Zirconia toughened fluorosilicate glass-ceramics for dental prosthetic restorations.

ABSTRACT

Background: Dental glass-ceramics have limited strength and are unsuitable for high-stress-bearing areas. Zirconia stands out as a popular choice for reinforcing dental glass-ceramics due to its biocompatibility and high fracture toughness. Objectives: The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of an increase in zirconia (25, 30, 35 and 50 wt%) on microstructure, chemical solubility, hardness, fracture toughness, and brittleness index of fluorosilicate glass systems for dental restorative applications. Material and methods: The fluorosilicate glass frit was obtained through the melt-quench technique. The glass frit was ball-milled with 25, 30, 35 and 50 wt % of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (G-25Z, G-30Z, G-35Z, and G-50Z). The composites were sintered to 1000 °C for 48h at a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The glass frit was subject to differential scanning calorimetry. Phase analysis and microstructural characterization were carried out. The crystallite size of zirconia and glass-ceramics, micro-hardness, indentation fracture toughness, brittleness index, and chemical solubility were evaluated. Results: Phase analysis reveals tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia with minor peaks of forsterite, fluorphlogopite, norbergite, and spinel. Their microstructures reveal the characteristic house-of-cards arrangement of fluorophlogopite crystals with dispersed zirconia. The results of hardness and fracture toughness show a statistically significant improvement with an increase in zirconia content. The crystallite size of zirconia and fluorophlogopite crystals with aspect ratio, brittleness index, and chemical solubility declined as the zirconia content increased. Conclusions: Increase in zirconia content from 25 wt % to 50 wt % in heat-treated fluorosilicate glass systems reveals non-reactive zirconia with a stable glass matrix and limits the growth of fluorphlogopite crystals with a house-of-cards microstructure. This results in a range of properties suitable for dental restorations of enhanced hardness, and improved fracture toughness. Despite these improvements, the material maintains its machinability with reduced chemical solubility.