A 19F magnetic resonance imaging-based diagnostic test for bile acid diarrhea.

In up to 50% of people diagnosed with a common ailment, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea results from excess spillage of bile acids into the colon-data emerging over the past decade identified deficient release of a gut hormone, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and a consequent lack of feedback suppression of bile acid synthesis as the most common cause. 75Selenium homotaurocholic acid (SeHCAT) testing, considered the most sensitive and specific means of identifying individuals with bile acid diarrhea, is unavailable in many countries, including the United States. Other than SeHCAT, tests to diagnose bile acid diarrhea are cumbersome, non-specific, or insufficiently validated; clinicians commonly rely on a therapeutic trial of bile acid binders. Here, we review bile acid synthesis and transport, the pathogenesis of bile acid diarrhea, the reasons clinicians frequently overlook this disorder, including the limitations of currently available tests, and our efforts to develop a novel 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based diagnostic approach. We created 19F-labeled bile acid analogues whose in vitro and in vivo transport mimics that of naturally occurring bile acids. Using dual 1H/19F MRI of the gallbladders of live mice fed 19F-labeled bile acid analogues, we were able to differentiate wild-type mice from strains deficient in intestinal expression of a key bile acid transporter, the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), or FGF15, the mouse homologue of FGF19. In addition to reviewing our development of 19F-labeled bile acid analogue-MRI to diagnose bile acid diarrhea, we discuss challenges to its clinical implementation. A major limitation is the paucity of clinical MRI facilities equipped with the appropriate coil and software needed to detect 19F signals.

Deproteinization assessment using isotopically enriched compounds to trace the coprecipitation of low-molecular-weight selenium species with proteins.

Studies have shown that information related to the presence of low-molecular-weight metabolites is frequently lost after deproteinization of complex matrices, such as blood and plasma, during sample preparation. Therefore, the effect of several deproteinization reagents on low-molecular-weight selenium species has been compared by species-specific isotope labeling. Two isotopically enriched selenium tracers were used to mimic models of small inorganic anionic (77Se-selenite) and organic zwitterionic (76Se-selenomethionine) species. The results presented here show that the use of a methanol-acetonitrile-acetone (1:1:1 v/v/v) mixture provided approximately two times less tracer loss from plasma samples in comparison with the classic procedure using acetonitrile, which may not be optimal as it leads to important losses of low-molecular-weight selenium species. In addition, the possible interactions between selenium tracers and proteins were investigated, revealing that both coprecipitation phenomena and association with proteins were potentially responsible for selenite tracer losses during protein precipitation in blood samples. However, coprecipitation phenomena were found to be fully responsible for losses of both tracers observed in plasma samples and of the selenomethionine tracer in blood samples. This successfully applied strategy is anticipated to be useful for more extensive future studies in selenometabolomics.

No-carrier-added labeling of the neuroprotective Ebselen with selenium-73 and selenium-75.

Selenium-73 is a positron emitting non-standard radionuclide, which is suitable for positron emission tomography. A copper-catalyzed reaction allowed no-carrier-added labeling of the anti-inflammatory seleno-organic compound Ebselen with (73) Se and (75) Se under addition of sulfur carrier in a one-step reaction. The new authentically labeled radioselenium molecule is thus available for preclinical evaluation and positron emission tomography studies.

Bentonite modification with hexadecylpyridinium and aluminum polyoxy cations and its effectiveness in Se(IV) removal.

Usage of bentonite as a buffer material is suggested in radioactive waste repositories. Although bentonites have higher sorption ability to cations, they cannot adsorp anions due to negative surface charge. Nowadays, ongoing researches focus on increasing anion adsorption ability of the bentonites with modification. Organic-pillared bentonite (OPBent) was produced by modification of sodium bentonite with aluminum polyoxy and hexadecylpyridinium cations in this study. Variation in structure after modification was demonstrated by using different characterization techniques. Se removal efficiency of OPBent is investigated by using (75)Se, since selenium (Se) is one of the important long lived fission products found in radioactive waste and has toxic anionic species in an aqueous environment. The effect of reaction time, solid/liquid ratio, pH and concentration on the adsorption performance were examined. Se speciation and its effect onto adsorption were also investigated by measuring Eh-pH values under certain experimental conditions. Additionally, importance of the amount of Al-polyoxy cations used in modification was investigated by comparing these results with the results of other organic-pillared bentonite produced in our previous research. Experimental results confirmed that both cations were successfully placed into the bentonite interlayer and significant change in the host structure leads to increase Se adsorption. Consequently, bentonite modification improves its Se adsorption ability and further investigations are needed related to the usage of this adsorbent in other remediation studies especially in sorption of other anionic pollutants.

