[Role of triplet exciplex in electron transport]. / Rol'tripletnogo éksipleksa v reaktsii perenosa élektrona.

The role of triplet exciplex in electron transfer was considered in the photooxidation of chlorophylls "a" and "b" with p-benzoquinone and aromatic nitrous compounds. Relationship between the change of free energy delta F of formation of solvated ion-radical, ion-radical pairs and chlorophyll exciplex and dielectric constant of the medium & was investigated. The conclusions obtained were compared with the experimental data on the intermediate products. It was found that photooxidation of chlorophyll may proceed via the formation of the exciplex in the triplet state, while during pheophytin photooxidation no exciplex is formed and the first stage of electron transfer is the formation of the ion-radical pair.

Excited complexes in oxidation-reduction photoreactions of pigments. I. Spectral detection of triplet state exciplex in the chlorophyll oxidation reaction. / Vozbuzhdennye kompleksy v okislitel'no-vosstanovitel'nykh fotoreaktsiiakh pigmentov. I. Spektral'noe obnaruzhenie éksipleksa v tripletnom sostoianii v reaktsii okisleniia khlorofilla

Photooxidation of chlorophyll "a" with p-benzoquinone in toluene and dioxane is studied by the method of flash photolysis. It is shown that in nonpolar medium the triplet exiplex is the product of this reaction. The experiments on competitive quenching of chlorophyll triplet state with naphthacene prove the diffusion mechanism of exiplex formation. The spectrum of triplet-triplet absorption of the exiplex is presented and the rate constant of intercombination degradation equalling 1.103 sec(-1) is measured. Possible structure of the exiplex is discussed.

[Effect of the spectral composition of light on the mechanism of reaction of chlorophyll oxidation]. / Vliianie spektral'nogo sostava sveta na mekhanizm reaktsii okisleniia khlorofilla

Photochemical oxidation of chlorophyll "a" on excitation of the pigment in different spectrum region (400-800 nm) was studied by flash photolysis. The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll cation-radical Chl+ was obtained and the values of extinction coefficient found. An attempt was made of photochemical generation of dication form of chlorophyll. Thermodynamical calculation supporting the possibility of the following reaction is presented: (Chl+)*+Ae -- Chl2""Ae. The absence of Chl2+ is explained by a short life time of the excited cation-radical of chlorophyll (Chl+)*. The effect of the wave length of excited light on the kinetics of the decay of chlorophyll cation-radical is studied. It is shown that on excitation of chlorophyll "a" with white light the life time of Chl+ decreases and its death is described by an equation of first order, which is explained by the formation of ion-radical of the electron acceptor resulting from the direct excitation of Ae.

[Nature of the electron excited state in pigment redox reactions. II. Analysis of the scheme of primary processes in the photooxidation reaction of chlorophylls a and b and pheophytin a ]. / Priroda élektronno-vozbuzhdennogo sostoianiia v okislitel'no-vosstanovitel'nykh reaktsiiakh pigmentov. II. Analiz skhemy pervichnykh protsessov v reaktsii fotookisleniia khlorofillov a i b i feofitina a.

A scheme of primary reactions in photooxidation of pigments was considered assuming that electron transfer processes can occur via singlet excited as well as triplet states. The results of analysis are compared with the experimental data on relative yield values of chlorophylls a, b, and pheophytin a cation-radicals, as well as with the data on fluorescence quenching. A conclusion has been drawn that photooxidation of pigments proceeds exclusively via the triplet state. The dependence of rate constant quenching values of chlorophyll a triplet state by certain electron acceptors on values of half cell potentials was given.

[Nature of the electron-excited state in redox reactions of pigments. I. Photooxidation of chlorophyll a by n-benzoquine]. / Priroda élektronno-vozbuzhdennogo sostoianiia v okislitel'no-vosstanovitel'nykh reaktsiiakh pigmentov. I. Fotookislenie khlorofilla a n-benzokhimonom.

