Core-binding factor fusion downregulation of ADAR2 RNA editing contributes to AML leukemogenesis.

Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, which is catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) family of enzymes, ADAR1 and ADAR2, has been shown to contribute to multiple cancers. However, other than the chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis, relatively little is known about its role in other types of hematological malignancies. Here, we found that ADAR2, but not ADAR1 and ADAR3, was specifically downregulated in the core-binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21) or inv(16) translocations. In t(8;21) AML, RUNX1-driven transcription of ADAR2 was repressed by the RUNX1-ETO additional exon 9a fusion protein in a dominant-negative manner. Further functional studies confirmed that ADAR2 could suppress leukemogenesis specifically in t(8;21) and inv16 AML cells dependent on its RNA editing capability. Expression of 2 exemplary ADAR2-regulated RNA editing targets coatomer subunit α and component of oligomeric Golgi complex 3 inhibits the clonogenic growth of human t(8;21) AML cells. Our findings support a hitherto, unappreciated mechanism leading to ADAR2 dysregulation in CBF AML and highlight the functional relevance of loss of ADAR2-mediated RNA editing to CBF AML.

RNA editing mediates the functional switch of COPA in a novel mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: RNA editing introduces nucleotide changes in RNA sequences. Recent studies have reported that aberrant adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is implicated in cancers. Until now, very few functionally important protein-recoding editing targets have been discovered. Here, we investigated the role of a recently discovered protein-recoding editing target COPA (coatomer subunit α) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Clinical implication of COPA editing was studied in a cohort of 125 HCC patients. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the editing site complementary sequence (ECS) was used to delete edited COPA transcripts endogenously. COPA editing-mediated change in its transcript or protein stability was investigated upon actinomycin D or cycloheximide treatment, respectively. Functional difference in tumourigenesis between wild-type and edited COPA (COPAWTvs. COPAI164V) and the exact mechanisms were also studied in cell models and mice. RESULTS: ADAR2 binds to double-stranded RNA formed between edited exon 6 and the ECS at intron 6 of COPA pre-mRNA, causing an isoleucine-to-valine substitution at residue 164. Reduced editing of COPA is implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC, and more importantly, it may be involved in many cancer types. Upon editing, COPAWT switches from a tumour-promoting gene to a tumour suppressor that has a dominant-negative effect. Moreover, COPAI164V may undergo protein conformational change and therefore become less stable than COPAWT. Mechanistically, COPAI164V may deactivate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through downregulation of caveolin-1 (CAV1). CONCLUSIONS: We uncover an RNA editing-associated mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis by which downregulation of ADAR2 caused the loss of tumour suppressive COPAI164V and concurrent accumulation of tumour-promoting COPAWT in tumours; a rapid degradation of COPAI164V protein and hyper-activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway further promote tumourigenesis. LAY SUMMARY: RNA editing is a process in which RNA is changed after it is made from DNA, resulting in an altered gene product. In this study, we found that RNA editing of a gene known as coatomer subunit α (COPA) is lower in tumour samples and discovered that this editing process changes COPA protein from a tumour-promoting form to a tumour-suppressive form. Loss of the edited COPA promotes the development of liver cancer.

Identification of a novel enhancer of CEBPE essential for granulocytic differentiation.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ε (CEBPE) is an essential transcription factor for granulocytic differentiation. Mutations of CEBPE occur in individuals with neutrophil-specific granule deficiency (SGD), which is characterized by defects in neutrophil maturation. Cebpe-knockout mice also exhibit defects in terminal differentiation of granulocytes, a phenotype reminiscent of SGD. Analysis of DNase I hypersensitive sites sequencing data revealed an open chromatin region 6 kb downstream of the transcriptional start site of Cebpe in murine myeloid cells. We identified an interaction between this +6-kb region and the core promoter of Cebpe using circular chromosome conformation capture sequencing (4C-seq). To understand the role of this putative enhancer in transcriptional regulation of Cebpe, we targeted it using catalytically inactive Cas9 fused to Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain and observed a significant downregulation of transcript and protein levels of CEBPE in cells expressing guide RNA targeting the +6-kb region. To further investigate the role of this novel enhancer further in myelopoiesis, we generated mice with deletion of this region using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Germline deletion of the +6-kb enhancer resulted in reduced levels of CEBPE and its target genes and caused a severe block in granulocytic differentiation. We also identified binding of CEBPA and CEBPE to the +6-kb enhancer, which suggests their role in regulating the expression of Cebpe In summary, we have identified a novel enhancer crucial for regulating expression of Cebpe and required for normal granulocytic differentiation.

