RESUMO
Precision oncology has made significant advances, mainly by targeting actionable mutations in cancer driver genes. Aiming to expand treatment opportunities, recent studies have begun to explore the utility of tumor transcriptome to guide patient treatment. Here, we introduce SELECT (synthetic lethality and rescue-mediated precision oncology via the transcriptome), a precision oncology framework harnessing genetic interactions to predict patient response to cancer therapy from the tumor transcriptome. SELECT is tested on a broad collection of 35 published targeted and immunotherapy clinical trials from 10 different cancer types. It is predictive of patients' response in 80% of these clinical trials and in the recent multi-arm WINTHER trial. The predictive signatures and the code are made publicly available for academic use, laying a basis for future prospective clinical studies.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina de Precisão , Mutações Sintéticas Letais , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/antagonistas & inibidores , Biomarcadores Tumorais/imunologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Masculino , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and greater knowledge of the metastatic microenvironment is necessary to effectively target this process. Microenvironmental changes occur at distant sites prior to clinically detectable metastatic disease; however, the key niche regulatory signals during metastatic progression remain poorly characterized. Here, we identify a core immune suppression gene signature in pre-metastatic niche formation that is expressed predominantly by myeloid cells. We target this immune suppression program by utilizing genetically engineered myeloid cells (GEMys) to deliver IL-12 to modulate the metastatic microenvironment. Our data demonstrate that IL12-GEMy treatment reverses immune suppression in the pre-metastatic niche by activating antigen presentation and T cell activation, resulting in reduced metastatic and primary tumor burden and improved survival of tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrate that IL12-GEMys can functionally modulate the core program of immune suppression in the pre-metastatic niche to successfully rebalance the dysregulated metastatic microenvironment in cancer.
Assuntos
Terapia de Imunossupressão , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Engenharia Genética , Humanos , Interleucina-12/genética , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Células Mieloides/citologia , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Metástase Neoplásica , Rabdomiossarcoma/metabolismo , Rabdomiossarcoma/patologia , Taxa de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused extreme human suffering and economic harm. We generated and characterized a new mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus that captures multiple aspects of severe COVID-19 disease in standard laboratory mice. This SARS-CoV-2 model exhibits the spectrum of morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 disease as well as aspects of host genetics, age, cellular tropisms, elevated Th1 cytokines, and loss of surfactant expression and pulmonary function linked to pathological features of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This model can rapidly access existing mouse resources to elucidate the role of host genetics, underlying molecular mechanisms governing SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, and the protective or pathogenic immune responses related to disease severity. The model promises to provide a robust platform for studies of ALI and ARDS to evaluate vaccine and antiviral drug performance, including in the most vulnerable populations (i.e., the aged) using standard laboratory mice.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/patologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Animais , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Quimiocinas/sangue , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Citocinas/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/fisiologia , Pulmão/virologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Most patients diagnosed with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) survive less than 5 years, but a minor subset survives longer. Here, we dissect the role of the tumor microbiota and the immune system in influencing long-term survival. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed the tumor microbiome composition in PDAC patients with short-term survival (STS) and long-term survival (LTS). We found higher alpha-diversity in the tumor microbiome of LTS patients and identified an intra-tumoral microbiome signature (Pseudoxanthomonas-Streptomyces-Saccharopolyspora-Bacillus clausii) highly predictive of long-term survivorship in both discovery and validation cohorts. Through human-into-mice fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments from STS, LTS, or control donors, we were able to differentially modulate the tumor microbiome and affect tumor growth as well as tumor immune infiltration. Our study demonstrates that PDAC microbiome composition, which cross-talks to the gut microbiome, influences the host immune response and natural history of the disease.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/microbiologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/mortalidade , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/microbiologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Although clonal neo-antigen burden is associated with improved response to immune therapy, the functional basis for this remains unclear. Here we study this question in a novel controlled mouse melanoma model that enables us to explore the effects of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) on tumor aggressiveness and immunity independent of tumor mutational burden. Induction of UVB-derived mutations yields highly aggressive tumors with decreased anti-tumor activity. However, single-cell-derived tumors with reduced ITH are swiftly rejected. Their rejection is accompanied by increased T cell reactivity and a less suppressive microenvironment. Using phylogenetic analyses and mixing experiments of single-cell clones, we dissect two characteristics of ITH: the number of clones forming the tumor and their clonal diversity. Our analysis of melanoma patient tumor data recapitulates our results in terms of overall survival and response to immune checkpoint therapy. These findings highlight the importance of clonal mutations in robust immune surveillance and the need to quantify patient ITH to determine the response to checkpoint blockade.