A method for studying the nature of electronic excited state under photooxidation is proposed. It is shown by an example of the oxidation of chlorophyll a with p-benzoquinone that the formation of cation-radicals of pigments proceeds only through the triplet state. On the basis of experimental data the values of the rate constants of formation of chlorophyll cation-radicals through the singlet-excited state (K2(1)--10(7) M-1 s-1) and triplet state (Kr=10(9) M-1 s-1) of the pigment are evaluated.

[Subclasses of immunoglobulin G. I. Determination of subclasses of G-paraproteins by the method of tryptic splitting]. / Issledovanie subklassov immunoglobulina G. I Opredelenie subklassov G-paraproteinov metodom tripticheskogo rasshchepleniia

Subclasses of the G-paraproteins were examined by the method of tryptic splitting of the sera. The fragments were identified in the immunoelectrophoresis with the antisera detecting the IgG, Fab-, Fc- and Fc1-fragments. It was revealed that for the IgGI most typical was formation of the Fc1-fragment continuously detected along with the Fab- and Fc-fragments; for the IgG1--retention of a considerable amount of unsplit protein; for the IgG3--formation of the Fab- and Fc-fragments, for the IgG4-- of the Fab-fragment alone. Analysis of 96 sera of the patients suffering from G-myeloma showed that 69 were referred to the IgGl, 19 - to the IgG2, 5 - to the IgG3, and 3 - to the IgG4. The method tested permitted successful identification of subclasses of the G-paraproteins, this serving as the necessary prerequisite for the choice of antigens and sorbents in the preparation of the subclass-specific antisera.

[Immunochemical study of serum in the diagnosis of mu-chain disease]. / Immunokhimicheskoe issledovanie syvorotki v diagnostike bolezni mu-tsepei

An abnormal protein revealed in the serum of a patient with an unknown lymphoproliferative disorder proved to be micron-paraprotein: micron-heavy chain complexes of various molecular weight totally lacking light chains. The results of immunochemical analysis of this case are compared with the published data on micron-chain disease. The following immunochemical features typical for micron-chain disease were observed in this patient: anodal mobility of paraprotein, failure to reveal it by serum electrophoresis, that is, absence of M-gradient, and presence of Bence Jones protein, type x in the urine and the serum. The peculiarity of the case consists in a high tendency of free x-chains to form complexes, and therefore in their marked electrophoretic heterogeneity giving a false impresssion of the ability of micron-paraprotein to react with the anti-x serum, thus complicating the diagnosis. Possible causes of a defect in the IgM assembly are discussed.

[Rare forms of paraproteinemic hemoblastosis]. / Redkie formy paraproteinemicheskikh gemoblastozov.

The paper is concerned with 10 cases of multiple myeloma with myeloid (myeloma-myeloid) splenomegaly and myelemia; 4 cases of chronic subleukemic (or aleukemic) lymphocyte plasma cell leukemia with paraproteinemia G which do not differ in the clinical or morphological picture from Waldenström's macroglobulinemia ("Waldenström's macroglobulinemia without macroglobulinemia"), and 2 cases of macroglobulinemia lymphocyte plasma cell lymphoma of the stomach and lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity with chronic plasma cell leukemia. The pathogenetic aspects of these rare forms of paraproteinemic hemoblastoses, problems of the diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

[Possibility of complete recovery in multiple myeloma]. / K voprosu o vozmozhnosti polnogo vyzdorovleniia pri mnozhestvennoi mielome.

In three patients with multiple myeloma, stage IIIA, a complete remission lasting from 6 to 8 years was attained, in spite of the fact that not all of them received treatment. In the latter case the remission lasted from 5 to 6 years. One of the patients had diffuse Gk + BIk myeloma, one presented with multiple focal one with protein BIk production, and one patient had multiple focal myeloma with spinal cord compression and complete lower paraplegia without verified secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulin. The times of therapy until the attainment of a complete remission were 3,5 and 13 years, whereas the total survival amounted to 9, 5 and 20 years since the appearance of the first disease symptoms. Sarcolysine was employed as the basic cytostatic agent in all the cases. Annual control examinations of the patients in a state of remission have not revealed any signs of myeloma. One patient is manifesting osteolytic deficiencies, however biopsy withdrawn from the focus of osteolysis have not shown any tumor. Immunochemical assay of serum and urine has failed to detect paraprotein, blood immunoglobulins have been discovered to be within normal. The author analyses 4 similar cases reported in literature. It is assumed that it would be premature to regard the patients described above as completely recovered from the biological standpoint and that it would be more wise to consider such cases as prolonged and fairly profound remissions.

