RESUMO
Celiac Disease (CD) is a T-cell mediated disorder caused by immune response to gluten, although the mechanisms underlying CD progression are still elusive. We analyzed immune cell composition, plasma cytokines, and gliadin-specific T-cell responses in patients with positive serology and normal intestinal mucosa (potential-CD) or villous atrophy (acute-CD), and after gluten-free diet (GFD). We found: an inflammatory signature and the presence of circulating gliadin-specific IFN-γ+ T cells in CD patients regardless of mucosal damage; an increased frequency of IL-10-secreting dendritic cells (DC-10) in the gut and of circulating gliadin-specific IL-10-secreting T cells in potential-CD; IL-10 inhibition increased IFN-γ secretion by gliadin-specific intestinal T cells from acute- and potential-CD. On GFD, inflammatory cytokines normalized, while IL-10-producing T cells accumulated in the gut. We show that IL-10-producing cells are fundamental in controlling pathological T-cell responses to gluten: DC-10 protect the intestinal mucosa from damage and represent a marker of potential-CD.
Assuntos
Doença Celíaca , Humanos , Gliadina , Interleucina-10 , Glutens , Citocinas , Mucosa IntestinalRESUMO
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) play a central role in regulating immune homeostasis and in promoting peripheral tolerance. These features render tolDC a promising tool for cell-based approaches aimed at inducing tolerance in T-cell mediated diseases and in allogeneic transplantation. We developed a protocol to generate genetically engineered human tolDC overexpressing IL-10 (DCIL-10) by means of a bidirectional lentiviral vector (LV) encoding for IL-10. DCIL-10 promote allo-specific T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells, modulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo, and are stable in a pro-inflammatory milieu. In the present study, we investigated the ability of DCIL-10 to modulate cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. We demonstrate that DCIL-10 reduces allogeneic CD8+ T cell proliferation and activation in primary mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Moreover, long-term stimulation with DCIL-10 induces allo-specific anergic CD8+ T cells without signs of exhaustion. DCIL-10-primed CD8+ T cells display limited cytotoxic activity. These findings indicate that stable over-expression of IL-10 in human DC leads to a population of cells able to modulate cytotoxic allogeneic CD8+ T cell responses, overall indicating that DCIL-10 represent a promising cellular product for clinical applications aimed at inducing tolerance after transplantation.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Interleucina-10/genética , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Células Dendríticas , Ativação LinfocitáriaRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights findings describing the role of interleukin (IL)-10-producing Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in controlling autoimmune diseases and possible approaches to restore their function and number. RECENT FINDINGS: Reduced frequency and/or function of cell subsets playing a role in Tr1 cell induction (e.g., DC-10 and Bregs), was found in patients with autoimmunity and may impact on Tr1 cell frequency. SUMMARY: IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with fundamental anti-inflammatory functions acting as negative regulator of immune responses. IL-10 is critically involved in the induction and functions of Tr1 cells, a subset of memory CD4+ T cells induced in the periphery to suppress immune responses to a variety of antigens (Ags), including self-, allogeneic, and dietary Ags. Alterations in IL-10-related pathways and/or in the frequency and activities of Tr1 cells have been associated to several autoimmune diseases. We will give an overview of the alterations of IL-10 and IL-10-producing Tr1 cells in Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes, and Celiac Disease, in which similarities in the role of these tolerogenic mechanisms are present. Current and future approaches to overcome Tr1 cell defects and restore tolerance in these diseases will also be discussed.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/patologia , Autoimunidade , HumanosRESUMO
Myeloid cells play a pivotal role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In inflammation, autoimmunity, and after transplantation, myeloid cells have contrasting roles: on the one hand they initiate the immune response, promoting activation and expansion of effector T-cells, and on the other, they counter-regulate inflammation, maintain tissue homeostasis, and promote tolerance. The latter activities are mediated by several myeloid cells including polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and dendritic cells. Since these cells have been associated with immune suppression and tolerance, they will be further referred to as myeloid regulatory cells (MRCs). In recent years, MRCs have emerged as a therapeutic target or have been regarded as a potential cellular therapeutic product for tolerance induction. However, several open questions must be addressed to enable the therapeutic application of MRCs including: how do they function at the site of inflammation, how to best target these cells to modulate their activities, and how to isolate or to generate pure populations for adoptive cell therapies. In this review, we will give an overview of the current knowledge on MRCs in inflammation, autoimmunity, and transplantation. We will discuss current strategies to target MRCs and to exploit their tolerogenic potential as a cell-based therapy.
