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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Increasing age alters innate immune-mediated responses; however, the mechanisms underpinning these changes in humans are not fully understood. Using a human dermal model of acute inflammation, we found that, although inflammatory onset is similar between young and elderly individuals, the resolution phase was substantially impaired in elderly individuals. This arose from a reduction in T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor-4 (TIM-4), a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed on macrophages that enables the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, so-called efferocytosis. Reduced TIM-4 in elderly individuals was caused by an elevation in macrophage p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Administering an orally active p38 inhibitor to elderly individuals rescued TIM-4 expression, cleared apoptotic bodies and restored a macrophage resolution phenotype. Thus, inhibiting p38 in elderly individuals rejuvenated their resolution response to be more similar to that of younger people. This is the first resolution defect identified in humans that has been successfully reversed, thereby highlighting the tractability of targeting pro-resolution biology to treat diseases driven by chronic inflammation.
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Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fagocitose/imunologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Animais , Apoptose , Vesícula/imunologia , Vesícula/metabolismo , Vesícula/patologia , Cantaridina , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Inflamação/patologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/patologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Aging is associated with remodeling of the immune system to enable the maintenance of life-long immunity. In the CD8+ T cell compartment, aging results in the expansion of highly differentiated cells that exhibit characteristics of cellular senescence. Here we found that CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells lost the signaling activity of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and expressed a protein complex containing the agonistic natural killer (NK) receptor NKG2D and the NK adaptor molecule DAP12, which promoted cytotoxicity against cells that expressed NKG2D ligands. Immunoprecipitation and imaging cytometry indicated that the NKG2D-DAP12 complex was associated with sestrin 2. The genetic inhibition of sestrin 2 resulted in decreased expression of NKG2D and DAP12 and restored TCR signaling in senescent-like CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells. Therefore, during aging, sestrins induce the reprogramming of non-proliferative senescent-like CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells to acquire a broad-spectrum, innate-like killing activity.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Receptores de Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Febre Amarela/genética , Febre Amarela/imunologia , Febre Amarela/metabolismo , Febre Amarela/virologia , Vírus da Febre Amarela/imunologiaRESUMO
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including Erk, Jnk and p38 regulate diverse cellular functions and are thought to be controlled by independent upstream activation cascades. Here we show that the sestrins bind to and coordinate simultaneous Erk, Jnk and p38 MAPK activation in T lymphocytes within a new immune-inhibitory complex (sestrin-MAPK activation complex (sMAC)). Whereas sestrin ablation resulted in broad reconstitution of immune function in stressed T cells, inhibition of individual MAPKs allowed only partial functional recovery. T cells from old humans (>65 years old) or mice (16-20 months old) were more likely to form the sMAC, and disruption of this complex restored antigen-specific functional responses in these cells. Correspondingly, sestrin deficiency or simultaneous inhibition of all three MAPKs enhanced vaccine responsiveness in old mice. Thus, disruption of sMAC provides a foundation for rejuvenating immunity during aging.
