High Glucose and Carbonyl Stress Impair HIF-1-Regulated Responses and the Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macrophages.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB), but the mechanisms behind diabetes-TB comorbidity are still undefined. Here, we studied the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a main regulator of metabolic and inflammatory responses, in the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM). We observed that M. tuberculosis infection of BMM increased the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-1-regulated genes. Treatment with the hypoxia mimetic deferoxamine (DFO) further increased levels of HIF-1-regulated immune and metabolic molecules and diminished the intracellular bacterial load in BMM and in the lungs of infected mice. The expression of HIF-1-regulated immunometabolic genes was reduced, and the intracellular M. tuberculosis levels were increased in BMM incubated with high-glucose levels or with methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive carbonyl compound elevated in DM. In line with the in vitro findings, high M. tuberculosis levels and low HIF-1-regulated transcript levels were found in the lungs from hyperglycemic Leprdb/db compared with wild-type mice. The increased intracellular M. tuberculosis growth and the reduced expression of HIF-1-regulated metabolic and inflammatory genes in BMM incubated with MGO or high glucose were reverted by additional treatment with DFO. Hif1a-deficient BMM showed ablated responses of immunometabolic transcripts after mycobacterial infection at normal or high-glucose levels. We propose that HIF-1 may be targeted for the control of M. tuberculosis during DM. IMPORTANCE People living with diabetes who are also infected with M. tuberculosis are more likely to develop tuberculosis disease (TB). Why diabetic patients have an increased risk for developing TB is not well understood. Macrophages, the cell niche for M. tuberculosis, can express microbicidal mechanisms or be permissive to mycobacterial persistence and growth. Here, we showed that high glucose and carbonyl stress, which mediate diabetes pathogenesis, impair the control of intracellular M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Infection with M. tuberculosis stimulated the expression of genes regulated by the transcription factor HIF-1, a major controller of the responses to hypoxia, resulting in macrophage activation. High glucose and carbonyl compounds inhibited HIF-1 responses by macrophages. Mycobacterial control in the presence of glucose or carbonyl stress was restored by DFO, a compound that stabilizes HIF-1. We propose that HIF-1 can be targeted to reduce the risk of developing TB in people with diabetes.