[The diagnostic importance of determining minimal amounts of the Bence-Jones protein in the urine of patients with morphologically nondemonstrable lymphatic tumors]. / Diagnosticheskoe znachenie opredeleniia minimal'nykh kolichestv belka Bens-Dzhonsa v moche bol'nykh s morfologicheski nedokazuemymi limfaticheskimi opukholiami.

Urinalysis by the IITP method in 115 patients with lymphatic tumors has shown that in half of them, BJ protein can be identified. The authors' and reported data evidence the lack of BJ proteinuria in normal people and in patients afflicted with other diseases. Since BJ proteinuria was demonstrable with the minimal tumorous mass in successfully treated patients with CLL and LC, the IITP method was used for excluding a morphologically undemonstrable lymphatic tumor in 23 patients with rheumatic diseases, AIHA, and splenomegaly of obscure genesis. Based on the identified BJ protein secretion in the urine, the diagnoses of CLL (I), LC (2), and LS (I) were proved in 4 cases. Later on these diagnoses were supported by the cytologic and histologic findings.

[High life expectancy in multiple myeloma]. / Vysokaia prodolzhitel'nost' zhizni pri mielomnoi bolenzi.

The authors describe the main clinicolaboratory finding of 9 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who survived 10 and more years. The number of the "long-lived" survivors among 256 patients with MM seen from 1966 to 1980 amounted to 3.5%. The main characteristics of the disease of the "long-lived" survivors were correlated to those of 247 MM patients who survived for less than 10 years. In principle, no differences were revealed between the compared groups in term of the size of the initial tumor mass, red blood, and the degree of osteolysis. It was established that the 10-year and higher survival was observed in relatively young people without signs of renal insufficiency, who responded well to the cytostatic treatment. In 8 out of the 9 survivors, a long-term remission was attained by combining sarcolysine and prednisolone. The median survival rate for the entire group amounted to 25 months, that for the "long-lived" survivors to 133 months. In the authors' opinion, an unusually high survival rate among MM patients cannot be only attributed to successful cytostatic therapy. Among the 247 MM patients, 60% responded to the treatment fairly well. However, only 3.5% of the patients survived over 10 years. The prognosis of MM is likely to be determined by some individual features of the tumor and by the patients' antitumor defence mechanisms.

[Lymphatic tumors with monoclonal immunoglobulin secretion (clinical laboratory comparisons)]. / Limfaticheskie opukholi s sekretsiei monoklonal'nykh immunoglobulinov (kliniko-laboratornye sopostavleniia).

Immunochemistry of proteins of blood serum and urine using novel highly sensitive methods (immunofixed electrophoresis and countercurrent isotachoimmunoelectrophoresis on acetate-cellulose membranes) was performed in 123 patients with lymphatic tumors. Of these, 85 patients had chronic lympholeukemia, 21 lymphocytoma, 9 lymphosarcoma and 8 Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Monoclonal secretion was detected in 49.6% of the patients on the whole. Isolated secretion of BJ protein turned out to be dominant immunoglobulinopathy in all the clinical groups under study. However, it was observed more frequently in chronic lympholeukemia than in lymphocytomas and lymphosarcomas (respectively 58.4% against 23.8 and 22.2%). Detailed clinico-laboratory comparisons have demonstrated that the patterns of lymphatic tumors with isolated secretion of immunoglobulin L-chains differed from nonsecreting ones in worse prognosis.

[The secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins in chronic lymphoproliferative diseases]. / Sekretsiia monoklonal'nykh immunoglobulinov pri khronicheskikh limfoproliferativnykh zabolevaniiakh.

