A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application.

A reformed particle swarm optimization (RPSO)-based up-conversion mixer circuit is proposed for radar application in this paper. In practice, a non-optimized up-conversion mixer suffers from high power consumption, poor linearity, and conversion gain. Therefore, the RPSO algorithm is proposed to optimize the up-conversion mixer. The novelty of the proposed RPSO algorithm is it helps to solve the problem of local optima and premature convergence in traditional particle swarm optimization (TPSO). Furthermore, in the RPSO, a velocity position-based convergence (VPC) and wavelet mutation (WM) strategy are used to enhance RPSO's swarm diversity. Moreover, this work also features novel circuit configurations based on the two-fold transconductance path (TTP), a technique used to improve linearity. A differential common source (DCS) amplifier is included in the primary transconductance path (PTP) of the TTP. As for the subsidiary transconductance path (STP), the enhanced cross-quad transconductor (ECQT) is implemented within the TTP. A benchmark function verification is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the RPSO algorithm. The proposed RPSO has also been compared with other optimization algorithms such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). By using RPSO, the proposed optimized mixer achieves a conversion gain (CG) of 2.5 dB (measured). In this study, the proposed mixer achieves a 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 4.2 dBm with a high linearity. In the proposed mixer, the noise figure (NF) is approximately 3.1 dB. While the power dissipation of the optimized mixer is 3.24 mW. Additionally, the average time for RPSO to design an up-conversion mixer is 4.535 s. Simulation and measured results demonstrate the excellent performance of the RPSO optimized up-conversion mixer.

Front-End Development for Radar Applications: A Focus on 24 GHz Transmitter Design.

The proliferation of radar technology has given rise to a growing demand for advanced, high-performance transmitter front-ends operating in the 24 GHz frequency band. This paper presents a design analysis of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter (TX) front-end operated at a 24 GHz frequency and designed using 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology for radar applications. The proposed TX front-end design includes the integration of an up-conversion mixer and power amplifier (PA). The up-conversion mixer is a Gilbert cell-based design that translates the 2.4 GHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal and 21.6 GHz local oscillator (LO) signal to the 24 GHz RF output signal. The mixer is designed with a novel technique that includes a duplex transconductance path (DTP) for enhancing the mixer's linearity. The DTP of the mixer includes a primary transconductance path (PTP) and a secondary transconductance path (STP). The PTP incorporates a common source (CS) amplifier, while the STP incorporates an improved cross-quad transconductor (ICQT). The integrated PA in the TX front-end is a class AB tunable two-stage PA that can be tuned with the help of varactors as a synchronous mode to increase the PA bandwidth or stagger mode to obtain a high gain. The PA is tuned to 24 GHz as a synchronous mode PA for the TX front-end operation. The proposed TX front-end showed an excellent output power of 11.7 dBm and dissipated 7.5 mW from a 1.2 V supply. In addition, the TX front-end achieved a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 47% and 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 10.5 dBm. In this case, the output power is 10.5 dBm higher than the linear portion of the response. The methodologies presented herein have the potential to advance the state of the art in 24 GHz radar technology, fostering innovations in fields such as autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and remote sensing.

Dual Features, Compact Dimensions and X-Band Applications for the Design and Fabrication of Annular Circular Ring-Based Crescent-Moon-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna.

This study uses annular circular rings to create multi-band applications using crescent-shaped patch antennas. It is designed to be made up of five circular, annular rings nested inside of each other. Three annular rings are positioned and merged on top of the larger rings, with two annular rings set along the bottom of the feed line. The factors that set them apart, such as bandwidths, radiation patterns, gain, impedance, and return loss (RL), are analysed. The outcomes show how compact the multi-band annular ring antenna is. The proposed circular annular ring antenna has return losses of -33 dB and operates at two frequencies: 3.1 GHz and 9.3 GHz. This design is modelled and simulated using ANSYS HFSS. The outcomes of the simulation and the tests agree quite well. The X band and WLAN resonant bands have bandwidth capacities of 500 and 4300 MHz, respectively. Additionally, the circular annular ring antenna design is advantageous for most services at these operating bands.