Assuntos
Autoimunidade , Homeostase , Tolerância Imunológica , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Humanos , Imunomodulação , Imunofenotipagem , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Transplante de Órgãos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule with known immune-modulatory functions. Our group identified a subset of human dendritic cells, named DC-10, that induce adaptive interleukin-10-producing T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells via the interleukin-10-dependent HLA-G/ILT4 pathway. In this study we aimed at defining the role of HLA-G in DC-10-mediated Tr1 cell differentiation. We analyzed phenotype, functions, and genetic variations in the 3' untranslated region of the HLA-G locus of in vitro-differentiated DC-10 from 67 healthy donors. We showed that HLA-G expression on DC-10 is donor-dependent. Functional studies demonstrated that DC-10, independently of HLA-G expression, secrete interleukin-10 and negligible levels of interleukin-12. Interestingly, DC-10 with high HLA-G promote allo-specific anergic T cells that contain a significantly higher frequency of Tr1 cells, defined as interleukin-10-producing (P=0.0121) or CD49b(+)LAG-3(+) (P=0.0031) T cells, compared to DC-10 with low HLA-G. We found that the HLA-G expression on DC-10 is genetically imprinted, being associated with specific variations in the 3' untranslated region of the gene, and it may be finely tuned by microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. These data highlight the important role of HLA-G in boosting DC-10 tolerogenic activity and confirm that interleukin-10 production by DC-10 is necessary but not sufficient to promote Tr1 cells at high frequency. These new insights into the role of HLA-G in DC-10-mediated induction of Tr1 cells provide additional information for clinical use in Tr1- or DC-10-based cell therapy approaches.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Antígenos HLA-G/genética , Tolerância Imunológica/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Alelos , Diferenciação Celular , Anergia Clonal/genética , Anergia Clonal/imunologia , Citocinas/biossíntese , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Antígenos HLA-G/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
During embryonic development, blood cells emerge from specialized endothelial cells, named haemogenic endothelial cells (HECs). As HECs are rare and only transiently found in early developing embryos, it remains difficult to distinguish them from endothelial cells. Here we performed transcriptomic analysis of 28- to 32-day human embryos and observed that the expression of Fc receptor CD32 (FCGR2B) is highly enriched in the endothelial cell population that contains HECs. Functional analyses using human embryonic and human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells revealed that robust multilineage haematopoietic potential is harboured within CD32+ endothelial cells and showed that 90% of CD32+ endothelial cells are bona fide HECs. Remarkably, these analyses indicated that HECs progress through different states, culminating in FCGR2B expression, at which point cells are irreversibly committed to a haematopoietic fate. These findings provide a precise method for isolating HECs from human embryos and human pluripotent stem cell cultures, thus allowing the efficient generation of haematopoietic cells in vitro.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Hematopoese , Receptores de IgG , Humanos , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/genética , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Hemangioblastos/metabolismo , Hemangioblastos/citologia , Hematopoese/genética , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/citologia , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The identification of biomarkers correlated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes is a relevant need for clinical management. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is characterized by elevated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, HLA-G, and impaired testosterone production. OBJECTIVES: We aimed at defining the combined impact of sex hormones, interleukin-10, and HLA-G on COVID-19 pathophysiology and their relationship in male patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescent assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay circulating total testosterone, 17ß-estradiol (E2 ), IL-10, and -HLAG5 as well as SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 Immunoglobulin G from 292 healthy controls and 111 COVID-19 patients with different disease severity at hospital admission, and in 53 COVID-19 patients at 7-month follow-up. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We found significantly higher levels of IL-10, HLA-G, and E2 in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls and an inverse correlation between IL-10 and testosterone, with IL-10, progressively increasing and testosterone progressively decreasing with disease severity. This correlation was lost at the 7-month follow-up. The risk of death in COVID-19 patients with low testosterone increased in the presence of high IL-10. A negative correlation between SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G and HLA-G or IL-10 at hospitalization was observed. At the 7-month follow-up, IL-10 and testosterone normalized, and HLA-G decreased. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that combined evaluation of IL-10 and testosterone predicts the risk of death in men with COVID-19 and support the hypothesis that IL-10 fails to suppress excessive inflammation by promoting viral spreading.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , Masculino , SARS-CoV-2 , Antígenos HLA-G , Interleucina-10 , Testosterona , Interleucina-6 , Imunoglobulina GRESUMO
The immunological events leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D) are complex and heterogeneous, underscoring the necessity to study rare cases to improve our understanding. Here, we report the case of a 16-year-old patient who showed glycosuria during a regular checkup. Upon further evaluation, stage 2 T1D, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP), and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) were diagnosed. The patient underwent low carb diet, losing > 8 kg, and was placed on Ig replacement therapy. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab, RTX) was administered 2 years after diagnosis to treat peripheral polyneuropathy, whereas an atypical mycobacteriosis manifested 4 years after diagnosis and was managed with prolonged antibiotic treatment. In the fifth year of monitoring, the patient progressed to insulin dependency despite ZnT8A autoantibody resolution and IA-2A and GADA autoantibody decline. The patient had low T1D genetic risk score (GRS = 0.22817) and absence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3/DR4-DQ8. Genetic analysis identified the monoallelic mutation H159Y in TNFRSF13C, a gene encoding B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR). Significant reduced blood B-cell numbers and BAFFR levels were observed in line with a dysregulation in BAFF-BAFFR signaling. The elevated frequency of PD-1+ dysfunctional Tfh cells composed predominantly by Th1 phenotype was observed at disease onset and during follow-up. This case report describes a patient progressing to T1D on a BAFFR-mediated immunodysregulatory background, suggesting a role of BAFF-BAFFR signaling in islet-specific tolerance and T1D progression.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Adolescente , Autoanticorpos , Fator Ativador de Células B/genética , Humanos , Insulina/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
Mutations of the IL2RG encoding the common gamma-chain (gamma(c)) lead to the X-linked SCID disease. Gene correction through ex vivo retroviral transduction restored the immunological impairment in the most of treated patients, although lymphoproliferative events occurred in five of them. Even though in two cases it was clearly documented an insertional mutagenesis in LMO2, it is conceivable that gamma(c) could have a role per se in malignant lymphoproliferation. The gamma(c) is a shared cytokine receptor subunit, involved also in growth hormone (GH) receptor signaling. Through short interfering RNA or using X-linked SCID B lymphoblastoid cell lines lacking gamma(c), we demonstrate that self-sufficient growth was strongly dependent on gamma(c) expression. Furthermore, a correlation between gamma(c) amount and the extent of constitutive activation of JAK3 was found. The reduction of gamma(c) protein expression also reduced GH-induced proliferation and STAT5 nuclear translocation in B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Hence, our data demonstrate that gamma(c) plays a remarkable role in either spontaneous or GH-induced cell cycle progression depending on the amount of protein expression, suggesting a potential role as enhancing cofactor in lymphoproliferation.