Interaction of uranyl with Se(IV) and Se(VI) in aqueous acid solutions by means of capillary electrophoresis.

The uranyl-selenium(IV) and uranyl-selenium(VI) interactions were studied by CE in aqueous acid solutions, containing U(VI) and Se(IV) or Se(VI) at different concentrations, at pH 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. The method proposed in this paper allows one with the use of CE data on metal ion mobilities at different pHs to establish the ligand species interacting with metal ion and complex species formed. In the case of Se(VI) a selenate, as demonstrated, interacts with uranyl ions, in the case of Se(IV) this is a hydroselenite. It was also shown that the equilibria for the U(VI)-Se(VI) and U(VI)-Se(IV) systems can be established from CE data. The formation of UO(2)SeO(4), UO(2)(SeO(4))(2) (2-), UO(2)HSeO(3) (+) and UO(2)(HSeO(3))(2) species is demonstrated. The stability constant values were measured at different ionic strengths (from 0.02 to 0.2 mol/L). The logarithms of the stability constant values (ß°) extrapolated to ionic strength 0 by the specific ion interaction theory (SIT) are found to be log ß°(1) = 2.93 ± 0.06 for UO(2)SeO(4) formation, log ß°(2) = 4.030.18 for UO(2)(SeO(4))(2) (2-) formation, log ß°(1) = 3.270.15 for UO(2)HSeO(3) (+) formation and log ß°(2) = 5.510.11 for UO(2)(HSeO(3))(2) at 25°C. The results for the first constant values for each of systems are consistent with the published values. For UO(2)(SeO(4))(2) (2-) formation, a new constant stability value is given. The existence of UO(2)(HSeO(3))(2) complex species is demonstrated and its constant stability value is given for the first time.

Synthesis of selenomethylene-locked nucleic acids (SeLNA) nucleoside unit bearing an adenine base.

Synthesis of selenomethylene-locked nucleic acids nucleoside bearing an adenine base (SeLNA-A) was investigated. We first examined the stereoinversion reaction at 2'-positions of a 5',3'-O-TIPDS-protected 4'-C-(hydroxymethyl)ribosyladenine derivative to give the corresponding arabinosyladenine. After triflation, treatment of the arabinosyladenine derivative with a mixture of selenium and sodium borohydride in ethanol managed to construct the desired SeLNA skeleton. Finally, removal of TIPDS by treating with fluoride gave the SeLNA-A nucleoside. In this study, we found the heat-labile property of SeLNA-A. It is necessary to know more precise characteristics of SeLNA to achieve its oligonucleotides synthesis.

Effects of soil type, moisture content, redox potential and methyl bromide fumigation on Kd values of radio-selenium in soil.

Understanding the processes that determine the solid-liquid partitioning (K(d) value) of Se is of fundamental importance in assessing the risk associated with the disposal of radio-selenium-containing waste. Using a mini-column (rather than batch) approach, K(d) values for (75)Se were determined over time in relation to soil moisture content (field capacity or saturated), redox potential and methyl bromide fumigation (used to disrupt the soil microbial population) in three contrasting soil types: clay loam, organic and sandy loam. The K(d) values were generally in the range 50-500 L kg(-1), with mean soil K(d) increasing with increasing organic matter content. Saturation with water lowered the measured redox potentials in the soils. However, only in the sandy loam soil did redox potential become negative, and this led to an increase in (75)Se K(d) value in this soil. Comparison of the data with the Eh-pH stability diagram for Se suggested that such strong reduction may have been consistent with the formation of the insoluble Se species, selenide. These findings, coupled with the fact that methyl bromide fumigation had no discernible effect on (75)Se K(d) value in the sandy loam soil, suggest that geochemical, rather than microbial, processes controlled (75)Se partitioning. The inter-relations between soil moisture content, redox potential and Se speciation should be considered in the modelling and assessment of radioactive Se fate and transport in the environment.

A new determination of 79Se half-life.

A new value of (79)Se half-life was determined by the means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) on a sample source isolated from a nuclear reprocessing solution. The procedure used to extract Se from the complex sample solution consisted in liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange chromatographic methods. The concentration of (79)Se was measured using ICP-MS coupled with electro-thermal vaporisation to eliminate potential isobaric interferences. The activity was measured using LSC after gamma-ray spectrometry to check the contribution of residual radioactive contaminants. From these results, the half-life of (79)Se was found to be 3.77 (19) x 10(5) a.

