Calcium nephrolithiasis and bone demineralization: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and medical management.
Curr Opin Urol
; 24(6): 633-8, 2014 Nov.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-25188231
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To establish the relationship between calcium nephrolithiasis, bone densitometry scoring, and bone mineral density (BMD) loss according to bone turnover markers (BTMs) and urinary metabolites. RECENT FINDINGS:
Patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and idiopathic fasting hypercalciuria (urinary calcium/creatinine ratio >0.11) are more likely to have BMD loss that may lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis. In these patients, BTMs may be used as a surrogate for both bone health and stone recurrence. Suspect higher lithogenic states when calcium stone formers have serum beta-crosslaps (resorptive marker) greater than 0.311âng/ml, serum osteocalcin (formative marker) greater than 13.2âng/ml, and beta-crosslaps/osteocalcin ratio greater than 0.024.SUMMARY:
Patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and fasting hypercalciuria have a higher incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis, measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. These patients present not only with hypercalciuria and increased BTMs (mainly resorptive), but also up to 30% have hypocitraturia and increased urinary calcium/citrate ratio (>0.25). On the basis of these results, a diagnostic algorithm was created, classifying hypercalciurics according to their fasting calcium/creatinine and calcium/citrate ratio. Medical therapy for these patients is aimed at improving the dietary habits (normocalcemic, low salt, low animal protein diet), prescribing combinations of potassium citrate, thiazides, and bisphosphonates, and correcting bone and urinary abnormalities that may lower future skeletal and kidney stone risk.
Full text:
1
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Osteoporosis
/
Calcium
/
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
/
Nephrolithiasis
/
Hypercalciuria
Type of study:
Diagnostic_studies
Limits:
Humans
Language:
En
Journal:
Curr Opin Urol
Journal subject:
UROLOGIA
Year:
2014
Type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Spain