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Subunidade gama Comum de Receptores de Interleucina/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Linfócitos B/enzimologia , Linfócitos B/patologia , Ciclo Celular/genética , Ciclo Celular/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Substâncias de Crescimento/genética , Substâncias de Crescimento/fisiologia , Humanos , Subunidade gama Comum de Receptores de Interleucina/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidade gama Comum de Receptores de Interleucina/deficiência , Subunidade gama Comum de Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Janus Quinase 3/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 3/genética , Janus Quinase 3/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Contagem de Linfócitos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Doenças por Imunodeficiência Combinada Ligada ao Cromossomo X/imunologia , Doenças por Imunodeficiência Combinada Ligada ao Cromossomo X/metabolismo , Doenças por Imunodeficiência Combinada Ligada ao Cromossomo X/patologiaRESUMO
Molecular mechanisms associated with human germ cell aplasia in infertile men remain undefined. Here we perform single-cell transcriptome profiling to highlight differentially expressed genes and pathways in each somatic cell type in testes of men with idiopathic germ cell aplasia. We identify immaturity of Leydig cells, chronic tissue inflammation, fibrosis, and senescence phenotype of the somatic cells, as well markers of chronic inflammation in the blood. We find that deregulated expression of parentally imprinted genes in myoid and immature Leydig cells, with relevant changes in the ratio of Lamin A/C transcripts and an active DNA damage response in Leydig and peritubular myoid cells are also indicative of senescence of the testicular niche. This study offers molecular insights into the pathogenesis of idiopathic germ cell aplasia.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Dano ao DNA , Inflamação , Testículo/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/genética , Comunicação Celular , Quimiocinas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Células Germinativas , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Células Intersticiais do Testículo , Masculino , Fenótipo , Alinhamento de Sequência , Espermatogênese/genética , Espermatogênese/fisiologia , Espermatogônias/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in progressive destruction of ß-cells. Several factors affecting lymphocyte and antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), contribute to defective maintenance of tolerance in T1D. DC-10 are a subset of human DCs involved in IL-10-mediated tolerance. A precise monitoring of DC-10 in the peripheral blood is possible thanks to the discovery of specific biomarkers. DC-10, being cells that naturally express HLA-G, may be used for the appropriate staging of the disease. By enumerating and phenotypically characterizing DC-10 in the peripheral blood of subjects at different stages of T1D development-first-degree relatives (FDRs) of T1D patients, without (Abneg) or with (Abpos) autoantibodies, T1D patients at onset, and age-matched healthy controls (HCs)-we showed that DC-10 contain a high proportion of HLA-G-expressing cells as compared with monocytes. We reported that a low frequency of DC-10 during disease development is paralleled with the increased proportion of pro-inflammatory cDC2 cells. Moreover, DC-10 number and phenotype differ from Abneg FDRs, Abpos FDRs, and T1D patients compared with HCs, and DC-10 from T1D patients express low levels of CD83. Finally, multiple regression analysis, considering DC-10 and HLA-G-related parameters, showed that Abneg FDRs are more similar to subjects with autoimmunity than to HCs. This is the first demonstration that impairment in DC-10 number and phenotype, specifically CD83 expression, is associated with risk of developing T1D, suggesting a possible use of CD83+ DC-10 to stratify individuals at risk of T1D in conjunction with classical prognostic factors.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-G/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Adulto Jovem , Antígeno CD83RESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01260.].