Altogether 74 patients (57 with CLL; 12 with lymphocytomas including 7 with generalization of disease; 5 with hairy cell leukemia) were examined to detect the secretion of serum monoclonal immunoglobulins (Ig) and Bence Jones (BJ) protein. Electrophoresis of the serum in agarose gel, radial immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis as well as isotachophoresis with immune development for identification of minimal amounts of BJ protein in urine were employed. Monoclonal Ig in the serum and urine (IgG lambda + BJ lambda and IgA kappa + BJ kappa) were found in 2 CLL patients. BJ protein only was revealed in 40.5% of the examinees (kappa:lambda = 4.5:1). Direct correlation between the level of BJ protein secretion and tumor mass was shown. Effective therapy caused the reduction (but not disappearance) of BJ protein in urine. During a 2-year study BJ protein secretion was undetectable in the group of nonsecreting patients with a large tumor mass. Prospects of the use of the results obtained are under discussion.

[Determining the level of the rheumatoid factor associated with polyclonal and monoclonal human serum IgA]. / Opredelenie revmatoidnogo faktora, sviazannogo s poliklonal'nym i monoklonal'nym syvorotochnym IgA cheloveka.

The authors studied the activity of the rheumatoid factor (RF) associated with polyclonal and monoclonal IgA contained in the sera of patients with chronic diseases of noninfectious etiology and A-paraproteinemia. IgA-RF-activity was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. In most of the patients' sera IgA had a high level of RF-activity. The frequency of RF-activity detection did not depend on the level of polyclonal IgA but correlated with the level of monoclonal serum IgA. During a study of the chromatographic fractions of sera containing monoclonal IgA, RF-activity was mainly revealed in the fraction of IgA polymers; IgA monomers forming the bulk of serum IgA, demonstrated no RF-activity. The inclination of curves reflecting the correlation between the level of IgA-RF and dilutions of tested sera made it possible to assess function of the affinity of such molecules which was growing with an increase in IgA molecular mass.

[The significance of lactate dehydrogenase and beta 2-microglobulin levels for the assessment of the prognosis and choice of therapy in multiple myeloma]. / Znachenie urovnia laktatdegidrogenazy i beta 2-mikroglobulina dlia otsenki prognoza i vybora terapii pri mnozhestvennoi mielome.

Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) were measured in 164 and 128 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), respectively. High levels of LDG were recordable in 15.4% of patients at diagnosis and 36.8% of terminal stage patients. The frequency of extraosseous foci in untreated patients with high LDG activity made up 36.8%, survival median 19 months. In normal LDG activity the above values were 6.8% and more than 36 months, respectively. The highest LDG level occurred in patients with terminal plasmic cell leukemia. MM with IgD secretion was characterized by a a more frequent rise in LDG concentrations. Normal LDG amounts in active MM were seen in 58 (54.2%) out of 107 patients. beta 2-MG levels exceeded 6 mg/l in 75 of 128 patients with normal creatinine. These patients had a short survival median 24 months. Those patients who had beta 2-MG levels under 6 mg/l have not reached survival median for 36 months of follow-up. The authors hold that beta 2-MG concentrations are of prognostic value in all myeloma secretions and in nonsecretory myeloma as well though their indications are not absolute as 14% had low beta 2-MG levels in high MM activity. Comparative results are presented for 40 high-risk MM patients. Group 1 (20 patients) have received standard chemotherapy. Group 2 (20 patients) have undergone intensive polychemotherapy. Survival median made up 12 and 26 months for group 1 and 2, respectively.

[The successful surgical treatment of hypernephroid cancer in 2 patients with multiple myeloma]. / Uspeshnoe khirurgicheskoe lechenie gipernefroidnogo raka u dvukh bol'nykh mnozhestvennoi mielomoi.

The authors related two cases of multiple myeloma BJX and GX combined with hypernephroid cancer. In both cases, the diagnosis of myeloma was supported by morphological examination of the bone marrow and immunochemical identification of monoclonal immunoglobulin. In female patient C, adenocarcinoma developed in the presence of polycystosis in the left kidney operated before. The diagnosis of hypernephroma was established simultaneously with the diagnosis of multiple myeloma BJX, stage III B. The patient was operated on 15 months after institution of polychemotherapy in the presence of myeloma reduction and recovery of nitrogen secretory renal function. The patient survived for 2.5 years after the operation, retaining work fitness for 2 years. She died from terminal exacerbation of myeloma. On autopsy no cancer metastases were detected. In male patient Ch. with myeloma GX, stage II A, hypernephroid cancer of the right kidney was diagnosed 7 months after the diagnosis of myeloma was established. Radical operation resulted in complete somatic and hematological compensation of the patient. The residual mass of myeloma does not manifest itself clinically after 9 courses of polychemotherapy carried out in the preoperative period. It is only detectable by the laboratory tests. The follow-up of the patient is continued.