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Envelhecimento/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Imunidade , Imunossenescência , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Células Cultivadas , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Humanos , Imunidade/genética , Imunossenescência/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The liver is bathed in bacterial products, including lipopolysaccharide transported from the intestinal portal vasculature, but maintains a state of tolerance that is exploited by persistent pathogens and tumours1-4. The cellular basis mediating this tolerance, yet allowing a switch to immunity or immunopathology, needs to be better understood for successful immunotherapy of liver diseases. Here we show that a variable proportion of CD8+ T cells compartmentalized in the human liver co-stain for CD14 and other prototypic myeloid membrane proteins and are enriched in close proximity to CD14high myeloid cells in hepatic zone 2. CD14+CD8+ T cells preferentially accumulate within the donor pool in liver allografts, among hepatic virus-specific and tumour-infiltrating responses, and in cirrhotic ascites. CD14+CD8+ T cells exhibit increased turnover, activation and constitutive immunomodulatory features with high homeostatic IL-10 and IL-2 production ex vivo, and enhanced antiviral/anti-tumour effector function after TCR engagement. This CD14+CD8+ T cell profile can be recapitulated by the acquisition of membrane proteins-including the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex-from mononuclear phagocytes, resulting in augmented tumour killing by TCR-redirected T cells in vitro. CD14+CD8+ T cells express integrins and chemokine receptors that favour interactions with the local stroma, which can promote their induction through CXCL12. Lipopolysaccharide can also increase the frequency of CD14+CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo, and skew their function towards the production of chemotactic and regenerative cytokines. Thus, bacterial products in the gut-liver axis and tissue stromal factors can tune liver immunity by driving myeloid instruction of CD8+ T cells with immunomodulatory ability.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Tolerância Imunológica , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos , Lipopolissacarídeos , Fígado , Células Mieloides , Humanos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/virologia , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/imunologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito , Bactérias/imunologia , Intestinos/imunologia , Intestinos/microbiologiaRESUMO
As the thymus involutes during aging, the T-cell pool has to be maintained by the periodic expansion of preexisting T cells during adulthood. A conundrum is that repeated episodes of activation and proliferation drive the differentiation of T cells toward replicative senescence, due to telomere erosion. This review discusses mechanisms that regulate the end-stage differentiation (senescence) of T cells. Although these cells, within both CD4 and CD8 compartments, lose proliferative activity after antigen-specific challenge, they acquire innate-like immune function. While this may confer broad immune protection during aging, these senescent T cells may also cause immunopathology, especially in the context of excessive inflammation in tissue microenvironments.
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Senescência Celular , Linfócitos T , Humanos , Adulto , Envelhecimento , Diferenciação Celular , Antígenos , Linfócitos T CD8-PositivosRESUMO
In T lymphocytes, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 regulates pleiotropic functions and is activated by canonical MAPK signaling or the alternative activation pathway downstream of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). Here we found that senescent human T cells lacked the canonical and alternative pathways for the activation of p38 but spontaneously engaged the metabolic master regulator AMPK to trigger recruitment of p38 to the scaffold protein TAB1, which caused autophosphorylation of p38. Signaling via this pathway inhibited telomerase activity, T cell proliferation and the expression of key components of the TCR signalosome. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized mode for the activation of p38 in T cells driven by intracellular changes such as low-nutrient and DNA-damage signaling (an 'intrasensory' pathway). The proliferative defect of senescent T cells was reversed by blockade of AMPK-TAB1-dependent activation of p38.
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Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/imunologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Senescência Celular/genética , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Ativação Enzimática/imunologia , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fosforilação/imunologia , Interferência de RNA , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Telomerase/genética , Telomerase/imunologia , Telomerase/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by persistent activation of immune cells and overproduction of autoantibodies. The accumulation of senescent T and B cells has been observed in SLE and other immune-mediated diseases. However, the exact mechanistic pathways contributing to this process in SLE remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that in SLE patients: (1) the frequency of CD4+CD57+ senescent T cells was significantly elevated and positively correlated with disease activity; (2) the expression levels of B-lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family and interferon-induced genes (ISGs) were significantly upregulated; and (3) in vitro, the cytokine IL-15 stimulation increased the frequency of senescent CD4+ T cells and upregulated the expression of BCL-2 family and ISGs. Further, treatment with ABT-263 (a senolytic BCL-2 inhibitor) in MRL/lpr mice resulted in decreased: (1) frequency of CD4+CD44hiCD62L-PD-1+CD153+ senescent CD4+ T cells; (2) frequency of CD19+CD11c+T-bet+ age-related B cells; (3) level of serum antinuclear antibody; (4) proteinuria; (5) frequency of Tfh cells; and (6) renal histopathological abnormalities. Collectively, these results indicated a dominant role for CD4+CD57+ senescent CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE and senolytic BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-263 may be the potential treatment in ameliorating lupus phenotypes.