RESUMO
The non-classical HLA-G is a well-known immune-modulatory molecule. In physiological condition, HLA-G surface expression is restricted to the maternal-fetal interface and to immune-privileged adult tissues, whereas soluble forms of HLA-G are detectable in various body fluids. HLA-G can be de novo expressed in pathological conditions including tumors, chronic infections, or after allogeneic transplantation. HLA-G exerts positive effects modulating innate and adaptive immune responses and promoting tolerance, or detrimental effects inducing immune escape mechanisms. HLA-G locus, in contrast to classical HLA class I gene, is highly polymorphic in the non-coding 3' untranslated region (UTR) and in the 5' upstream regulatory region (5' URR). Variability in these regions influences HLA-G expression by modifying mRNA stability or allowing posttranscriptional regulation in the case of 3' UTR or by sensing the microenvironment and responding to specific stimuli in the case of HLA-G promoter regions (5' URR). The influence of genetic variations on the expression of HLA-G makes it an attractive biomarker to monitor disease predisposition and progression, or response to therapy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge, efforts, and obstacles to generate a general consensus on the correlation between HLA-G genetic variability, protein expression, and disease predisposition. Moreover, we discuss perspectives for future investigation on HLA-G genotype/expression in association with disease predisposition and progression.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença , Antígenos HLA-G/genética , Antígenos HLA-G/imunologia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologiaRESUMO
Inhibition of T-cell proliferation is the most common approach to assess human myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) functions. However, diverse methodologies hinder the comparison of results obtained in different laboratories. In this chapter, we present a T-cell proliferation assay procedure based on allogeneic MDSC and T-cells that is potentially suitable to multi-center studies. The T-cells are isolated from non-cancerous donors and frozen for later use in different research groups. We observed that pure thawed T-cells showed poor proliferative capacities. To retain proliferation, T-cell-autologous mature dendritic cells are supplemented after thawing. MDSC are isolated from clinical samples and represent the sole variant between assays. Flow cytometry is used to assess T-cell proliferation by the dilution of a tracking dye.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Técnicas de Cocultura/métodos , Células Supressoras Mieloides/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Separação Celular/métodos , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Células Supressoras Mieloides/citologia , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Linfócitos T/citologiaRESUMO
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a small and distinct population of T cells crucial in immunomodulation. After activation by alpha-GalactosylCeramide (αGC), an exogenic glycolipid antigen, iNKT cells can rapidly release cytokines to enhance specific anti-tumor activity. Several human clinical trials on iNKT cell-based anti-cancer are ongoing, however results are not as striking as in murine models. Given that iNKT-based immunotherapies are dependent mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APC), a human tolerogenic molecule with no murine homolog, such as Human Leucocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), could contribute to this discrepancy. HLA-G is a well-known immune checkpoint molecule involved in fetal-maternal tolerance and in tumor immune escape. HLA-G exerts its immunomodulatory functions through the interaction with immune inhibitory receptors such as ILT2, differentially expressed on immune cell subsets. We hypothesized that HLA-G might inhibit iNKT function directly or by inducing tolerogenic APC leading to iNKT cell anergy, which could impact the results of current clinical trials. Using an ILT2-transduced murine iNKT cell line and human iNKT cells, we demonstrate that iNKT cells are sensitive to HLA-G, which inhibits their cytokine secretion. Furthermore, human HLA-G+ dendritic cells, called DC-10, failed at inducing iNKT cell activation compared to their autologous HLA-Gâ DCs counterparts. Our data show for the first time that the HLA-G/ILT2 ICP is involved in iNKT cell function modulation.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-G/imunologia , Receptor B1 de Leucócitos Semelhante a Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Células T Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Animais , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/imunologia , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
The prominent role of dendritic cells (DC) in promoting tolerance and the development of methods to generate clinical grade products allowed the clinical application of tolerogenic DC (tolDC)-based therapies for controlling unwanted immune responses. We established an efficient method to generate tolerogenic human DC, producing supra-physiological levels of IL-10, by genetically engineering monocyte-derived DC with a bidirectional Lentiviral Vector (bdLV) encoding for IL-10 and a marker gene. DCIL-10 are mature DC, modulate T cell responses, promote T regulatory cells, and are phenotypically and functionally stable upon stimulation. Adoptive transfer of human DCIL-10 in a humanized mouse model dampens allogeneic T cell recall responses, while murine DCIL-10 delays acute graft-vs.-host disease in mice. Our report outlines an efficient method to transduce human myeloid cells with large-size LV and shows that stable over-expression of IL-10 generates an effective cell product for future clinical applications in the contest of allogeneic transplantation.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Tolerância Imunológica , Interleucina-10/genética , Lentivirus/genética , Transdução Genética , Animais , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/genética , Imunofenotipagem , Camundongos , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
