Influence of preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration on perioperative complications in patients treated with epididymectomy for epididymal tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the influence of preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration on perioperative epididymectomy complications in patients with epididymal tuberculosis (ETB). METHODS: This retrospective study examined patients with ETB between January 1, 2013, and March 31, 2023, who underwent unilateral epididymectomy at our hospital. We selected preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration of 2, 4, and 8 weeks as the cutoffs for this study, to explore whether there are differences in the incidence of intraoperative and 30-day postoperative complications among the patients with different preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy durations. Intraoperative complications were graded according to the Satava classification, and 30-day postoperative complications were defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The study groups were compared using the unpaired t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Pearson's chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. RESULTS: Overall, 155 patients were included. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in the incidence of intraoperative and 30-day postoperative complications between patients with shorter preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration and those with longer preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ETB, preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration did not significantly affect the incidence of perioperative complications after epididymectomy.

Outcome of acute epididymo-orchitis: risk factors for testicular loss.

PURPOSE: Acute epididymo-orchitis (AEO) is a common urological condition characterised by pain and swelling of the epididymis which can affect men of any age. The aetiology and to some extent the management of the patient differ between paediatric and young and older adult groups. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed at the University Hospital Limerick from 2012 to 2016. Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE) data were obtained for all patients diagnosed with orchitis, epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis or testicular abscess over this 5-year period. RESULTS: 140 patients were identified, the age range was 0-89, median age 35.6. These were then split into 3 clinical groups, pre-pubertal (Group 1, 0-15-year-olds), sexually active young men (Group 2a, 16-35-year-olds) and men over 35 (Group 2b). Nine patients had an abscess on ultrasound investigation. There was a significant correlation between the presence of an abscess and the need for an orchidectomy (2 patients, P = 0.035). Two patients were reported as having an atrophic testis following AEO and both were in Group 2b. CONCLUSION: Overall, 7/131 (5%) patients had loss or atrophy of a testicle following an episode of AEO. Nineteen patients had further readmissions with AEO (14%).

COVID-19 vaccination is associated with a decreased risk of orchitis and/or epididymitis in men.

Vaccine hesitancy is a major public health obstacle to fighting the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic. Due to studies that show COVID-19 infection can affect sperm parameters and lead to orchitis, the public are concerned about the effect of the COVID vaccines on male reproduction. In this study, we investigated the association between COVID-19 vaccination and risk of developing orchitis and/or epididymitis outcomes in a cohort of men using a large, US-based, electronic health record database. After balancing for confounding variables, we found that receiving at least 1 COVID-19 vaccine is associated with a decreased risk of developing orchitis and/or epididymitis.

Epididymitis rates in Australian hospitals 2009-2018: ecological analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate rates of acute epididymitis diagnosed in Australian hospital settings. METHODS: Yearly hospital admission and emergency department (ED) rates of epididymitis as primary diagnoses were calculated for 15-44-year-old men for three states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) from 2009 to 2014 using population denominators. Zero inflated Poisson regression models were used to analyse variation in rates by year, age, and residential area. Additionally, we investigated national epididymitis admission trends from 2009 to 2018 using generalised linear models. RESULTS: Between 2009 and 2014, there was a total of 7375 admissions and 17 281 ED presentations for which epididymitis was the main reason for care. Most epididymitis diagnoses (94.0% in admissions, 99.7% in EDs) were without abscess, and 2.5% of admissions were for chlamydial epididymitis. Almost a quarter (23.3%) of epididymitis diagnosed in EDs resulted in hospital admission. In 2014, the epididymitis rate per 100 000 men was 38.7 in admissions and 91.9 in EDs. Comparing 2014 with 2009, the overall epididymitis diagnosis rate increased in admissions by 32% (adjusted incident rate ratio (aIRR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.44) and in ED attendances by 40% (aIRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.49). By age, the highest rates were among men 35-44 years in admissions and men 15-24 years in EDs. National admission rates of epididymitis during 2009-2018 showed a similar pattern. CONCLUSION: Rates of epididymitis diagnosis in hospital admission and ED presentations increased. Different age-related rates in these settings suggest a different aetiology or differential severity by age group.