Assuntos
Heterogeneidade Genética/efeitos da radiação , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Melanoma/mortalidade , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação/efeitos da radiação , Filogenia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/mortalidade , Taxa de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Tumor cells and associated healthy cells form ecosystems that determine disease progression and response to therapy. To characterize features of breast cancer ecosystems and their associations with clinical data, we analyzed 144 human breast tumor and 50 non-tumor tissue samples using mass cytometry. The expression of 73 proteins in 26 million cells was evaluated using tumor and immune cell-centric antibody panels. Tumors displayed individuality in tumor cell composition, including phenotypic abnormalities and phenotype dominance. Relationship analyses between tumor and immune cells revealed characteristics of ecosystems related to immunosuppression and poor prognosis. High frequencies of PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophages and exhausted T cells were found in high-grade ER+ and ER- tumors. This large-scale, single-cell atlas deepens our understanding of breast tumor ecosystems and suggests that ecosystem-based patient classification will facilitate identification of individuals for precision medicine approaches targeting the tumor and its immunoenvironment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Tolerância Imunológica , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Macrófagos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/patologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Mammals evolved in the face of fluctuating food availability. How the immune system adapts to transient nutritional stress remains poorly understood. Here, we show that memory T cells collapsed in secondary lymphoid organs in the context of dietary restriction (DR) but dramatically accumulated within the bone marrow (BM), where they adopted a state associated with energy conservation. This response was coordinated by glucocorticoids and associated with a profound remodeling of the BM compartment, which included an increase in T cell homing factors, erythropoiesis, and adipogenesis. Adipocytes, as well as CXCR4-CXCL12 and S1P-S1P1R interactions, contributed to enhanced T cell accumulation in BM during DR. Memory T cell homing to BM during DR was associated with enhanced protection against infections and tumors. Together, this work uncovers a fundamental host strategy to sustain and optimize immunological memory during nutritional challenges that involved a temporal and spatial reorganization of the memory pool within "safe haven" compartments.
Assuntos
Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Memória Imunológica , Animais , Medula Óssea/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Restrição Calórica/veterinária , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CXCL12/metabolismo , Dieta Redutora/veterinária , Metabolismo Energético , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Glucocorticoides , Melanoma Experimental/mortalidade , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Taxa de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. We found that inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. Indeed, we found that GDF15 was required for hepatic sympathetic outflow and triglyceride metabolism. Failure to defend the lower limit of plasma triglyceride levels was associated with impaired cardiac function and maintenance of body temperature, effects that could be rescued by exogenous administration of lipids. Together, we show that GDF15 coordinates tolerance to inflammatory damage through regulation of triglyceride metabolism.
Assuntos
Fator 15 de Diferenciação de Crescimento/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Sepse/patologia , Animais , Anticorpos/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fator 15 de Diferenciação de Crescimento/sangue , Fator 15 de Diferenciação de Crescimento/genética , Fator 15 de Diferenciação de Crescimento/imunologia , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/virologia , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Orthomyxoviridae/patogenicidade , Poli I-C/toxicidade , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Sepse/sangue , Sepse/mortalidade , Taxa de Sobrevida , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Troponina I/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
A hallmark feature of inflammation is the orchestrated recruitment of neutrophils from the bloodstream into inflamed tissue. Although selectins and integrins mediate recruitment in many tissues, they have a minimal role in the lungs and liver. Exploiting an unbiased in vivo functional screen, we identified a lung and liver homing peptide that functionally abrogates neutrophil recruitment to these organs. Using biochemical, genetic, and confocal intravital imaging approaches, we identified dipeptidase-1 (DPEP1) as the target and established its role as a physical adhesion receptor for neutrophil sequestration independent of its enzymatic activity. Importantly, genetic ablation or functional peptide blocking of DPEP1 significantly reduced neutrophil recruitment to the lungs and liver and provided improved survival in models of endotoxemia. Our data establish DPEP1 as a major adhesion receptor on the lung and liver endothelium and identify a therapeutic target for neutrophil-driven inflammatory diseases of the lungs.