The prominent role of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) in promoting immune tolerance and the development of efficient methods to generate clinical grade products allow the application of tolDCs as cell-based approach to dampen antigen (Ag)-specific T cell responses in autoimmunity and transplantation. Interleukin (IL)-10 potently modulates the differentiation and functions of myeloid cells. Our group contributed to the identification of IL-10 as key factor in inducing a subset of human tolDCs, named dendritic cell (DC)-10, endowed with the ability to spontaneously release IL-10 and induce Ag-specific T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells. We will provide an overview on the role of IL-10 in modulating myeloid cells and in promoting DC-10. Moreover, we will discuss the clinical application of DC-10 as inducers of Ag-specific Tr1 cells for tailoring Tr1-based cell therapy, and as cell product for promoting and restoring tolerance in T-cell-mediated diseases.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos/imunologia , Humanos , Tolerância ImunológicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The human regulatory macrophage (Mreg) has emerged as a promising cell type for use as a cell-based adjunct immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplant recipients. In this brief report, dehydrogenase/reductase 9 (DHRS9) is identified as a robust marker of human Mregs. METHODS: The cognate antigen of a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against human Mregs was identified as DHRS9 by immunoprecipitation and MALDI-MS sequencing. Expression of DHRS9 within a panel of monocyte-derived macrophages was investigated by quantitative PCR, immunoblotting and flow cytometry. RESULTS: DHRS9 expression discriminated human Mregs from a panel of in vitro derived macrophages in other polarisation states. Likewise, DHRS9 expression distinguished Mregs from a variety of human monocyte-derived tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells in current development as cell-based immunotherapies, including Tol-DC, Rapa-DC, DC-10, and PGE2-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells. A subpopulation of DHRS9-expressing human splenic macrophages was identified by immunohistochemistry. Expression of DHRS9 was acquired gradually during in vitro development of human Mregs from CD14 monocytes and was further enhanced by IFN-γ treatment on day 6 of culture. Stimulating Mregs with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours did not extinguish DHRS9 expression. Dhrs9 was not an informative marker of mouse Mregs. CONCLUSION: DHRS9 is a specific and stable marker of human Mregs.
Assuntos
3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/enzimologia , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fenótipo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Especificidade da Espécie , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G is involved in reprogramming immune responses at fetal-maternal interface during pregnancy. We evaluated the genetic diversity of the 3' Un-Translated Region (UTR) of HLA-G, previously associated with HLA-G mRNA post-transcriptional regulation, in women with unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL), with 2 pregnancy losses (RPL-2, n=28), or 3 or more pregnancy losses (RPL-3, n=24), and in 30 women with a history of successful pregnancy. Results showed in RPL-2, but not in RPL-3, women compared to controls: i) higher frequency of the 14bp Ins allele, in single and in double copy; ii) significantly lower frequency of DelG/X genotype, iii) reduced frequency of the UTR-2, and UTR-3 haplotypes; iv) higher frequencies of the UTR-5, UTR-7, and UTR-8 haplotypes. This pilot study supports the relevance of performing 3'UTR HLA-G genetic screening, not limited to a specific polymorphism, but considering the extended haplotypes, as a possible predictor of pregnancy outcome.
Assuntos
Regiões 3' não Traduzidas/genética , Aborto Habitual/genética , Antígenos HLA-G/genética , Aborto Habitual/diagnóstico , Adulto , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Testes Genéticos , Genótipo , Humanos , Itália , Projetos Piloto , Polimorfismo Genético , Gravidez , Proteína Ribossômica L3RESUMO
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) play a central role in educating maternal leukocytes, endometrial stromal and endothelial cells to generate a receptive decidual microenvironment tailored to accept the semi-allogeneic fetus. HLA-G, a non-classical HLA class I molecule endowed with immune-regulatory functions, is primarily expressed on EVTs lining the placenta and on the naturally occurring tolerogenic dendritic cells, named DC-10, which are enriched in the human first trimester decidua. Decidual DC-10 are involved in HLA-G-mediated tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. EVTs not only establish a tolerogenic microenvironment through the interaction with maternal innate and adaptive cells but also orchestrate placenta vascular and tissue remodeling, leading to a successful pregnancy. Here, we discuss the potential implications of the HLA-G-mediated cross-talk among the cells present at the maternal-fetal interface, and its role in maintaining a positive relationship between the mother and the fetus.