Soil migration, plant uptake and volatilisation of radio-selenium from a contaminated water table.

The properties of (79)Se make it of likely potential importance in safety studies for geological disposal of radioactive wastes. Despite a substantial literature on toxic and nutritional aspects of selenium in the environment little consideration has been given to the behaviour of radioactive selenium and its potential transfer from a radioactive waste repository to the biosphere. Column experiments (15 x 50 cm), using a sandy loam soil, indicated that the upwards migration of (75)Se (as a surrogate for (79)Se) from a contaminated water table was dependent upon the redox status of the soil. Low redox conditions within the water table strongly limited upwards (75)Se soil migration, presumably due to the immobilisation of reduced Se species. Under natural conditions, (79)Se from a radioactive waste repository is therefore likely to accumulate at considerable depth. As a consequence, its absence from the rooting zone is likely to limit its transfer into plants. Nevertheless, the column experiments indicated that when an overlap between roots and soil contamination occurs, uptake into the plant is observed. Quantification of (75)Se volatilisation from the column surfaces suggested that this is a significant pathway by which (79)Se may move either directly from soil to the atmosphere, or from soil to plants and then to the atmosphere.

Distribution coefficient of selenium in Japanese agricultural soils.

In order to evaluate the selenium (Se) sorption level in Japanese soils, soil/soil solution distribution coefficients (K(d)s) were obtained for 58 agricultural soil samples (seven soil classification groups) using 75Se as a tracer. Although several chemical forms of Se are present in agricultural fields, selenite was used, because it is the major inorganic Se form in acid soils such as found in Japan. The Kd values obtained covered a wide range, from 12 to 1060l/kg, and their arithmetic mean was 315l/kg. Among the soil groups, Andosols had higher Kd values. The Kd values for all samples were highly correlated with soil active-aluminum (Al) and active-iron (Fe) contents. Thus, active-Al and active-Fe were considered to be the major adsorbents of Se. Then, a new sequential extraction procedure was applied to 12 soil samples in order to quantify the effect of soil components on Se adsorption. The sequential extraction results showed that 80-100% of the adsorbed Se was recovered as Al-bound Se and Fe-bound Se. The amount of Al-bound Se was the highest in the soils that showed high Kd values, though the relative contribution of Fe-bound Se tended to increase with decreasing Kd values. The high values of Kd seemed to be caused mainly by the adsorption of Se onto active-Al in Japanese soils.

Sorption and desorption of radioselenium on calcareous soil and its solid components studied by batch and column experiments.

The effect of different calcareous soil solid components on the sorption and desorption of radioselenium was investigated by using a selective extraction method. The distribution coefficients, the breakthrough curves and the displacement curves were experimentally determined by batch and column experiments. The experiments were carried out at pH 7.8 +/- 0.2, T=20 +/- 1 degrees C and in the presence of 0.001 M CaCl2. It is found that all sorption isotherms are linear, the sorption-desorption hysteresis for untreated and treated soils to remove organic matter, CaCO3 and organic matter plus CaCO3 is obvious; and the retention of radioselenium can probably be attributed to clay and oxides. The contributions of organic matter and CaCO3 to the sorption of radioselenium are significant, and the interaction effects among organic matter, CaCO3 and other components play an important role in the sorption of radioselenium in calcareous soil. The content of interlaminary space of compacted soil plays an important role in the sorption of radioselenium in compacted soil. The presence of CaCO3 retards the transport of radioselenium in soils, CaCO3 is an important trap of radioselenium. It is very difficult for the effluent concentration to reach the influent concentration, although radioselenium is very quickly detected in the effluent solution. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) can be simulated by a one-dimensional convection-dispersion transport model.

125I-labelling of an internally 75Se-labelled monoclonal antibody--biodistribution in tumour-bearing nude mice.

A monoclonal antibody, C215, was first internally labelled with 75Se-methionine and then labelled with 125I. The biodistribution of the dual-labelled [125I][75Se]C215 was studied in tumour-bearing nude mice killed 3 days after injection. The biodistribution of the dual-labelled [125I][75Se]C215 was compared with the biodistribution of single-labelled [131I]C215 and [75Se]C215. Iodine-labelled antibodies seem to be damaged during iodination, affecting the disappearance rate and tumour uptake. There were no signs of dehalogenation of circulating antibodies or antibodies taken up in the tumour.

Stable isotope-enriched selenite and selenate tracers for human metabolic studies: a fast and accurate method for their preparation from elemental selenium and their identification and quantification using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.