The enhancer RNA ARIEL activates the oncogenic transcriptional program in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The oncogenic transcription factor TAL1 regulates the transcriptional program in T-ALL. ARID5B is one of the critical downstream targets of TAL1, which further activates the oncogenic regulatory circuit in T-ALL cells. Here, we elucidated the molecular functions of the noncoding RNA, ARID5B-inducing enhancer associated long noncoding RNA (ARIEL), in T-ALL pathogenesis. We demonstrated that ARIEL is specifically activated in TAL1 + T-ALL cases, and its expression is associated with ARID5B enhancer activity. ARIEL recruits mediator proteins to the ARID5B enhancer, promotes enhancer-promoter interactions, and activates the expression of ARID5B, thereby positively regulating the TAL1-induced transcriptional program and the MYC oncogene. The TAL1 complex coordinately regulates the expression of ARIEL Knockdown of ARIEL inhibits cell growth and survival of T-ALL cells in culture and blocks disease progression in a murine xenograft model. Our results indicate that ARIEL plays an oncogenic role as an enhancer RNA in T-ALL.

MethMotif: an integrative cell specific database of transcription factor binding motifs coupled with DNA methylation profiles.

Several recent studies have portrayed DNA methylation as a new player in the recruitment of transcription factors (TF) within chromatin, highlighting a need to connect TF binding sites (TFBS) with their respective DNA methylation profiles. However, current TFBS databases are restricted to DNA binding motif sequences. Here, we present MethMotif, a two-dimensional TFBS database that records TFBS position weight matrices along with cell type specific CpG methylation information computed from a combination of ChIP-seq and whole genome bisulfite sequencing datasets. Integrating TFBS motifs with TFBS DNA methylation better portrays the features of DNA loci recognised by TFs. In particular, we found that DNA methylation patterns within TFBS can be cell specific (e.g. MAFF). Furthermore, for a given TF, different DNA methylation profiles are associated with different DNA binding motifs (e.g. REST). To date, MethMotif database records over 500 TFBSs computed from over 2000 ChIP-seq datasets in 11 different cell types. MethMotif portal is accessible through an open source web interface (https://bioinfo-csi.nus.edu.sg/methmotif) that allows users to intuitively explore the entire dataset and perform both single, and batch queries.

Master transcription factors form interconnected circuitry and orchestrate transcriptional networks in oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: While oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma remains infrequent in Western populations, the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased sixfold to eightfold over the past four decades. We aimed to characterise oesophageal cancer-specific and subtypes-specific gene regulation patterns and their upstream transcription factors (TFs). DESIGN: To identify regulatory elements, we profiled fresh-frozen oesophageal normal samples, tumours and cell lines with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Mathematical modelling was performed to establish (super)-enhancers landscapes and interconnected transcriptional circuitry formed by master TFs. Coregulation and cooperation between master TFs were investigated by ChIP-Seq, circularised chromosome conformation capture sequencing and luciferase assay. Biological functions of candidate factors were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: We found widespread and pervasive alterations of the (super)-enhancer reservoir in both subtypes of oesophageal cancer, leading to transcriptional activation of a myriad of novel oncogenes and signalling pathways, some of which may be exploited pharmacologically (eg, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) pathway). Focusing on EAC, we bioinformatically reconstructed and functionally validated an interconnected circuitry formed by four master TFs-ELF3, KLF5, GATA6 and EHF-which promoted each other's expression by interacting with each super-enhancer. Downstream, these master TFs occupied almost all EAC super-enhancers and cooperatively orchestrated EAC transcriptome. Each TF within the transcriptional circuitry was highly and specifically expressed in EAC and functionally promoted EAC cell proliferation and survival. CONCLUSIONS: By establishing cancer-specific and subtype-specific features of the EAC epigenome, our findings promise to transform understanding of the transcriptional dysregulation and addiction of EAC, while providing molecular clues to develop novel therapeutic modalities against this malignancy.

Aberrant hyperediting of the myeloma transcriptome by ADAR1 confers oncogenicity and is a marker of poor prognosis.

