RESUMO
The insulin receptor (IR) is a type II receptor tyrosine kinase that plays essential roles in metabolism, growth, and proliferation. Dysregulation of IR signaling is linked to many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancers. The resolution revolution in cryo-electron microscopy has led to the determination of several structures of IR with different numbers of bound insulin molecules in recent years, which have tremendously improved our understanding of how IR is activated by insulin. Here, we review the insulin-induced activation mechanism of IR, including (a) the detailed binding modes and functions of insulin at site 1 and site 2 and (b) the insulin-induced structural transitions that are required for IR activation. We highlight several other key aspects of the activation and regulation of IR signaling and discuss the remaining gaps in our understanding of the IR activation mechanism and potential avenues of future research.
Assuntos
Insulina , Receptor de Insulina , Humanos , Receptor de Insulina/genética , Receptor de Insulina/química , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Insulina/química , Insulina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
The cholesterol-sensing protein Scap induces cholesterol synthesis by transporting membrane-bound transcription factors called sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus for proteolytic activation. Transport requires interaction between Scap's two ER luminal loops (L1 and L7), which flank an intramembrane sterol-sensing domain (SSD). Cholesterol inhibits Scap transport by binding to L1, which triggers Scap's binding to Insig, an ER retention protein. Here we used cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to elucidate two structures of full-length chicken Scap: (1) a wild-type free of Insigs and (2) mutant Scap bound to chicken Insig without cholesterol. Strikingly, L1 and L7 intertwine tightly to form a globular domain that acts as a luminal platform connecting the SSD to the rest of Scap. In the presence of Insig, this platform undergoes a large rotation accompanied by rearrangement of Scap's transmembrane helices. We postulate that this conformational change halts Scap transport of SREBPs and inhibits cholesterol synthesis.
Assuntos
Colesterol/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos/metabolismo , Galinhas , Proteínas de Membrana/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Membrana/ultraestrutura , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Mitochondrial calcium uptake is crucial to the regulation of eukaryotic Ca2+ homeostasis and is mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). While MCU alone can transport Ca2+ in primitive eukaryotes, metazoans require an essential single membrane-spanning auxiliary component called EMRE to form functional channels; however, the molecular mechanism of EMRE regulation remains elusive. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the human MCU-EMRE complex, which defines the interactions between MCU and EMRE as well as pinpoints the juxtamembrane loop of MCU and extended linker of EMRE as the crucial elements in the EMRE-dependent gating mechanism among metazoan MCUs. The structure also features the dimerization of two MCU-EMRE complexes along an interface at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of human MCU that is a hotspot for post-translational modifications. Thus, the human MCU-EMRE complex, which constitutes the minimal channel components among metazoans, provides a framework for future mechanistic studies on MCU.
Assuntos
Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Ativação do Canal Iônico/fisiologia , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica/fisiologia , Canais de Cálcio/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Domínios Proteicos , Estrutura Secundária de ProteínaRESUMO
Cohesin and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) are key regulatory proteins of three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Cohesin extrudes DNA loops that are anchored by CTCF in a polar orientation. Here, we present direct evidence that CTCF binding polarity controls cohesin-mediated DNA looping. Using single-molecule imaging, we demonstrate that a critical N-terminal motif of CTCF blocks cohesin translocation and DNA looping. The cryo-EM structure of the cohesin-CTCF complex reveals that this CTCF motif ahead of zinc fingers can only reach its binding site on the STAG1 cohesin subunit when the N terminus of CTCF faces cohesin. Remarkably, a C-terminally oriented CTCF accelerates DNA compaction by cohesin. DNA-bound Cas9 and Cas12a ribonucleoproteins are also polar cohesin barriers, indicating that stalling may be intrinsic to cohesin itself. Finally, we show that RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) block cohesin-mediated DNA compaction in vitro and are enriched with cohesin subunits in vivo, likely forming TAD boundaries.
