgent task when monitoring the fetus during labor is not so much to reduce the number of cases of cerebral palsy since these are seldom caused by intrapartum asphyxia. The major objective is now recognised to be to prevent early morbidity of the fetus, newborn, and the consequences that flow from this. The excellent results of combined intensive monitoring of the fetus during labor are particularly well illustrated by the intrapartum mortality in our hospital during different periods when monitoring practice has been progressively and methodically improved by stages. During the period when monitoring consisted of simple auscultation used on its own, the intrapartum mortality was 0.56%. After the introduction of fetal blood analysis--at that time cardiotocography did not yet exist--the mortality sank to 0.32%. During the first ten years of cardiotocography combined with fetal blood analysis the mortality reduced further to 0.17%, and during the following 13 years it reached to a minimal level of 0.4%. Finally, in this review, other aspects are commented on such as oximetry. Oximetry, presently used as pulse oximetry, as an additional biochemical method will possibly be incorporated as the third method of monitoring the fetus during labor. Oximetry could also be used as an automatic alarm system in the labor ward when fetal O2 levels drop below a particular limit to draw the attention of the staff to the case concerned. Up to now this has not been convincingly achieved with the use of cardiotocography.