DNA alterations have been extensively reported in multiple myeloma (MM); however, they cannot yet fully explain all the biological and molecular abnormalities in MM, which remains to this day an incurable disease with eventual emergence of refractory disease. Recent years have seen abnormalities at the RNA levels being reported to possess potential biological relevance in cancers. ADAR1-mediated A-to-I editing is an important posttranscriptional mechanism in human physiology, and the biological implication of its abnormality, especially at the global level, is underexplored in MM. In this study, we define the biological implications of A-to-I editing and how it contributes to MM pathogenesis. Here, we identified that the MM transcriptome is aberrantly hyperedited because of the overexpression of ADAR1. These events were associated with patients' survival independent of 1q21 amplifications and could affect patients' responsiveness to different treatment regimes. Our functional assays established ADAR1 to be oncogenic, driving cellular growth and proliferation in an editing-dependent manner. In addition, we identified NEIL1 (base-excision repair gene) as an essential and a ubiquitously edited ADAR1 target in MM. The recoded NEIL1 protein showed defective oxidative damage repair capacity and loss-of-function properties. Collectively, our data demonstrated that ADAR1-mediated A-to-I editing is both clinically and biologically relevant in MM. These data unraveled novel insights into MM molecular pathogenesis at the global RNA level.

Bidirectional regulation of adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing by DEAH box helicase 9 (DHX9) in cancer.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing entails the enzymatic deamination of adenosines to inosines by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Dysregulated A-to-I editing has been implicated in various diseases, including cancers. However, the precise factors governing the A-to-I editing and their physiopathological implications remain as a long-standing question. Herein, we unravel that DEAH box helicase 9 (DHX9), at least partially dependent of its helicase activity, functions as a bidirectional regulator of A-to-I editing in cancer cells. Intriguingly, the ADAR substrate specificity determines the opposing effects of DHX9 on editing as DHX9 silencing preferentially represses editing of ADAR1-specific substrates, whereas augments ADAR2-specific substrate editing. Analysis of 11 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) reveals a striking overexpression of DHX9 in tumors. Further, tumorigenicity studies demonstrate a helicase-dependent oncogenic role of DHX9 in cancer development. In sum, DHX9 constitutes a bidirectional regulatory mode in A-to-I editing, which is in part responsible for the dysregulated editome profile in cancer.

CSI NGS Portal: An Online Platform for Automated NGS Data Analysis and Sharing.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been a widely-used technology in biomedical research for understanding the role of molecular genetics of cells in health and disease. A variety of computational tools have been developed to analyse the vastly growing NGS data, which often require bioinformatics skills, tedious work and a significant amount of time. To facilitate data processing steps minding the gap between biologists and bioinformaticians, we developed CSI NGS Portal, an online platform which gathers established bioinformatics pipelines to provide fully automated NGS data analysis and sharing in a user-friendly website. The portal currently provides 16 standard pipelines for analysing data from DNA, RNA, smallRNA, ChIP, RIP, 4C, SHAPE, circRNA, eCLIP, Bisulfite and scRNA sequencing, and is flexible to expand with new pipelines. The users can upload raw data in FASTQ format and submit jobs in a few clicks, and the results will be self-accessible via the portal to view/download/share in real-time. The output can be readily used as the final report or as input for other tools depending on the pipeline. Overall, CSI NGS Portal helps researchers rapidly analyse their NGS data and share results with colleagues without the aid of a bioinformatician. The portal is freely available at: https://csibioinfo.nus.edu.sg/csingsportal.

Super-Enhancer-Driven Long Non-Coding RNA LINC01503, Regulated by TP63, Is Over-Expressed and Oncogenic in Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed in tissue-specific pattern, but it is not clear how these are regulated. We aimed to identify squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-specific lncRNAs and investigate mechanisms that control their expression and function. METHODS: We studied expression patterns and functions of 4 SCC-specific lncRNAs. We obtained 113 esophageal SCC (ESCC) and matched non-tumor esophageal tissues from a hospital in Shantou City, China, and performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to measure expression levels of LINC01503. We collected clinical data from patients and compared expression levels with survival times. LINC01503 was knocked down using small interfering RNAs and oligonucleotides in TE7, TE5, and KYSE510 cell lines and overexpressed in KYSE30 cells. Cells were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, luciferase reporter assays, colony formation, migration and invasion, and mass spectrometry analyses. Cells were injected into nude mice and growth of xenograft tumors was measured. LINC01503 interaction with proteins was studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA pulldown, and RNA immunoprecipitation analyses. RESULTS: We identified a lncRNA, LINC01503, which is regulated by a super enhancer and is expressed at significantly higher levels in esophageal and head and neck SCCs than in non-tumor tissues. High levels in SCCs correlated with shorter survival times of patients. The transcription factor TP63 bound to the super enhancer at the LINC01503 locus and activated its transcription. Expression of LINC01503 in ESCC cell lines increased their proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. Knockdown of LINC01503 in SCC cells reduced their proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, and the growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice. Expression of LINC01503 in ESCC cell lines reduced ERK2 dephosphorylation by DUSP6, leading to activation of ERK signaling via MAPK. LINC01503 disrupted the interaction between EBP1 and the p85 subunit of PI3K, increasing AKT signaling. CONCLUSIONS: We identified an lncRNA, LINC01503, which is increased in SCC cells compared with non-tumor cells. Increased expression of LINC01503 promotes ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and growth of xenograft tumors. It might be developed as a biomarker of aggressive SCCs in patients.