Radiological patterns of incidental epididymitis in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients revealed by colour Doppler ultrasound.

The testis is a potential target organ for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study intended to investigate any testicular involvement in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 men. We conduct a cross-sectional study in 18 to 55-year-old men hospitalised for confirmed COVID-19. A senior radiologist executed the ultrasound with multi-frequency linear probe in all participants, regardless of any scrotal complaints. Exclusion criteria involved any situation that could impair testicular function. Statistical analysis compared independent groups, classified by any pathological change. Categorical and numerical outcome hypotheses were tested by Fisher's Exact and Mann-Whitney tests, using the Excel for Mac, version 16.29 (p < .05). The sample size was 26 men (mean 33.7 ± 6.2 years; range: 21-42 years), all without scrotal complaints. No orchitis was seen. Eleven men (32.6 ± 5.8 years) had epididymitis (42.3%), bilateral in 19.2%. More than half of men with epididymitis displayed epididymal head augmentation > 1.2 cm (p = .002). Two distinct epididymitis' patterns were reported: (a) disseminated micro-abscesses (n = 6) and (b) inhomogeneous echogenicity with reactional hydrocele (n = 5). Both patterns revealed increased epididymal head, augmented Doppler flow and scrotal skin thickening. The use of colour Doppler ultrasound in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 men, even in the absence of testicular complaints, might be useful to diagnose epididymitis that could elicit fertility complications.

Evaluating the Necessity of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Acute Epididymitis in Pediatric Patients: A Literature Review of Retrospective Studies and Data Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This literature review and data analysis aims to evaluate the percentage of pediatric patients with acute epididymitis found to have bacterial etiology and the percentage of patients in these studies that were treated with antibiotic therapy versus conservative therapy. METHODS: A search of EBSCO through January 13, 2016, using the key words epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis and child, children, or pediatric, identified 542 potential studies.Twenty-seven retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria, containing patients aged 21 years or younger with acute epididymitis or epididymoorchitis. The number and age of patients, urine cultures and urinalysis results, number of patients treated with antibiotics, and incidence were extracted. RESULTS: A total of 1496 patients with acute epididymitis were identified. A urinalysis was obtained for 1124 patients, and 190 (16.9%) were positive. Aurine culturewas obtained for 670 patients, and 100 (14.9%) were positive. Fourteen studies addressed antibiotic administration wherein 652 patients were with acute epididymitis and 554 (85%) received antibiotics.Of 502 patients with urinalysis results, urine culture results, and antibiotic treatment rates, 54 (10.8%) were positive for a bacterial source. Antibiotics were administered to 410 (81.7%) of these 502 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should consider only prescribing antibiotics to patients with acute epididymitis if there is an abnormal urinalysis or urine culture.

Population effectiveness of opportunistic chlamydia testing in primary care in Australia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Screening young adults who are sexually active for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is promoted in several high-income countries, but its effectiveness at the population level is highly debated. We aimed to investigate the effects of opportunistic chlamydia testing in primary care on the estimated chlamydia prevalence in the population aged 16-29 years in Australia. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Clusters were rural towns with a minimum of 500 women and men aged 16-29 years and no more than six primary care clinics. We randomly allocated each cluster using a computer-generated minimisation algorithm to receive a multifaceted, clinic-based chlamydia testing intervention or to continue usual care. The intervention included computerised reminders to test patients, an education package, payments for chlamydia testing, and feedback on testing rates. The primary outcome was chlamydia prevalence, estimated before randomisation (survey 1) and at the end of the trial (survey 2) in patients aged 16-29 years who attended the clinics. Analyses were done by intention to treat. General practitioners and clinic staff were aware of group allocation, whereas patients and laboratory staff who performed the chlamydia tests were not. This trial was completed on Dec 31, 2015, and is registered (ACTRN12610000297022). FINDINGS: Between Dec 14, 2010, and Sept 14, 2015, 26 clusters (63 clinics) received the chlamydia testing intervention and 26 (67 clinics) continued usual care. Over a mean duration of 3·1 years (SD 0·3), 93 828 young adults attended intervention clinics and 86 527 attended control clinics. The estimated chlamydia prevalence decreased from 5·0% (95% CI 3·8 to 6·2) at survey 1 to 3·4% (2·7 to 4·1) at survey 2 in the intervention clusters (difference -1·6%, 95% CI -2·9 to -0·3) and from 4·6% (95% CI 3·5 to 5·7) at survey 1 to 3·4% (2·4 to 4·5) at survey 2 in the control clusters (difference -1·1%, -2·7 to 0·5). The unadjusted odds ratio for the difference between intervention and control clusters was 0·9 (95% CI 0·5 to 1·5). INTERPRETATION: These findings, in conjunction with evidence about the feasibility of sustained uptake of opportunistic testing in primary care, indicate that sizeable reductions in chlamydia prevalence might not be achievable. FUNDING: Australian Government Department of Health, National Health and Medical Research Council, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, and New South Wales Ministry of Health.

Microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears for anogenital gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men is cost-effective: evidence from a modelling study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of three testing strategies with or without light microscopic Gram-stained smear (GSS) evaluation for the detection of anogenital gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men (MSM) at the Amsterdam STI clinic using a healthcare payer perspective. METHODS: Three testing strategies for MSM were compared: (1) GSS in symptomatic MSM only (currently practised strategy), (2) no GSS and (3) GSS in symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM. The three testing protocols include testing with nucleic acid amplification test to verify the GSS results in (1) and (3), or as the only test in (2). A transmission model was employed to calculate the influence of the testing strategies on the prevalence of anogenital gonorrhoea over 10 years. An economic model combined cost data on medical consultations, tests and treatment and utility data to estimate the number of epididymitis cases and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) associated with gonorrhoea. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for the testing scenarios were estimated. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: No GSS testing compared with GSS in symptomatic MSM only (current strategy) resulted in nine extra epididymitis cases (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 2-22), 72 QALYs lost (95% UI: 59-187) and €7300 additional costs (95% UI: -€185 000 (i.e.cost-saving) to €407 000) over 10 years. GSS testing in both symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM compared with GSS in symptomatic MSM only resulted in one prevented epididymitis case (95% UI: 0-2), 1.1 QALY gained (95% UI: 0.1-3.3), €148 000 additional costs (95% UI: €86 000 to-€217 000) and an ICER of €177 000 (95% UI: €67 000-to €705 000) per QALY gained over 10 years. The results were robust in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: GSS for symptomatic MSM only is cost-effective compared with no GSS for MSM and with GSS for both symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM.

Modulation of the inflammatory response after sclerotherapy for hydrocoele/spermatocoele.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the modulation of the inflammatory response after sclerotherapy for hydrocoele/spermatocoele. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with hydrocoele or spermatocoele presenting at the Department of Urology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden, from 2006 to 2012, were included in this prospective observational study of sclerotherapy for hydrocoele/spermatocoele using polidocanol as a sclerosing agent and adjuvant antibiotic and anti-inflammatory medication (AAAM) for modulation of the inflammatory response. Patients were clinically evaluated within 24-48 h after a complication or adverse event possibly related to sclerotherapy. Evaluation of cure was scheduled after 3 months and re-treatment, if necessary was carried out in the same manner as the first treatment. Groups of patients were compared using the chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: From a total of 191 patients, AAAM was given to 126, of whom 5% had subclinical epididymitis/swelling (SES) compared to 26% of the patients without AAAM (P < 0.001). No other complication was observed. The rate of cure for the whole group of patients was 93% after one or two treatments and significantly higher in the group with AAAM than in the group without AAAM (96% vs 88%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of the inflammatory response after sclerotherapy resulted in a lower incidence of SES and an increased cure rate.