[The development of multiple myeloma in chronic diffuse liver diseases with a long course of monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy (a description of 2 cases)]. / Razvitie mielomnoi bolezni pri khronicheskikh diffuznykh zabolevaniiakh pecheni, dlitel'no protekavshikh s monoklonal'noi immunoglobulinopatiei (opisanie dvukh nabliudenii).

The authors describe 2 patients with chronic active hepatitis accompanied for many years by stable monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy. In addition to the formation of liver cirrhosis, these patients were diagnosed to have multiple myeloma. Analysis of the authors' and reported data (including those on transformation of liver cirrhosis associated with monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy to hepatocellular carcinoma) makes it possible to regard patients suffering from chronic diffuse liver diseases associated with monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy as a group at risk for paraproteinemic hemoblastosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of the development of paraproteinemic hemoblastoses and hepatocellular carcinoma in the indicated group of patients is under discussion.

[Monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy in chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. / Monoklonal'naia immunoglobulinopatiia pri khronicheskom aktivnom gepatite i tsirroze pecheni.

The clinico-laboratory and morphological studies were performed to examine and characterize 15 patients with chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis mainly of viral etiology, going in association with monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy. The diagnostic difficulties determined by the syndrome of monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy are demonstrated. The results of a long follow-up (up to 17 years) of the indicated patients' group are provided. A possible role is discussed of hepatitis B virus as a source of long antigenic stimulation in the origin of monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy in chronic diffuse diseases of the liver.

[Local immunity in pathology of the IgA system (IgA subclasses in the saliva of patients with A-paraproteinemia)]. / Sostoianie mestnogo immuniteta pri patologii IgA-sistemy (subklassy IgA v sliune bol'nykh A-paraproteinemiei).

In 39 patients with A-paraproteinemia, the local immunity status was estimated according to the level of IgA subclasses in the saliva and antibody activity of secretory IgA to E. coli and S. Sonnei. Local production of normal IgA was undisturbed only in 12 patients with A-paraproteinemia, since in the saliva of those patients, there was a normal correlation of IgA subclasses and the level of antimicrobial IgA antibodies was the same as in healthy persons. The overwhelming majority of the patients with A-paraproteinemia and all the patients suffering from heavy alpha-chain disease manifested deficiency of local production of normal IgA, which consisted in the impairment of the normal correlation of IgA subclasses in the saliva and in the reduction of sIgA function. A-paraprotein was detected in many samples of the saliva using agar electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. Secretion was shown to be mainly penetrated by the polymeric forms of A-paraprotein.

[Alpha 1-protease inhibitor: characteristics of its biochemical and biological properties and its level in various diseases (review of the literature and personal observations)]. / Alpha 1-ingibitor proteaz: kharakteristika biokhimicheskikh i biologicheskikh svoistv i opredelenie urovnia pri razlichnykh zabolevaniiakh (obzor literatury, sobstvennye nabliudeniia).

The authors review biological and biochemical properties and the clinical importance of the serum proteases alpha 1-inhibitor with broad-range antiproteolytic activity. Congenital deficiency of this protein is a frequent enough condition linked with predisposition to some diseases of the lungs and liver. Early determination of the deficiency of alpha 1-Pi is fairly urgent, since it permits the early administration of the preventive measures and substitution therapy. The immunochemical technique makes it possible to determine all the varieties of alpha 1-Pi, as they are antigenically similar. Sera from 267 patients with different diseases were examined. The content of alpha 1-Pi was found to be elevated in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and to be lowered in bronchial asthma. In multiple myeloma and pollinoses, no alterations in the alpha 1-Pi content were recorded.