NCG 5.0: updates of a manually curated repository of cancer genes and associated properties from cancer mutational screenings.

The Network of Cancer Genes (NCG, http://ncg.kcl.ac.uk/) is a manually curated repository of cancer genes derived from the scientific literature. Due to the increasing amount of cancer genomic data, we have introduced a more robust procedure to extract cancer genes from published cancer mutational screenings and two curators independently reviewed each publication. NCG release 5.0 (August 2015) collects 1571 cancer genes from 175 published studies that describe 188 mutational screenings of 13 315 cancer samples from 49 cancer types and 24 primary sites. In addition to collecting cancer genes, NCG also provides information on the experimental validation that supports the role of these genes in cancer and annotates their properties (duplicability, evolutionary origin, expression profile, function and interactions with proteins and miRNAs).

Strontium chloride hexahydrate as a candidate molecule for long-term treatment of allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Neurogenic inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis (AR). Strontium salts are highly effective in reducing the sensory irritation. This study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of strontium chloride (SC) on AR symptoms based on the duration of SC use before the symptoms begin. METHODS: Wistar albino rats (n=18) were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1, received 1µg mometasone furoate (MF); Group 2, three per cent SC; and Group 3 received five per cent SC (2 µl/site). Drugs were administered to the each nasal cavity for three weeks every morning. On the days 7, 14 and 21, histamine dihydrochloride (HD) 5 µmol (2 µl/site) was administered and the frequencies of nasal rubbing and sneezing were counted for 15 min. RESULTS: After 7, 14 and 21 day medication period, the groups were compared in terms of the frequency of sneezing and nasal rubbing following HD. There was a significant difference among the groups in terms of the frequency of sneezing on the day 7 (PPInterpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that three and five per cent SC were less effective than MF for sneezing during the first week, but the efficiency was equal to that of MF after the first 14 days. Long-term use of SC was as effective as MF on nasal rubbing. SC can be as effective as MF on both sneezing and nasal rubbing on regular use over three weeks.

Impact of CD151 overexpression on prognosis and therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients lacking EGFR mutations.

This study investigates CD151, a protein linked to cancer progression, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. These patients often have limited treatment options. The study used retrospective analysis to examine 157 adenocarcinoma biopsy specimens and 199 patient cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas, correlating CD151 expression with patient survival. Cellular studies revealed that CD151 interacts with EGFR, influencing epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell proliferation and the effectiveness of the EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib. A strong association was found between CD151 expression and EGFR mutation status. High CD151 expression in the absence of EGFR mutations is correlated with poorer survival outcomes. Biological assays showed that CD151 colocalizes and associates with EGFR, playing a crucial role in regulating EGF-induced cell proliferation via the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways. Importantly, CD151 expression was found to influence the anti-proliferative effects of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib. High CD151 expression, in the absence of EGFR mutations, was associated with poorer survival outcomes. It could serve as a potential prognostic marker and influence cellular responses to EGFR-targeted treatments. This study highlights CD151 as a potential novel target for therapeutic intervention in NSCLC, especially in populations lacking EGFR mutations.

Hepatocyte-macrophage crosstalk via the PGRN-EGFR axis modulates ADAR1-mediated immunity in the liver.

ADAR1-mediated RNA editing establishes immune tolerance to endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by preventing its sensing, primarily by MDA5. Although deleting Ifih1 (encoding MDA5) rescues embryonic lethality in ADAR1-deficient mice, they still experience early postnatal death, and removing other MDA5 signaling proteins does not yield the same rescue. Here, we show that ablation of MDA5 in a liver-specific Adar knockout (KO) murine model fails to rescue hepatic abnormalities caused by ADAR1 loss. Ifih1;Adar double KO (dKO) hepatocytes accumulate endogenous dsRNAs, leading to aberrant transition to a highly inflammatory state and recruitment of macrophages into dKO livers. Mechanistically, progranulin (PGRN) appears to mediate ADAR1 deficiency-induced liver pathology, promoting interferon signaling and attracting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)+ macrophages into dKO liver, exacerbating hepatic inflammation. Notably, the PGRN-EGFR crosstalk communication and consequent immune responses are significantly repressed in ADAR1high tumors, revealing that pre-neoplastic or neoplastic cells can exploit ADAR1-dependent immune tolerance to facilitate immune evasion.

