Biodegradable Osmium Nanoantidotes for Photothermal-/Chemo- Combined Treatment and to Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common adverse event in chemotherapy patients. AKI is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Therefore, the management of ROS and inflammation is a potential strategy for AKI mitigation. Herein, polyethylene glycol-coated osmium nanozyme-based antidotes (Os) are developed for imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) in combination with cisplatin (Pt); while, avoiding AKI induced by high-dose Pt. Os nanoantidotes can enhance the efficiency of tumor treatment during combined PTT and chemotherapy and inhibit tumor metastasis by improving the hypoxic and inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Os nanoantidotes preferentially accumulate in the kidney because of their 2-nm size distribution; and then, regulate inflammation by scavenging ROS and generating oxygen to alleviate Pt-induced AKI. Os nanoantidotes can be cleared from the kidneys by urine excretion but can be degraded under hydrogen peroxide stimulation, reducing the bio-retention of these compounds. By integrating PTT with inflammatory regulation, Os nanoantidotes have the potential to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, offering an alternative route for the clinical management of cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced AKI.

Reversible renal side effects of intra-articular osmic acid injection.

In 101 patients treated for knee joint hydrops with intra-articular osmic acid injection, an increased incidence of proteinuria and microscopic haematuria was noted on the first day after injection. This increase subsided rapidly and had disappeared 3 days after the injection. Three patients showed transient glycosuria. No signs of permanent renal damage appeared in any patient.

Post-yersinotic Reiter's disease in a physician treated with osmium tetroxide.

A case of general yersinosis in a male physician is described. Most probably the infection was acquired nosocomially in a paediatric ward. The infection affected several organs including the liver, but osmium tetroxide was nevertheless used to perform chemical synovectomy in a knee joint suffering from active arthritis. The arthritis was cured, and the already existing liver affection did not progress. The only complaint from the patient, months after the osmic acid injection, was a strong metallic taste on the tongue. More than a year after the intra-articular injection, the metallic taste disappeared. The amount of osmium in the patient's blood was then calculated to be less than 100 molecules of osmium per ml blood.

Osmic acid treatment for rheumatoid synovitis.

47 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and synovitis were treated with intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone and 52 patients with both hydrocortisone acetate and osmic acid. In another series of 24 patients with synovitis in both knees were injected with osmic acid to the more seriously affected knee and with methylprednisoloneacetate to the other knee. Osmic acid gave better improvement than corticosteroid alone, although the difference between th groups of the latter series was not statistically significant. On the basis of previous investigations and this study osmic acid is one alternative to radiation or surgical synovectomy in rheumatoid synovitis. The therapeutic result is not always satisfactory but facility of treatment and minor side effects are the advantages of osmic acid therapy.

Absence of increased frequency of degenerative joint changes after osmic acid injections.

Fifty-two adults and 31 children, who were treated with osmic acid for one knee joint, were observed for 8-18 years. No other local treatment of the knee joints was given. In adults no difference was seen in clinical or radiological findings between joints treated and not treated with osmic acid. The age of the patient had a marked influence on the development of degenerative joint disease. In children, radiological deterioration of the knee joints was marked in joints affected by radiological changes even before treatment. It is concluded that though osmic acid causes superficial damage to the cartilage, it has no significant clinical relevance. Osmic acid can still be recommended as a simple remedy in the treatment of knee joint synovitis, in both adults and children.

Effect of osmium tetroxide and 198Au in normal and arthritic rabbit knee joints.

Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was induced in adult rabbit knee joints, using ovalbumin as antigen. After 4 weeks, intra-articular injections of 0.3 ml 1% osmium tetroxide or 100 muCi 198Au were given. The same injections were also given to normal animals. The animals were observed for up to 12 weeks. In the normal animals, no affection of articular cartilage could be seen by light microscopy. In the arthritic animals, however, severe destruction of articular cartilage was seen. The degree of destruction in the osmium tetroxide-treated animals was similar to or even worse than that of the controls, whereas the 198Au-treated animals showed a lesser degree of destruction than both controls and osmium tetroxide-treated animals. Autoradiograms, using 3H-thymidine, showed affection articular cartilage in all groups, i.e. both normal and arthritic.