Comparison between microsurgical varicocelectomy with and without testicular delivery for treatment of varicocele: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present study was conducted to assess the semen parameters, complications and clinical effect of microsurgical varicocelectomy with testicular delivery (TD) for treatment of varicocele. Relevant studies were collected and reviewed systemically from PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and the Cochrane Library and a meta-analysis was performed. Relative ratio (RR), standardised mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adopted to estimate the outcome measures. Eight articles and a total of 1,139 subjects including 487 patients with TD in microsurgical varicocelectomy and 652 patients without TD were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The pooled RR indicated that microsurgical varicocelectomy with TD increased the incidence of orchiepididymitis (RR = 4.36, 95% CI = 1.12-16.99, p = 0.034) and scrotal oedema (RR = 4.25, 95% CI = 2.40-7.54, p = 0.000) than microsurgical varicocelectomy without TD postoperatively. In conclusion, compared to microsurgical varicocelectomy without TD, TD to further ligate the gubernacular veins in microsurgical varicocelectomy results in a higher incidence of orchiepididymitis and scrotal oedema and take longer operation time. However, TD may not have any beneficial influences on semen parameters, serum testosterone, varicocele occurrence, wound infection and natural conception.

Retrospective Review of Gonococcal and Chlamydial Cases of Epididymitis at 2 Canadian Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics, 2004-2014.

Fifty-seven cases of gonococcal and chlamydial infections complicated by acute epididymitis seen at 2 Alberta STI clinics from 2004 to 2014 were reviewed. The majority responded to treatment recommended by national guidelines. Three of 6 treatment failures were not treated according to guidelines.

Prostatitis, other genitourinary infections and prostate cancer: results from a population-based case-control study.

PURPOSE: We relied on a population-based case-control study (PROtEuS) to examine a potential association between the presence of histologically confirmed prostate cancer (PCa) and history of genitourinary infections, e.g., prostatitis, urethritis, orchitis and epididymitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 1933 men with incident PCa, diagnosed across Montreal hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Population controls were 1994 men from the same residential area and age distribution. In-person interviews collected information about socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and medical history, e.g., self-reported history of several genitourinary infections, as well as on PCa screening. Logistic regression analyses tested overall and grade-specific associations, including subgroup analyses with frequent PSA testing. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, prostatitis was associated with an increased risk of any PCa (OR 1.81 [1.44-2.27]), but not urethritis (OR 1.05 [0.84-1.30]), orchitis (OR 1.28 [0.92-1.78]) or epididymitis (OR 0.98 [0.57-1.68]). The association between prostatitis and PCa was more pronounced for low-grade PCa (Gleason ≤ 6: OR 2.11 [1.61-2.77]; Gleason ≥ 7: OR 1.59 [1.22-2.07]). Adjusting for frequency of physician visits, PSA testing frequency or restricting analyses to frequently screened subjects did not affect these results. CONCLUSION: Prostatitis was associated with an increased probability for detecting PCa even after adjustment for frequency of PSA testing and physician visits, but not urethritis, orchitis or epididymitis. These considerations may be helpful in clinical risk stratification of individuals in whom the risk of PCa is pertinent.

Management of acute scrotum in children: a 25-year single center experience on 558 pediatric patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze management and outcomes of treatment in patients with acute scrotum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 1990 until January 2015 case records of 558 patients who underwent surgery for acute scrotum were retrospectively reviewed. Mean age was 12 years old. Each patient was analyzed for following parameters: history data, localization of pain, physical examination, operating results and the results of follow up, age, etiology, and the time from initial symptoms to surgery. RESULTS: Scrotal explorations revealed 142 cases (25%) of spermatic cord torsion, 344 (62%) torsion of the testicular appendage, 54 (10%) epididymitis, 10 (2%) testicular trauma and 8 cases (1%) of other conditions. Two peaks of incidence of spermatic cord torsion were found, the first during first year of life and the second between 13 and 15 years of life. In patients with spermatic cord torsion, median duration of symptoms in the group of salvaged testes was 6 hours; while in the group of patients who underwent orchiectomy was 46 hours. Of the total number of patients with spermatic cord torsion 40 patients (28%) underwent orchiectomy while 102 testicles (72%) were saved. There were no major complications. Acute scrotum is significantly more common in the winter. Torsion of the testis has the highest incidence in January and August. CONCLUSION: Early scrotal exploration based on careful physical examination decreases the risk of misdiagnosis of spermatic cord torsion. It is of great importance that the patient seeks immediate medical attention. If the patient arrived within 6 hours the testicle can be saved.