FEZ1 participates in human embryonic brain development by modulating neuronal progenitor subpopulation specification and migrations.

Mutations in the human fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1) gene are found in schizophrenia and Jacobsen syndrome patients. Here, using human cerebral organoids (hCOs), we show that FEZ1 expression is turned on early during brain development and is detectable in both neuroprogenitor subtypes and immature neurons. FEZ1 deletion disrupts expression of neuronal and synaptic development genes. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we detected abnormal expansion of homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX)- outer radial glia (oRG), concurrent with a reduction of HOPX+ oRG, in FEZ1-null hCOs. HOPX- oRGs show higher cell mobility as compared to HOPX+ oRGs. Ectopic localization of neuroprogenitors to the outer layer is seen in FEZ1-null hCOs. Anomalous encroachment of TBR2+ intermediate progenitors into CTIP2+ deep layer neurons further indicated abnormalities in cortical layer formation these hCOs. Collectively, our findings highlight the involvement of FEZ1 in early cortical brain development and how it contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders.

JAK2 as a surface marker for enrichment of human pluripotent stem cells-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND: Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) hold great promise for cardiac disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Despite the advancement in various differentiation protocols, the heterogeneity of the generated population composed of diverse cardiac subtypes poses a significant challenge to their practical applications. Mixed populations of cardiac subtypes can compromise disease modelling and drug discovery, while transplanting them may lead to undesired arrhythmias as they may not integrate and synchronize with the host tissue's contractility. It is therefore crucial to identify cell surface markers that could enable high purity of ventricular CMs for subsequent applications. METHODS: By exploiting the fact that immature CMs expressing myosin light chain 2A (MLC2A) will gradually express myosin light chain 2 V (MLC2V) protein as they mature towards ventricular fate, we isolated signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA)-positive CMs expressing intracellular MLC2A or MLC2V using MARIS (method for analysing RNA following intracellular sorting). Subsequently, RNA sequencing analysis was performed to examine the gene expression profile of MLC2A + and MLC2V + sorted CMs. We identified genes that were significantly up-regulated in MLC2V + samples to be potential surface marker candidates for ventricular specification. To validate these surface markers, we performed immunostaining and western blot analysis to measure MLC2A and MLC2V protein expressions in SIRPA + CMs that were either positive or negative for the putative surface markers, JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) or CD200. We then characterized the electrophysiological properties of surface marker-sorted CMs, using fluo-4 AM, a green-fluorescent calcium indicator, to measure the cellular calcium transient at the single cell level. For functional validation, we investigated the response of the surface marker-sorted CMs to vernakalant, an atrial-selective anti-arrhythmic agent. RESULTS: In this study, while JAK2 and CD200 were identified as potential surface markers for the purification of ventricular-like CMs, the SIRPA+/JAK2+ population showed a higher percentage of MLC2V-expressing cells (~ 90%) compared to SIRPA+/CD200+ population (~ 75%). SIRPA+/JAK2+ sorted CMs exhibited ventricular-like electrophysiological properties, including slower beating rate, slower calcium depolarization and longer calcium repolarization duration. Importantly, vernakalant had limited to no significant effect on the calcium repolarization duration of SIRPA+/JAK2+ population, indicating their enrichment for ventricular-like CMs. CONCLUSION: Our study lays the groundwork for the identification of cardiac subtype surface markers that allow purification of cardiomyocyte sub-populations. Our findings suggest that JAK2 can be employed as a cell surface marker for enrichment of hPSC-derived ventricular-like CMs.

Robust generation of human-chambered cardiac organoids from pluripotent stem cells for improved modelling of cardiovascular diseases.

