Computational evaluation of efflux pump homologues and lignans as potent inhibitors against multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi.

ABSTRACT

Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, presents a substantial global health threat, particularly in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains of S. typhi exacerbates this challenge, severely compromising conventional treatment efficacy due to over activity of efflux pumps. In our study, a comprehensive exploration of two fundamental aspects to combat MDR in S. typhi is carried out; i.e. employing advanced bioinformatics analyses and AlphaFold AI, We successfully identified and characterised a putative homologue, ABC-TPA, reminiscent of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) known for its role in multidrug resistance in diverse pathogens. This discovery provides a critical foundation for understanding the potential mechanisms driving antibiotic resistance in S. typhi. Furthermore, employing computational methodologies, We meticulously assessed the potential of lignans, specifically Schisandrin A, B, and C, as promising Efflux Pump Inhibitors (EPIs) against the identified P-gp homologue in S. typhi. Noteworthy findings revealed robust binding interactions of Schisandrin A and B with the target protein, indicating substantial inhibitory capabilities. In contrast, Schisandrin C exhibited instability, showing varied effectiveness among the evaluated lignans. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity predictions underscored the favourable attributes of Schisandrin A, including prolonged action duration. Furthermore, high systemic stability and demanished toxicity profile of SA and SB present their therapeutic efficacy against MDR. This comprehensive investigation not only elucidates potential therapeutic strategies against MDR strains of S. typhi but also highlights the relevance of computational approaches in identifying and evaluating promising candidates. These findings lay a robust foundation for future empirical studies to address the formidable challenges antibiotic resistance poses in this clinically significant infectious diseases.