Comparison of intraperitoneal bupivacaine, acetazolamide, and placebo on pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery: A clinical trial.

Background: Given the importance of patients' pain after laparoscopic surgeries, this study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine, acetazolamide, and placebo on pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. Methods: Patients admitted to Rasool Akram hospital with physical status I or II, based on the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) system, who were candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery due to gallstones, were included in this study. Patients were divided into 3 groups (each group containing 20 patients) using block randomization with foursome blocks. Group 1 received bupivacaine, group 2 acetazolamide, and group 3 intravenous saline as placebo. After surgery, pain score was assessed by visual analogue scale, and shoulder pain and analgesic doses were also measured. The mentioned parameters were assessed at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: In this study, 60 patients were included in 3 groups. The mean pain recorded (VAS) at 1, 4, and 8 hours after surgery was not significantly different between acetazolamide and bupivacaine groups, but their score was significantly lower than the placebo group (p<0.05). However, the score recorded at 12 and 24 hours after surgery was not significantly different between the 3 groups (p>0.05). Mean of pain reliever (acetaminophen) injected to the patients when needed was not significantly different among the 3 intervention groups (p<0.05). The highest prevalence of shoulder pain (70%) belonged to the placebo group and the lowest (25%) to acetazolamide (p<0.05). Mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and the respiratory rate were not significantly different among intervention groups in 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery (p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, acetazolamide and bupivacaine injection reduced pain in early hours after laparoscopy. However, pain intensity was not different between intervention groups and the control group after 12 hours, so re-prescription seems to be appropriate at this time. Acetazolamide injection significantly reduces shoulder pains after surgery.