BACKGROUND: Tissue organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells are valuable tools for disease modelling and to understand developmental processes. While recent progress in human cardiac organoids revealed the ability of these stem cell-derived organoids to self-organize and intrinsically formed chamber-like structure containing a central cavity, it remained unclear the processes involved that enabled such chamber formation. METHODS: Chambered cardiac organoids (CCOs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (H7) were generated by modulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling under fully defined conditions, and several growth factors essential for cardiac progenitor expansion. Transcriptomic profiling of day 8, day 14 and day 21 CCOs was performed by quantitative PCR and single-cell RNA sequencing. Endothelin-1 (EDN1) known to induce oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes was used to induce cardiac hypertrophy in CCOs in vitro. Functional characterization of cardiomyocyte contractile machinery was performed by immunofluorescence staining and analysis of brightfield and fluorescent video recordings. Quantitative PCR values between groups were compared using two-tailed Student's t tests. Cardiac organoid parameters comparison between groups was performed using two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test when sample size is small; otherwise, Welch's t test was used. Comparison of calcium kinetics parameters derived from the fluorescent data was performed using two-tailed Student's t tests. RESULTS: Importantly, we demonstrated that a threshold number of cardiac progenitor was essential to line the circumference of the inner cavity to ensure proper formation of a chamber within the organoid. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed improved maturation over a time course, as evidenced from increased mRNA expression of cardiomyocyte maturation genes, ion channel genes and a metabolic shift from glycolysis to fatty acid ß-oxidation. Functionally, CCOs recapitulated clinical cardiac hypertrophy by exhibiting thickened chamber walls, reduced fractional shortening, and increased myofibrillar disarray upon treatment with EDN1. Furthermore, electrophysiological assessment of calcium transients displayed tachyarrhythmic phenotype observed as a consequence of rapid depolarization occurring prior to a complete repolarization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings shed novel insights into the role of progenitors in CCO formation and pave the way for the robust generation of cardiac organoids, as a platform for future applications in disease modelling and drug screening in vitro.

Multilayered control of splicing regulatory networks by DAP3 leads to widespread alternative splicing changes in cancer.

The dynamic regulation of alternative splicing requires coordinated participation of multiple RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Aberrant splicing caused by dysregulation of splicing regulatory RBPs is implicated in numerous cancers. Here, we reveal a frequently overexpressed cancer-associated protein, DAP3, as a splicing regulatory RBP in cancer. Mechanistically, DAP3 coordinates splicing regulatory networks, not only via mediating the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes to induce substrate-specific splicing changes, but also via modulating splicing of numerous splicing factors to cause indirect effect on splicing. A pan-cancer analysis of alternative splicing across 33 TCGA cancer types identified DAP3-modulated mis-splicing events in multiple cancers, and some of which predict poor prognosis. Functional investigation of non-productive splicing of WSB1 provides evidence for establishing a causal relationship between DAP3-modulated mis-splicing and tumorigenesis. Together, our work provides critical mechanistic insights into the splicing regulatory roles of DAP3 in cancer development.

T and NK cell lymphoma cell lines do not rely on ZAP-70 for survival.

B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling is critical for the survival of B-cell lymphomas and is a therapeutic target of drugs such as Ibrutinib. However, the role of T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling in the survival of T/Natural Killer (NK) lymphomas is not clear. ZAP-70 (zeta associated protein-70) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with a critical role in T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling. It has also been shown to play a role in normal NK cell signalling and activation. High ZAP-70 expression has been detected by immunohistochemistry in peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) and NK cell lymphomas (NKTCL). We therefore, studied the role of TCR pathways in mediating the proliferation and survival of these malignancies through ZAP-70 signalling. ZAP-70 protein was highly expressed in T cell lymphoma cell lines (JURKAT and KARPAS-299) and NKTCL cell lines (KHYG-1, HANK-1, NK-YS, SNK-1 and SNK-6), but not in multiple B-cell lymphoma cell lines. siRNA depletion of ZAP-70 suppressed the phosphorylation of ZAP-70 substrates, SLP76, LAT and p38MAPK, but did not affect cell viability or induce apoptosis in these cell lines. Similarly, while stable overexpression of ZAP-70 mediates increased phosphorylation of target substrates in the TCR pathway, it does not promote increased survival or growth of NKTCL cell lines. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor Gefitinib, which has off-target activity against ZAP-70, also did not show any differential cell kill between ZAP-70 overexpressing (OE) or knockdown (KD) cell lines. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing highlighted that there was very minimal differential gene expression in three different T/NK cell lines induced by ZAP-70 KD. Importantly, ZAP-70 KD did not significantly enrich for any downstream TCR related genes and pathways. Altogether, this suggests that high expression and constitutive signalling of ZAP-70 in T/NK lymphoma is not critical for cell survival or downstream TCR-mediated signalling and gene expression. ZAP-70 therefore may not be a suitable therapeutic target in T/NK cell malignancies.