ASSOCIATION OF MEAN PLATELET VOLUME AND THE MONOCYTE/LYMPHOCYTE RATIO WITH BRUCELLA-CAUSED EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS.

We evaluated the association between the mean platelet volume (MPV) and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with brucella-caused epididymo-orchitis to determine if they could be used to differentiate between brucella and non-brucella epididymo-orchitis. The charts of 88 patients with non-brucella and 14 patients with brucella epididymo-orchitis were retrospectively reviewed. Brucellosis was diagnosed by isolating Brucella spp from a blood culture or from a serum agglutination titer ≥ 1:160 along with accompanying clinical findings. The patients with brucella epididymo-orchitis were significantly more likely to have a lower MPV and a higher MLR than those with non-brucella epididymo-orchitis. Using a MPV cut-off level of less than 9.25 fl to differentiate brucella from non-brucella epididymo-orchitis gives a sensitivity of 78.6%, a specifity of 78.4%, a positive predictive value of 36.7% and a negative predictive value of 95.8%. Using a MLR cut-off level of greater than 0.265 to differentiate brucella from non-brucella epididymo-orchitis gives a sensitivity of 71.4%, a specifity of 65.9%, a positive predictive value of 25% and a negative predictive value of 93.5.%. MPV and MLR values may assist in differentiating between brucella and non-brucella epididymo-orchitis.

Healthcare Costs Associated with Hydrophilic-Coated And Non-Coated Urinary Catheters for Intermittent Use In the United States.

This health economic evaluation simulated a cohort to compare hydrophilic-coated to non-coated catheters for intermittent catheterization. By using a Markov model, lifetime costs and catheter-related complications were investigated. Results determined that the use of hydrophilic-coated catheters save money and reduce treatment-related complications.

Distal interstitial epididymitis in young rats.

A sporadic, diffuse, interstitial mixed cell epididymitis of unknown etiology was noted in the epididymal cauda and distal corpus of young control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats from 2 different suppliers were examined as part of routine toxicology studies. The incidence of this finding was 5/5 (study 1), 2/7 (study 2), and 2/7 (study 3). Although 2 of these studies partially overlapped temporally, none of the affected animals from any study was maintained concurrently with affected animals from any of the other 2 studies, and infectious causes, control article toxicity, or autoimmune processes were considered unlikely etiologies. Inflammation similar to that noted in the epididymides of these young rats was not present in other tissues and was not noted in study cohorts sacrificed at ages older than approximately 11 weeks or in rats of similar age from other concurrent studies. Similar findings were noted sporadically in historical control data, and consequently an age-related finding of unknown etiology and occurring in sporadic clusters is reported in SD rats ≤11 weeks old.

Contagious epididymitis due to Brucella ovis: relationship between sexual function, serology and bacterial shedding in semen.

BACKGROUND: Contagious Epididymitis (CE) due to Brucella ovis (B. ovis) is a contagious disease that impairs rams' fertility due to epididymis, testicle and accessory sexual gland alterations. An increased incidence of CE has been observed in South Eastern France ("PACA" region) since the Rev.1 vaccination against B. melitensis has been stopped in 2008. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the infection by B. ovis and the sexual function of rams. Two-hundred eighteen sexually-mature rams, from 11 seropositive flocks, were submitted to a clinical examination of the genital tract, a semen collection by electro-ejaculation for spermogram and culture, and a serological examination for anti-B. ovis antibodies by complement fixation test (CFT) and indirect ELISA (I-ELISA). The relationships between clinical, seminal, bacteriological and serological parameters were studied using the Fisher exact test and a logistic regression model (binomial logit). RESULTS: B. ovis shedding in semen was significantly associated with seropositivity (CFT and I-ELISA; p < 0.001 and 0.01 respectively), genital tract alterations (p < 0.05) and poor semen quality (p < 0.001). Seropositive rams presented significantly more genital tract alterations (p < 0.001) and a poor seminal score (p < 0.001) than seronegative rams. CONCLUSIONS: Since semen culture is not routinely feasible in field conditions, a control plan of CE should be based, where Rev.1 vaccination is not possible, on both systematic clinical and serological examination of rams, followed by the culling of seropositive and/or genital tract alterations carrier rams.

[EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS IN PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN--PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY, SUGGESTED DIAGNOSIS ALGORITHM].

Gonadal inflammation (GI) is a common disease that may affect prepubertal boys. Neonates may suffer from bacterial infection due to congenital or aging processes affecting the urinary tract. This inflammatory process is also prevalent in prepubertal boys. However, in this group, the etiology, the needed imaging modalities and proper management have not yet been clearly defined. This manuscript will systematically review the various etiologies causing GI in pre-pubertal boys, discuss the proper imaging needed, and image interpretation and will provide treatment and follow-up recommendations.

Epididymitis: a 21-year retrospective review of presentations to an outpatient urology clinic.

PURPOSE: We describe patient characteristics and age distribution of epididymitis in an outpatient pediatric urology referral practice during a 21-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric patients diagnosed with epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis (ICD9 604.9) either clinically or with the aid of scrotal ultrasound at Primary Children's Medical Center from 1992 through 2012. Charts were reviewed to record demographic and clinical features, as well as radiological and laboratory data. Multiple acute episodes occurring in individual patients were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 252 patients were identified. Mean ± SD age at first presentation was 10.92 ± 4.08 years. The majority of cases occurred during the pubertal period (11 to 14 years) and few patients younger than 2 years were diagnosed with epididymitis (4%). A total of 69 boys (27.4%) experienced a second episode of epididymitis. Scrotal ultrasound results were consistent with epididymitis in 87.3% of cases (144 of 165). Urine culture results were available in 38 patients and were positive in 7 (21%). Positive urine culture was associated with an anatomical abnormality on followup voiding cystourethrogram (RR 5.7, 95% CI 1.37-23.4). Physical activity was noted as a likely precipitating factor in 23 patients and a recent urinary tract infection was identified in 20. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of cases of epididymitis occur around the time of puberty in early adolescence, with relatively few cases occurring during infancy. Recurrent episodes of epididymitis are more common than previously reported and may affect as many as a fourth of all boys with acute epididymitis.

Testicular involvement of Brucellosis: A 10-year, multicentre study.

INTRODUCTION: The genito-urinary system is one of the most common areas of involvement in brucellosis. To present the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with testicular involvement associated with brucellosis, together with the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. METHODOLOGY: Patients followed up for brucellosis-related testicular involvement between January 2012 and November 2022 were included in the study. Brucellosis is defined as the production of Brucella spp. in cultures, or clinical symptoms together with the serum standard tube agglutination test titer of ≥ 1/160. Inflammation in scrotal Doppler ultrasonography was based on testicular involvement. RESULTS: A retrospective evaluation was made of the data of 194 patients with brucellosis-related testicular involvement. The rate of determination of testicular involvement in brucellosis was 2.57%. The most affected patients were determined in the 16-30 years age range. On presentation, brucellosis was in the acute stage in 83.7% of patients. The most common symptoms on presentation were swelling and/or pain in the testes (86.6%). In the patients where a spermiogram could be performed, oligospermia was determined in 41.7%, and aspermia in 8.3%. When the testicular involvement of brucellosis was evaluated, epididymo-orchitis was present at the rate of 55.7%, epididymitis at 27.3%, and testis abscess at 5.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Although epididymo-orchitis was the most frequently determined form of involvement in this study, there was also seen to be a significant number of patients presenting with epididymitis. Male patients presented with the clinical status of brucellosis should be questioned about swelling and pain in the testes to avoid overlooking testicular involvement.