Lower Prevalence of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis in Research Participants Monitored for Hyperglycemia.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT In Colorado children, the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been increasing over time. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the prevalence of and factors involved in DKA at T1D diagnosis among participants followed in monitoring research studies before diagnosis compared to patients from the community. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients < 18 years diagnosed with T1D between 2005 and 2021 at the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes. OUTCOME: Prevalence of and factors associated with DKA at diagnosis among participants in preclinical monitoring studies compared to those diagnosed in the community. RESULTS: Of 5049 subjects, 164 were active study participants, 42 inactive study participants, and 4843 were community patients. Active study participants, compared to community patients, had lower HbA1c (7.3% vs 11.9%]; P < 0.001) and less frequently experienced DKA (4.9% vs 48.5%; P < 0.001), including severe DKA (1.2% vs 16.2%; P < 0.001). Inactive study participants had intermediate levels for both prevalence and severity of DKA. DKA prevalence increased in community patients, from 44.0% to 55%, with less evidence for a temporal trend in study participants. DKA prevalence was highest in children <2 years (13% in active study participants vs 83% in community patients). In community patients, younger age (P = 0.0038), public insurance (P < 0.0001), rural residence (P < 0.0076), higher HbA1c (P < 0.0001), and ethnicity minority status (P < 0.0001) were associated with DKA at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: While DKA prevalence increases in community patients over time, it stayed <5% in active research participants, who have a 10 times lower prevalence of DKA at diagnosis, including in minorities.