Appraisal of metallic accumulation in the surface sediment of a fish breeding dam in Türkiye: A stochastical approach to ecotoxicological risk assessment.

ABSTRACT

This study examines the levels and patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in surface sediment of Almus Dam Lake (ADL), a key fish breeding site in Türkiye. PTE concentrations in sediment were ranked Hg (0.05 ± 0.01) < Cd (0.16 ± 0.01) < Pb (9.34 ± 1.42) < As (18.75 ± 15.65) < Cu (63.30 ± 15.17) < Ni (72.64 ± 20.54) < Zn (86.66 ± 11.95) < Cr (108.35 ± 36.40) < Mn (1008 ± 151) < Fe (53,998 ± 6468), with no significant seasonal or spatial differences. Ecological risk indices (mHQ, EF, Igeo, CF, PLI, Eri, mCd, NPI, PERI, MPI, and TRI) showed low contamination levels. Health risk assessments, including LCR, HQ, and THI, indicated minimal risks to humans from sediment PTEs. Statistical analyses (PCA, HCA, SCC) identified natural, transportation, and anthropogenic PTE sources, with slight impacts from agriculture and fish farming. This research underlines contamination status of ADL and emphasizes the need for targeted management strategies, offering critical insights for environmental safeguarding.