Assuntos
Dipeptidases/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/fisiologia , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIb-IX de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Animais , Cilastatina/farmacologia , Cilastatina/uso terapêutico , Dipeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Dipeptidases/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Endotoxemia/mortalidade , Endotoxemia/patologia , Endotoxemia/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/genética , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos SCID , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos/síntese química , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Pathogenic and other cytoplasmic DNAs activate the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to induce inflammation via transcriptional activation by IRF3 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), but the functional consequences of exposing cGAS to chromosomes upon mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown are unknown. Here, we show that nucleosomes competitively inhibit DNA-dependent cGAS activation and that the cGAS-STING pathway is not effectively activated during normal mitosis. However, during mitotic arrest, low level cGAS-dependent IRF3 phosphorylation slowly accumulates without triggering inflammation. Phosphorylated IRF3, independently of its DNA-binding domain, stimulates apoptosis through alleviating Bcl-xL-dependent suppression of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. We propose that slow accumulation of phosphorylated IRF3, normally not sufficient for inducing inflammation, can trigger transcription-independent induction of apoptosis upon mitotic aberrations. Accordingly, expression of cGAS and IRF3 in cancer cells makes mouse xenograft tumors responsive to the anti-mitotic agent Taxol. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets for non-small cell lung cancer patients also suggest an effect of cGAS expression on taxane response.
Assuntos
Apoptose , DNA/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Mitose , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Neoplasias/patologia , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Transdução de Sinais , Taxa de Sobrevida , Ativação Transcricional , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismoRESUMO
The role of enhancers, a key class of non-coding regulatory DNA elements, in cancer development has increasingly been appreciated. Here, we present the detection and characterization of a large number of expressed enhancers in a genome-wide analysis of 8928 tumor samples across 33 cancer types using TCGA RNA-seq data. Compared with matched normal tissues, global enhancer activation was observed in most cancers. Across cancer types, global enhancer activity was positively associated with aneuploidy, but not mutation load, suggesting a hypothesis centered on "chromatin-state" to explain their interplay. Integrating eQTL, mRNA co-expression, and Hi-C data analysis, we developed a computational method to infer causal enhancer-gene interactions, revealing enhancers of clinically actionable genes. Having identified an enhancer â¼140 kb downstream of PD-L1, a major immunotherapy target, we validated it experimentally. This study provides a systematic view of enhancer activity in diverse tumor contexts and suggests the clinical implications of enhancers.
Assuntos
Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Aneuploidia , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Neoplasias/terapia , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by preferential loss of the medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and somatic nuclear transfer technology, we established a knockin (KI) pig model of HD that endogenously expresses full-length mutant huntingtin (HTT). By breeding this HD pig model, we have successfully obtained F1 and F2 generation KI pigs. Characterization of founder and F1 KI pigs shows consistent movement, behavioral abnormalities, and early death, which are germline transmittable. More importantly, brains of HD KI pig display striking and selective degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons. Thus, using a large animal model of HD, we demonstrate for the first time that overt and selective neurodegeneration seen in HD patients can be recapitulated by endogenously expressed mutant proteins in large mammals, a finding that also underscores the importance of using large mammals to investigate the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutics.
Assuntos
Proteína Huntingtina/genética , Doença de Huntington/patologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Córtex Cerebral/ultraestrutura , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Corpo Estriado/ultraestrutura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína Huntingtina/metabolismo , Doença de Huntington/mortalidade , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Técnicas de Transferência Nuclear , Taxa de Sobrevida , Suínos , Repetições de TrinucleotídeosRESUMO
In colorectal cancer patients, a high density of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in tumors is associated with better prognosis. Using a Stat3 loss-of-function approach in two wnt/ß-catenin-dependent autochthonous models of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis, we unravel a complex intracellular process in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that controls the induction of a CD8+ T cell based adaptive immune response. Elevated mitophagy in IECs causes iron(II)-accumulation in epithelial lysosomes, in turn, triggering lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Subsequent release of proteases into the cytoplasm augments MHC class I presentation and activation of CD8+ T cells via cross-dressing of dendritic cells. Thus, our findings highlight a so-far-unrecognized link between mitochondrial function, lysosomal integrity, and MHC class I presentation in IECs and suggest that therapies triggering mitophagy or inducing LMP in IECs may prove successful in shifting the balance toward anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Mitofagia , Imunidade Adaptativa/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Azoximetano/toxicidade , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Feminino , Compostos Ferrosos/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mitofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Basophils are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates, despite their small numbers and short life span, suggesting that they have beneficial roles in maintaining health. However, these roles are not fully defined. Here we demonstrate that basophil-deficient mice exhibit reduced bacterial clearance and increased morbidity and mortality in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Among the several proinflammatory mediators that we measured, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was the only cytokine that was significantly reduced in basophil-deficient mice after CLP. In accordance with that observation, we found that mice with genetic ablation of Tnf in basophils exhibited reduced systemic concentrations of TNF during endotoxemia. Moreover, after CLP, mice whose basophils could not produce TNF, exhibited reduced neutrophil and macrophage TNF production and effector functions, reduced bacterial clearance, and increased mortality. Taken together, our results show that basophils can enhance the innate immune response to bacterial infection and help prevent sepsis.
