Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a serious complication posthematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). In view of limited available pediatric data, we performed a retrospective study to describe epidemiology, management, and outcomes of PH post-HSCT in children in our national center. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Academic children's hospital (2000-2015). SUBJECTS: Children (< 18 yr) with PH and requiring PICU care post-HSCT. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The historical prevalence of PH in our center was 2.7% (31/1,148). Twenty patients had a concomitant infection, 15 had bacterial infection, 8 had viral infection, and 3 patients had a fungal infection. With a median follow-up time of 60 months, 7 of 31 patients were alive. Early PH (< 40 d post-HSCT) was associated with improved survival (6/15 vs 1/16, p = 0.035). Patients who received high-dose pulsed corticosteroid had improved survival when compared with those who did not (7/22 vs 0/9, p = 0.0012); this also applied to the subgroup of patients with a concomitant infection (5/15 vs 0, p = 0.001). None of the patients who survived had measurable respiratory sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: PH is a rare but serious complication after HSCT. Corticosteroids were associated with improved survival even in patients with a concomitant infection.