Stable isotope tracers are safe and nutritionally relevant tools for the investigation of mineral metabolism in man. Increased research into the functional role of selenium has resulted in a need for well-characterised, isotopically enriched solutions of the element in order to determine the nutritional relevance of selenium fortification of foods. A simple method for the conversion of isotopically enriched elemental selenium (2.5-10 mg) into selenite and selenate, and their accurate characterisation and quantification is described. Analysis of selenite and selenate tracers using continuous-flow hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry technique was based on the specificity of the selenium hydride reaction and allowed their precise (RSD<2.5%) and accurate determination in aqueous solutions. The detection and determination limits were at 0.13 and 0.36 microg Se/l, respectively. Isotopically enriched elemental selenium was converted into selenite and selenate by a nitric acid and a combined nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide oxidation, respectively. The conversion was quantitative (>95%) and specific for both inorganic selenocompounds. Selenite and selenate labels were stable in 0.1 mol/l nitric acid for at least 18 months, i.e. making them ideally suitable for use in long-term metabolic studies. An overview of data relating to the absorption and retention of selenium by humans obtained using the two, well-characterised, tracers is presented and indicates that selenite and selenate are equally well retained in adult men and infants, despite differences in their absorption and urinary excretion characteristics.

An external-sample liquid scintillation counting for 75Se and its application to selenoprotein detection.

An external-sample liquid scintillation (LS) counting for the gamma emitter 75Se has been developed. An expressly designed well-type LS vial and a 2,5-diphenyoxazole-1,4-bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazoyl)-benzene-xylene solution containing 35% tertrabutylzinn allow 75Se to be counted in a standard LS counter with counting efficiency up to 43.2%, much higher than that of conventional LS counting method. This external sample LS has a good count rate linearity and exhibits low background count rates. After in vivo labeling with [75Se]selenite, 75Se distributions and the Se-containing proteins present in tissues of male rat were investigated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, external-sample LS and gamma-detector. Eight Se-containing proteins or protein subunits were detected to be Se-containing proteins or protein subunits in arterial wall, and their apparent molecular masses (Mr) were 76.4, 67.0, 57.4, 30.3, 25.4, 22.7, 21.7, and 15.1 kDa, respectively. In addition, eight 75Se-labeled proteins (Mr: 66.8, 57.0, 43.1, 30.0, 24.8, 19.8, 18.0, and 14.8 kDa) were found in brain homogenates, and nine 75Se-labeled proteins (Mr: 117.0, 78.0, 66.6, 57.2, 43.0, 38.1, 25.0, 20.1, and 18.0 kDa) were detected in testis homogenates. Some of them should be new biologically important selenoproteins that have not been identified so far.

Synthesis of [75Se]5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole.

Selenium-75 (t1/2 = 120.4d; 100% EC) was prepared in no-carrier-added form by 22MeV proton-bombardment of natural arsenic(III) oxide powder held in a copper-aluminum drawer target (highest yield, 35 microCi/microAh; maximum current, 6 microA), followed by oxidation to [75Se]selenium(IV) oxide. No-carrier-added [75Se]5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole was prepared in one step from ethylacetoacetate semicarbazone with [75Se]selenium(IV) oxide in glacial acetic acid at 50 degrees C. Column chromatography of the final solution afforded the desired labeled compound in 30% yield and greater than 98% radiochemical purity.

Chromatographic separation of selenium and arsenic: A potential (72)Se/(72)As generator.

An anion exchange method was developed to separate selenium and arsenic for potential utility in a (72)Se/(72)As generator. The separation of the daughter (72)As from the (72)Se parent is based on the relative acid-base behavior of the two oxo-anions in their highest oxidation states. At pH 1.5, selenate is retained on strongly basic anion exchange resin as HSeO4(-) and SeO4(2-), while neutral arsenic acid, H3AsO4, is eluted.

Kinetics of selenate sorption in soil as influenced by biotic and abiotic conditions: a stirred flow-through reactor study.