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Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Senescência Celular , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2 , Sulfonamidas , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Feminino , Adulto , Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Compostos de Anilina/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos MRL lpr , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Senoterapia/farmacologiaRESUMO
Natural killer (NK) cells include different subsets with diverse effector capacities that are poorly understood in the context of parasitic diseases. Here, we investigated inhibitory and activating receptor expression on NK cells in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and explored their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity based on CD57 and NKG2C expression. The expression of CD57 identified NK cells that accumulated in CL patients and exhibited features of senescence. The CD57+ cells exhibited heightened levels of the activating receptor NKG2C and diminished expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A. RNA sequencing analyses based on NKG2C transcriptome have revealed two distinct profiles among CL patients associated with cytotoxic and functional genes. The CD57+NKG2C+ subset accumulated in the blood of patients and presented conspicuous features of senescence, including the expression of markers such as p16, yH2ax, and p38, as well as reduced proliferative capacity. In addition, they positively correlated with the number of days until lesion resolution. This study provides a broad understanding of the NK cell biology during Leishmania infection and reinforces the role of senescent cells in the adverse clinical outcomes of CL.
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Antígenos CD57 , Senescência Celular , Células Matadoras Naturais , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Subfamília C de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK , Humanos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Antígenos CD57/metabolismo , Antígenos CD57/imunologia , Subfamília C de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Subfamília C de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/imunologia , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The immunophenotype of oldest centenarians, i.e. semi- and supercentenarians, could provide important information about their ability to adapt to factors associated with immune changes, including ageing per se and chronic Cytomegalovirus infection. We investigated, by flow cytometry, variations in percentages and absolute numbers of immune cell subsets, focusing on T cells, and pro-inflammatory parameters in a cohort of 28 women and 26 men (age range 19-110 years). We observed variability in hallmarks of immunosenescence related to age and Cytomegalovirus serological status. The eight oldest centenarians showed the lowest percentages of naïve T cells, due to their age, and the highest percentages of T-effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA), according to their cytomegalovirus status, and high levels of serum pro-inflammatory parameters, although their means were lower than that of remaining 90+ donors. Some of them showed CD8 naïve and TEMRA percentages, and exhaustion/pro-inflammatory markers comparable to the younger ones. Our study supports the suggestion that immune ageing, especially of oldest centenarians, exhibits great variability that is not only attributable to a single contributor but should also be the full result of a combination of several factors. Everyone ages differently because he/she is unique in genetics and experience of life and this applies even more to the immune system; everybody has had a different immunological history. Furthermore, our findings on inflammatory markers, TEMRA and CMV seropositivity in centenarians, discussed in the light of the most recent literature, suggest that these changes might be not unfavourable for centenarians, and in particular for the oldest ones.
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Imunossenescência , Longevidade , Masculino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Longevidade/genética , Linfócitos T , Centenários , Envelhecimento , Linfócitos T CD8-PositivosRESUMO
The severity of lesions that develop in patients infected by Leishmania braziliensis is mainly associated with a highly cytotoxic and inflammatory cutaneous environment. Recently, we demonstrated that senescent T and NK cells play a role in the establishment and maintenance of this tissue inflammation. Here, we extended those findings using transcriptomic analyses that demonstrate a strong co-induction of senescence and pro-inflammatory gene signatures in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesions. The senescence-associated signature was characterized by marked expression of key genes such as ATM, Sestrin 2, p16, p21 and p38. The cell type identification from deconvolution of bulk sequencing data showed that the senescence signature was linked with CD8+ effector memory and TEMRA subsets and also senescent NK cells. A key observation was that the senescence markers in the skin lesions are age-independent of patients and were correlated with lesion size. Moreover, a striking expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines genes was found within lesions that were most strongly associated with the senescent CD8 TEMRA subset. Collectively, our results confirm that there is a senescence transcriptomic signature in CL lesions and supports the hypothesis that lesional senescent cells have a major role in mediating immunopathology of the disease.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Imunossenescência/genética , Leishmania braziliensis/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/etiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Transcriptoma , Biomarcadores , Biópsia , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Leishmaniose Cutânea/metabolismo , Carga Parasitária , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
Aging is a global burden, and the increase in life span does not increase in parallel with health span. Therefore, older adults are currently living longer with chronic diseases, increased infections, and cancer. A characteristic of aging is the presence of chronic low-grade inflammation that is characterized by elevated concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein, which has been termed inflammaging. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic inflammation interferes with T-cell response and macrophage function and is also detrimental for vaccine responses. This raises the question of whether therapeutic strategies that reduce inflammation may be useful for improving immunity in older adults. In this review we discuss the potential causes of inflammaging, the cellular source of the inflammatory mediators, and the mechanisms by which inflammation may inhibit immunity. Finally, we describe existing interventions that target inflammation that have been used to enhance immunity during aging.