Assuntos
Basófilos/imunologia , Endotoxemia/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Transferência Adotiva , Animais , Basófilos/metabolismo , Ceco/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Endotoxemia/microbiologia , Endotoxemia/terapia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Understanding the cellular processes that underlie early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) development is needed to devise intervention strategies1. Here we studied 246,102 single epithelial cells from 16 early-stage LUADs and 47 matched normal lung samples. Epithelial cells comprised diverse normal and cancer cell states, and diversity among cancer cells was strongly linked to LUAD-specific oncogenic drivers. KRAS mutant cancer cells showed distinct transcriptional features, reduced differentiation and low levels of aneuploidy. Non-malignant areas surrounding human LUAD samples were enriched with alveolar intermediate cells that displayed elevated KRT8 expression (termed KRT8+ alveolar intermediate cells (KACs) here), reduced differentiation, increased plasticity and driver KRAS mutations. Expression profiles of KACs were enriched in lung precancer cells and in LUAD cells and signified poor survival. In mice exposed to tobacco carcinogen, KACs emerged before lung tumours and persisted for months after cessation of carcinogen exposure. Moreover, they acquired Kras mutations and conveyed sensitivity to targeted KRAS inhibition in KAC-enriched organoids derived from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. Last, lineage-labelling of AT2 cells or KRT8+ cells following carcinogen exposure showed that KACs are possible intermediates in AT2-to-tumour cell transformation. This study provides new insights into epithelial cell states at the root of LUAD development, and such states could harbour potential targets for prevention or intervention.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Diferenciação Celular , Células Epiteliais , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/patologia , Aneuploidia , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Células Epiteliais/classificação , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mutação , Organoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Organoides/metabolismo , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Taxa de Sobrevida , Produtos do Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Produtos do Tabaco/toxicidadeRESUMO
The transcription factor STAT5 has a critical role in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). How STAT5 mediates this effect is unclear. Here we found that activation of STAT5 worked together with defects in signaling components of the precursor to the B cell antigen receptor (pre-BCR), including defects in BLNK, BTK, PKCß, NF-κB1 and IKAROS, to initiate B-ALL. STAT5 antagonized the transcription factors NF-κB and IKAROS by opposing regulation of shared target genes. Super-enhancers showed enrichment for STAT5 binding and were associated with an opposing network of transcription factors, including PAX5, EBF1, PU.1, IRF4 and IKAROS. Patients with a high ratio of active STAT5 to NF-κB or IKAROS had more-aggressive disease. Our studies indicate that an imbalance of two opposing transcriptional programs drives B-ALL and suggest that restoring the balance of these pathways might inhibit B-ALL.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Linfócitos B , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Fator de Transcrição Ikaros/genética , Receptores de Células Precursoras de Linfócitos B/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT5/metabolismo , Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia , Animais , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Subunidade p50 de NF-kappa B/genética , Fator de Transcrição PAX5/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Proteína Quinase C beta/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Transdução de Sinais , Taxa de Sobrevida , Transativadores/genéticaRESUMO
Therapies that boost the anti-tumor responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have shown promise; however, clinical responses to the immunotherapeutic agents currently available vary considerably, and the molecular basis of this is unclear. We performed transcriptomic profiling of tumor-infiltrating CTLs from treatment-naive patients with lung cancer to define the molecular features associated with the robustness of anti-tumor immune responses. We observed considerable heterogeneity in the expression of molecules associated with activation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and of immunological-checkpoint molecules such as 4-1BB, PD-1 and TIM-3. Tumors with a high density of CTLs showed enrichment for transcripts linked to tissue-resident memory cells (TRM cells), such as CD103, and CTLs from CD103hi tumors displayed features of enhanced cytotoxicity. A greater density of TRM cells in tumors was predictive of a better survival outcome in lung cancer, and this effect was independent of that conferred by CTL density. Here we define the 'molecular fingerprint' of tumor-infiltrating CTLs and identify potentially new targets for immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/imunologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/imunologia , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos CD/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/mortalidade , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Receptor Celular 2 do Vírus da Hepatite A/genética , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Cadeias alfa de Integrinas/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Taxa de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/metabolismo , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes. Incidence data (through 2018) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2019) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2022, 1,918,030 new cancer cases and 609,360 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States, including approximately 350 deaths per day from lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death. Incidence during 2014 through 2018 continued a slow increase for female breast cancer (by 0.5% annually) and remained stable for prostate cancer, despite a 4% to 6% annual increase for advanced disease since 2011. Consequently, the proportion of prostate cancer diagnosed at a distant stage increased from 3.9% to 8.2% over the past decade. In contrast, lung cancer incidence continued to decline steeply for advanced disease while rates for localized-stage increased suddenly by 4.5% annually, contributing to gains both in the proportion of localized-stage diagnoses (from 17% in 2004 to 28% in 2018) and 3-year relative survival (from 21% to 31%). Mortality patterns reflect incidence trends, with declines accelerating for lung cancer, slowing for breast cancer, and stabilizing for prostate cancer. In summary, progress has stagnated for breast and prostate cancers but strengthened for lung cancer, coinciding with changes in medical practice related to cancer screening and/or treatment. More targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment would facilitate reductions in cancer mortality.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , American Cancer Society , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico , Programa de SEER/estatística & dados numéricos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Pathogen infection causes a stereotyped state of sickness that involves neuronally orchestrated behavioural and physiological changes1,2. On infection, immune cells release a 'storm' of cytokines and other mediators, many of which are detected by neurons3,4; yet, the responding neural circuits and neuro-immune interaction mechanisms that evoke sickness behaviour during naturalistic infections remain unclear. Over-the-counter medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen are widely used to alleviate sickness and act by blocking prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis5. A leading model is that PGE2 crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly engages hypothalamic neurons2. Here, using genetic tools that broadly cover a peripheral sensory neuron atlas, we instead identified a small population of PGE2-detecting glossopharyngeal sensory neurons (petrosal GABRA1 neurons) that are essential for influenza-induced sickness behaviour in mice. Ablating petrosal GABRA1 neurons or targeted knockout of PGE2 receptor 3 (EP3) in these neurons eliminates influenza-induced decreases in food intake, water intake and mobility during early-stage infection and improves survival. Genetically guided anatomical mapping revealed that petrosal GABRA1 neurons project to mucosal regions of the nasopharynx with increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 after infection, and also display a specific axonal targeting pattern in the brainstem. Together, these findings reveal a primary airway-to-brain sensory pathway that detects locally produced prostaglandins and mediates systemic sickness responses to respiratory virus infection.
Assuntos
Barreira Hematoencefálica , Encéfalo , Dinoprostona , Nasofaringe , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Células Receptoras Sensoriais , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Comportamento Animal , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Ingestão de Líquidos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Influenza Humana/complicações , Influenza Humana/metabolismo , Movimento , Nasofaringe/inervação , Orthomyxoviridae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/complicações , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Gliomas synaptically integrate into neural circuits1,2. Previous research has demonstrated bidirectional interactions between neurons and glioma cells, with neuronal activity driving glioma growth1-4 and gliomas increasing neuronal excitability2,5-8. Here we sought to determine how glioma-induced neuronal changes influence neural circuits underlying cognition and whether these interactions influence patient survival. Using intracranial brain recordings during lexical retrieval language tasks in awake humans together with site-specific tumour tissue biopsies and cell biology experiments, we find that gliomas remodel functional neural circuitry such that task-relevant neural responses activate tumour-infiltrated cortex well beyond the cortical regions that are normally recruited in the healthy brain. Site-directed biopsies from regions within the tumour that exhibit high functional connectivity between the tumour and the rest of the brain are enriched for a glioblastoma subpopulation that exhibits a distinct synaptogenic and neuronotrophic phenotype. Tumour cells from functionally connected regions secrete the synaptogenic factor thrombospondin-1, which contributes to the differential neuron-glioma interactions observed in functionally connected tumour regions compared with tumour regions with less functional connectivity. Pharmacological inhibition of thrombospondin-1 using the FDA-approved drug gabapentin decreases glioblastoma proliferation. The degree of functional connectivity between glioblastoma and the normal brain negatively affects both patient survival and performance in language tasks. These data demonstrate that high-grade gliomas functionally remodel neural circuits in the human brain, which both promotes tumour progression and impairs cognition.