This study (i) quantified the kinetics of selenate sorption and (ii) measured the influence of biotic processes in soil selenate stabilisation. Stirred flow-through reactor experiments were conducted on samples of a silty clay soil (pH = 8, Eh = 240-300 mV) from Bure (France) in both non-sterile and sterile conditions. Parameters of the proposed two-site sorption model (EK), adapted from van Genuchten and Wagenet (1989), were estimated by nonlinear regression. Fast selenate sorption on type-1 sites was moderate, with an equilibrium constant of 25.5 and 39.1 L/kg for non-sterile and sterile conditions. Rate-limited sorption on type-2 sites increased with time, and was predominant for longer periods of time in non-sterile conditions. At equilibrium, it would represent over 96% of the sorbed inventory, with mean sorption times of 17 h and 191 h for non-sterile and sterile conditions. Our results showed for Bure soil that (i) selenate sorption in flowing and mildly-oxidising conditions was strongly kinetically controlled, especially in non-sterile conditions, (ii) selenate desorption was much slower than sorption, which suggests its pseudo-irreversible stabilisation, and (iii) microbial activity increased the contribution of rate-limited sorption on type-2 sites, for which it increased sorption rate by a factor 7 but also facilitated its reversibility. This work stresses the limits of the Kd approach to represent selenate sorption in flowing conditions and supports an alternative formulation like the EK model, but also points out that biotic conditions are significant sources of variability for sorption parameters.

Sorption of selenate on soils and pure phases: kinetic parameters and stabilisation.

This study was conducted to identify the principle selenate carrier phases for two selected soils, by comparing their reactivity with selenate to that of pure phases of the solids. Silica, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide, goethite, bentonite and humic acid were selected as the main soil carrier phases. Comparisons were made first on the parameter values obtained with the best fit of a kinetic sorption model which can discriminate instantaneous sorption from kinetically limited sorption. Then comparisons were made of the ability for each solid to stabilise selenate by measuring the ratio of the partition coefficient for sorption (Kd(sorption)) over that of the desorption (Kd(desorption)). Kinetics and stabilisation were used to help elucidate the nature of interactions with the test solid phases for a large range of selenate concentrations. The experiments were conducted over 165 h in batch reactors, the solid being isolated from the solution by dialysis tubing, at two pH (5.4 and 8) and three selenate concentrations (1 × 10(-3), 1 × 10(-6) and 1 × 10(-8) mol L(-1)). The results obtained showed that only aluminium hydroxide can sorb selenate throughout the studied pH range (pH 5.4 to 8.0). The sorption capacity on this mineral was high (Kd(sorption) > 100 to 1 × 10(4) L kg(-1)) and the selenate was mainly stabilized by the formation of inner sphere complexes. The sorption on goethite occurred at pH 5.4 (Kd(sorption) 52 L kg(-1)), mainly as outer sphere complexes, and was null at pH 8. On silica, a weak sorption was observed only at pH 5.4 and at 165 h (Kd(sorption) 4 L kg(-1)). On bentonite, calcium carbonate and humic acid no significant sorption was observed. Concerning the two soils studied, different behaviours were observed for selenate. For soil Ro (pH 5.4), Kd(sorption) was low (8 L kg(-1)) compared to soil Bu (pH 8) (70 L kg(-1)). The sorption behaviour of selenate on soil Ro was mainly due to outer sphere complexes, as for goethite, whereas for soil Bu the sorption was mainly attributed to inner sphere complexes followed by reduction mechanisms, probably initiated by microorganisms, in which no steady state was reached at the end of the 165 h experiments. The sorption of selenate decreased when concentrations reached 1 × 10(-3) mol L(-1), due to solid saturation, except for aluminium hydroxide. Reduction of selenate seemed also to occur on goethite and soil Ro, for the same concentration, but without preventing a decrease in sorption. Thus, this work shows that the comparison of selenate behaviour between soil and pure phases helps to elucidate the main carrier phases and sorption mechanisms in soil.

A study on the immobilization of selenium oxyanions by H2/Pd(s) in aqueous solution: confirmation of the one-electron reduction barrier of selenate.

Selenium is a trace element of concern in several geochemical contexts, due to the potentially high mobility of the selenium oxyanions and the narrow range between deficiency and toxicity of the element. For high level nuclear waste repositories the long-lived fission product 79Se has been identified as a potential key dose contributor for the long-term safety. This paper deals with the catalytic effect of Pd(s) on the H2 reduction of selenium oxyanions which was studied experimentally in aqueous solutions containing bicarbonate and chloride. Pd-catalysts and hydrogen have been proposed for the remediation of various groundwater contaminants and can also serve as a model substance for catalytic noble metal inclusions present in spent nuclear fuel. In this study selenite (SeO3(2)--) was found to adsorb on Pd. In the presence of hydrogen the rate of selenite removal increased yielding elemental Se. However, no adsorption or reduction of selenate (SeO4(2)--) was observed. A simple radiation chemical experiment revealed a notable barrier towards stepwise one-electron reduction of selenate to selenite. This provides an explanation for the lower reactivity of selenate in systems where reductive immobilization of selenite as well as selenate is thermodynamically favorable.