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Envelhecimento/imunologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Humanos , Imunidade , Inflamação/imunologiaRESUMO
Cytotoxic activity mediated by CD8+ T cells is the main signature of the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Here, we performed a broad evaluation of natural killer (NK) cell phenotypic and functional features during cutaneous leishmaniasis. We demonstrate for the first time that CL patients present the accumulation of circulating NK cells with multiple features of replicative senescence including low proliferative capacity and shorter telomeres, elevated expression of CD57, KLRG1 but diminished CD27 stimulatory receptor expression. Moreover, they exhibited higher cytotoxic and inflammatory potential than age-matched controls. The accumulation of circulating senescent NK cells (CD56dim CD57bright ) correlated positively with skin lesion size in the same patients, suggesting that they, like circulating senescent CD8+ T cells, may contribute to the immunopathology of CL. However, this senescent population had lower cutaneous lymphocyte antigen expression and so had diminished skin-homing potential compared with total or senescent CD8+ T cells. This was confirmed in CL skin lesions where we found a predominance of CD8+ T cells (both senescent and non-senescent) that correlated with the severity of the disease. Although there was also a correlation between the proportions of senescent NK cells (CD56+ CD57+ ) in the skin and lesion size, this was less evident. Collectively our results demonstrate first-hand that senescent cytotoxic cells may mediate skin pathology during human cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, as senescent cytotoxic CD8+ T cells predominate in the skin lesions, they may have a greater role than NK cells in mediating the non-specific skin damage in CL.
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Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Células Matadoras Naturais/patologia , Leishmania braziliensis/patogenicidade , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Pele/patologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/patologia , Antígeno CD56/genética , Antígeno CD56/imunologia , Antígenos CD57/genética , Antígenos CD57/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/parasitologia , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Leishmania braziliensis/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Masculino , Oligossacarídeos/genética , Oligossacarídeos/imunologia , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/imunologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Antígeno Sialil Lewis X/análogos & derivados , Antígeno Sialil Lewis X/genética , Antígeno Sialil Lewis X/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais , Pele/imunologia , Pele/parasitologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/parasitologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the underlying mechanisms behind changes in glucose homeostasis with delivery of propionate to the human colon by comprehensive and coordinated analysis of gut bacterial composition, plasma metabolome and immune responses. DESIGN: Twelve non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity received 20 g/day of inulin-propionate ester (IPE), designed to selectively deliver propionate to the colon, a high-fermentable fibre control (inulin) and a low-fermentable fibre control (cellulose) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Outcome measurements of metabolic responses, inflammatory markers and gut bacterial composition were analysed at the end of each 42-day supplementation period. RESULTS: Both IPE and inulin supplementation improved insulin resistance compared with cellulose supplementation, measured by homeostatic model assessment 2 (mean±SEM 1.23±0.17 IPE vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.001; 1.17±0.15 inulin vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.009), with no differences between IPE and inulin (p=0.272). Fasting insulin was only associated positively with plasma tyrosine and negatively with plasma glycine following inulin supplementation. IPE supplementation decreased proinflammatory interleukin-8 levels compared with cellulose, while inulin had no impact on the systemic inflammatory markers studied. Inulin promoted changes in gut bacterial populations at the class level (increased Actinobacteria and decreased Clostridia) and order level (decreased Clostridiales) compared with cellulose, with small differences at the species level observed between IPE and cellulose. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate a distinctive physiological impact of raising colonic propionate delivery in humans, as improvements in insulin sensitivity promoted by IPE and inulin were accompanied with different effects on the plasma metabolome, gut bacterial populations and markers of systemic inflammation.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Inulina , Metaboloma/fisiologia , Obesidade , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Cross-Over , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Inulina/administração & dosagem , Inulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Propionatos/administração & dosagem , Propionatos/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
As humans live longer, a central concern is to find ways to maintain their health as they age. Immunity declines during ageing, as shown by the increased susceptibility to infection by both previously encountered and new pathogens and by the decreased efficacy of vaccination. It is therefore crucial to understand the mechanisms responsible for this decrease in immunity and to develop new strategies to enhance immune function in older humans. We discuss here how the induction of senescence alters leukocyte, and specifically T cell, function. An emerging concept is that senescence and nutrient sensing-signalling pathways within T cells converge to regulate functional responses, and the manipulation of these pathways may offer new ways to enhance immunity during ageing.
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Envelhecimento/imunologia , Senescência Celular , Imunidade , Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Animais , Humanos , Imunização , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) propionate, produced through fermentation of dietary fibre by the gut microbiota, has been shown to alter hepatic metabolic processes that reduce lipid storage. We aimed to investigate the impact of raising colonic propionate production on hepatic steatosis in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Eighteen adults were randomized to receive 20 g/d of an inulin-propionate ester (IPE), designed to deliver propionate to the colon, or an inulin control for 42 days in a parallel design. The change in intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) following the supplementation period was not different between the groups (P = 0.082), however, IHCL significantly increased within the inulin-control group (20.9% ± 2.9% to 26.8% ± 3.9%; P = 0.012; n = 9), which was not observed within the IPE group (22.6% ± 6.9% to 23.5% ± 6.8%; P = 0.635; n = 9). The predominant SCFA from colonic fermentation of inulin is acetate, which, in a background of NAFLD and a hepatic metabolic profile that promotes fat accretion, may provide surplus lipogenic substrate to the liver. The increased colonic delivery of propionate from IPE appears to attenuate this acetate-mediated increase in IHCL.
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Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/farmacologia , Inulina/farmacologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/dietoterapia , Propionatos/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ésteres/farmacologia , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immunity decreases with age, which leads to reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). In human subjects age-associated immune changes are usually measured in blood leukocytes; however, this might not reflect alterations in tissue-specific immunity. OBJECTIVES: We used a VZV antigen challenge system in the skin to investigate changes in tissue-specific mechanisms involved in the decreased response to this virus during aging. METHODS: We assessed cutaneous immunity based on the extent of erythema and induration after intradermal VZV antigen injection. We also performed immune histology and transcriptomic analyses on skin biopsy specimens taken from the challenge site in young (<40 years) and old (>65 years) subjects. RESULTS: Old human subjects exhibited decreased erythema and induration, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and attenuated global gene activation at the site of cutaneous VZV antigen challenge compared with young subjects. This was associated with increased sterile inflammation in the skin in the same subjects related to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-related proinflammatory cytokine production (P < .0007). We inhibited systemic inflammation in old subjects by means of pretreatment with an oral small-molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (Losmapimod; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom), which reduced both serum C-reactive protein levels and peripheral blood monocyte secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. In contrast, cutaneous responses to VZV antigen challenge were increased significantly in the same subjects (P < .0003). CONCLUSION: Excessive inflammation in the skin early after antigen challenge retards antigen-specific immunity. However, this can be reversed by inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production that can be used to promote vaccine efficacy and the treatment of infections and malignancy during aging.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/imunologia , Pele/imunologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: The live attenuated vaccine Zostavax was developed to prevent varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation that causes herpes zoster (shingles) in older humans. However, the impact of vaccination on the cutaneous response to VZV is not known. Methods: We investigated the response to intradermal VZV antigen challenge before and after Zostavax vaccination in participants >70 years of age by immunohistological and transcriptomic analyses of skin biopsy specimens collected from the challenge site. Results: Vaccination increased the proportion of VZV-specific CD4+ T cells in the blood and promoted the accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the skin after VZV antigen challenge. However, Zostavax did not alter the proportion of resident memory T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) or CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in unchallenged skin. After vaccination, there was increased cutaneous T-cell proliferation at the challenge site and also increased recruitment of T cells from the blood, as indicated by an elevated T-cell migratory gene signature. CD8+ T-cell-associated functional genes were also highly induced in the skin after vaccination. Conclusion: Zostavax vaccination does not alter the abundance of cutaneous resident memory T cells but instead increases the recruitment of VZV-specific T cells from the blood and enhances T-cell activation, particularly cells of the CD8+ subset, in the skin after VZV antigen challenge.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiologia , Vacina contra Herpes Zoster/imunologia , Herpes Zoster/prevenção & controle , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/imunologia , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Numerous studies have explored the altered transcriptional landscape associated with skin diseases to understand the nature of these disorders. However, data interpretation represents a significant challenge due to a lack of good maker sets for many of the specialized cell types that make up this tissue, whose composition may fundamentally alter during disease. Here we have sought to derive expression signatures that define the various cell types and structures that make up human skin, and demonstrate how they can be used to aid the interpretation of transcriptomic data derived from this organ. Two large normal skin transcriptomic datasets were identified, one RNA-seq (n = 578), the other microarray (n = 165), quality controlled and subjected separately to network-based analyses to identify clusters of robustly co-expressed genes. The biological significance of these clusters was then assigned using a combination of bioinformatics analyses, literature, and expert review. After cross comparison between analyses, 20 gene signatures were defined. These included expression signatures for hair follicles, glands (sebaceous, sweat, apocrine), keratinocytes, melanocytes, endothelia, muscle, adipocytes, immune cells, and a number of pathway systems. Collectively, we have named this resource SkinSig. SkinSig was then used in the analysis of transcriptomic datasets for 18 skin conditions, providing in-context interpretation of these data. For instance, conventional analysis has shown there to be a decrease in keratinization and fatty metabolism with age; we more accurately define these changes to be due to loss of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. SkinSig also highlighted the over-/under-representation of various cell types in skin diseases, reflecting an influx in immune cells in inflammatory disorders and a relative reduction in other cell types. Overall, our analyses demonstrate the value of this new resource in defining the functional profile of skin cell types and appendages, and in improving the interpretation of disease data. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Psoríase/genética , Pele/patologia , Transcriptoma , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Glândulas Apócrinas/metabolismo , Glândulas Apócrinas/patologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Folículo Piloso/metabolismo , Folículo Piloso/patologia , Humanos , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/patologia , Masculino , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Melanócitos/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Psoríase/metabolismo , Psoríase/patologia , Glândulas Sebáceas/metabolismo , Glândulas Sebáceas/patologia , Pele/metabolismo , Glândulas Sudoríparas/metabolismo , Glândulas Sudoríparas/patologiaRESUMO
NK cells are the first line of defense against infected and transformed cells. Defective NK cell activity was shown to increase susceptibility for viral infections and reduce tumor immune-surveillance. With age, the incidence of infectious diseases and malignancy rises dramatically, suggesting that impaired NK cell function might contribute to disease in these individuals. We found an increased frequency of NK cells with high expression of the inhibitory killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) in individuals >70 y. The role of KLRG1 in ageing is not known, and the mechanism of KLRG1-induced inhibition of NK cell function is not fully understood. We report that NK cells with high KLRG1 expression spontaneously activate the metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that activation of AMPK negatively regulates NK cell function. Pre-existing AMPK activity is further amplified by ligation of KLRG1 in these cells, which leads to internalization of the receptor and allows interaction with AMPK. We show that KLRG1 activates AMPK by preventing its inhibitory dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase-2C rather than inducing de novo kinase activation. Finally, inhibition of KLRG1 or AMPK prevented KLRG1-induced activation of AMPK and reductions in NK cell cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, proliferation, and telomerase expression. This novel signaling pathway links metabolic sensing, effector function, and cell differentiation with inhibitory receptor signaling that may be exploited to enhance NK cell activity during ageing.