Assuntos
Cromatina , Estruturas R-Loop , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC/genética , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , CoesinasRESUMO
Besides its role as the blueprint of life, DNA can also alert the cell to the presence of microbial pathogens as well as damaged or malignant cells. A major sensor of DNA that triggers the innate immune response is cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), which produces the second messenger cGAMP. cGAMP activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which activates a signaling cascade leading to the production of type I interferons and other immune mediators. Recent research has demonstrated an expanding role of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway in many physiological and pathological processes, including host defense against microbial infections, anti-tumor immunity, cellular senescence, autophagy, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Biochemical and structural studies have elucidated the mechanism of signal transduction in the cGAS pathway at the atomic resolution. This review focuses on the structural and mechanistic insights into the roles of cGAS and STING in immunity and diseases revealed by these recent studies.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/imunologia , DNA Viral/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
The cricket paralysis virus internal ribosome entry site (CrPV-IRES) is a folded structure in a viral mRNA that allows initiation of translation in the absence of any host initiation factors. By using recent advances in single-particle electron cryomicroscopy, we have solved the structure of CrPV-IRES bound to the ribosome of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis in both the canonical and rotated states at overall resolutions of 3.7 and 3.8 Å, respectively. In both states, the pseudoknot PKI of the CrPV-IRES mimics a tRNA/mRNA interaction in the decoding center of the A site of the 40S ribosomal subunit. The structure and accompanying factor-binding data show that CrPV-IRES binding mimics a pretranslocation rather than initiation state of the ribosome. Translocation of the IRES by elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is required to bring the first codon of the mRNA into the A site and to allow the start of translation.
Assuntos
Dicistroviridae/química , Kluyveromyces/química , Iniciação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica , RNA Mensageiro/química , RNA Viral/química , Ribossomos/química , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Dicistroviridae/genética , Kluyveromyces/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/ultraestrutura , RNA de Transferência/metabolismo , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/metabolismo , RNA Viral/ultraestrutura , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Ribossomos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
The evolution of new traits enables expansion into new ecological and behavioural niches. Nonetheless, demonstrated connections between divergence in protein structure, function and lineage-specific behaviours remain rare. Here we show that both octopus and squid use cephalopod-specific chemotactile receptors (CRs) to sense their respective marine environments, but structural adaptations in these receptors support the sensation of specific molecules suited to distinct physiological roles. We find that squid express ancient CRs that more closely resemble related nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas octopuses exhibit a more recent expansion in CRs consistent with their elaborated 'taste by touch' sensory system. Using a combination of genetic profiling, physiology and behavioural analyses, we identify the founding member of squid CRs that detects soluble bitter molecules that are relevant in ambush predation. We present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a squid CR and compare this with octopus CRs1 and nicotinic receptors2. These analyses demonstrate an evolutionary transition from an ancestral aromatic 'cage' that coordinates soluble neurotransmitters or tastants to a more recent octopus CR hydrophobic binding pocket that traps insoluble molecules to mediate contact-dependent chemosensation. Thus, our study provides a foundation for understanding how adaptation of protein structure drives the diversification of organismal traits and behaviour.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Decapodiformes , Octopodiformes , Receptores Nicotínicos , Células Receptoras Sensoriais , Paladar , Tato , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Sítios de Ligação , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Decapodiformes/química , Decapodiformes/fisiologia , Decapodiformes/ultraestrutura , Evolução Molecular , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Octopodiformes/química , Octopodiformes/fisiologia , Octopodiformes/ultraestrutura , Receptores Nicotínicos/química , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/ultraestrutura , Paladar/fisiologia , Tato/fisiologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/química , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein in innate immunity against DNA viruses or bacteria1-5. STING-mediated immunity could be exploited in the development of vaccines or cancer immunotherapies. STING is a transmembrane dimeric protein that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum or in the Golgi apparatus. STING is activated by the binding of its cytoplasmic ligand-binding domain to cyclic dinucleotides that are produced by the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase or by invading bacteria1,6,7. Cyclic dinucleotides induce a conformational change in the STING ligand-binding domain, which leads to a high-order oligomerization of STING that is essential for triggering the downstream signalling pathways8,9. However, the cGAMP-induced STING oligomers tend to dissociate in solution and have not been resolved to high resolution, which limits our understanding of the activation mechanism. Here we show that a small-molecule agonist, compound 53 (C53)10, promotes the oligomerization and activation of human STING through a mechanism orthogonal to that of cGAMP. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of STING bound to both C53 and cGAMP, revealing a stable oligomer that is formed by side-by-side packing and has a curled overall shape. Notably, C53 binds to a cryptic pocket in the STING transmembrane domain, between the two subunits of the STING dimer. This binding triggers outward shifts of transmembrane helices in the dimer, and induces inter-dimer interactions between these helices to mediate the formation of the high-order oligomer. Our functional analyses show that cGAMP and C53 together induce stronger activation of STING than either ligand alone.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Fosfatos de Dinucleosídeos/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Ligantes , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de TumorRESUMO
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a dimeric transmembrane adapter protein that plays a key role in the human innate immune response to infection and has been therapeutically exploited for its antitumor activity. The activation of STING requires its high-order oligomerization, which could be induced by binding of the endogenous ligand, cGAMP, to the cytosolic ligand-binding domain. Here we report the discovery through functional screens of a class of compounds, named NVS-STGs, that activate human STING. Our cryo-EM structures show that NVS-STG2 induces the high-order oligomerization of human STING by binding to a pocket between the transmembrane domains of the neighboring STING dimers, effectively acting as a molecular glue. Our functional assays showed that NVS-STG2 could elicit potent STING-mediated immune responses in cells and antitumor activities in animal models.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Proteínas de Membrana , Animais , Humanos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Bioensaio , Citosol , Imunidade Inata , Ligantes , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismoRESUMO
The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) is a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease1 and antipsychotic drugs2. DRD2 is activated by the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine and synthetic agonist drugs such as bromocriptine3, leading to stimulation of Gi and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structure of an agonist-bound activated DRD2-Gi complex reconstituted into a phospholipid membrane. The extracellular ligand-binding site of DRD2 is remodelled in response to agonist binding, with conformational changes in extracellular loop 2, transmembrane domain 5 (TM5), TM6 and TM7, propagating to opening of the intracellular Gi-binding site. The DRD2-Gi structure represents, to our knowledge, the first experimental model of a G-protein-coupled receptor-G-protein complex embedded in a phospholipid bilayer, which serves as a benchmark to validate the interactions seen in previous detergent-bound structures. The structure also reveals interactions that are unique to the membrane-embedded complex, including helix 8 burial in the inner leaflet, ordered lysine and arginine side chains in the membrane interfacial regions, and lipid anchoring of the G protein in the membrane. Our model of the activated DRD2 will help to inform the design of subtype-selective DRD2 ligands for multiple human central nervous system disorders.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Subunidades alfa Gi-Go de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Subunidades alfa Gi-Go de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/ultraestrutura , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Membranas Artificiais , Receptores de Dopamina D2/química , Receptores de Dopamina D2/ultraestrutura , Bromocriptina/química , Bromocriptina/metabolismo , Dopamina/química , Dopamina/metabolismo , Subunidades alfa Gi-Go de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipídeos de Membrana/química , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , Receptores de Dopamina D2/agonistas , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
MuSK is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that plays essential roles in the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. Distinct from most members of RTK family, MuSK activation requires not only its cognate ligand agrin but also its coreceptors LRP4. However, how agrin and LRP4 coactivate MuSK remains unclear. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the extracellular ternary complex of agrin/LRP4/MuSK in a stoichiometry of 1:1:1. This structure reveals that arc-shaped LRP4 simultaneously recruits both agrin and MuSK to its central cavity, thereby promoting a direct interaction between agrin and MuSK. Our cryo-EM analyses therefore uncover the assembly mechanism of agrin/LRP4/MuSK signaling complex and reveal how MuSK receptor is activated by concurrent binding of agrin and LRP4.
Assuntos
Agrina , Receptores Colinérgicos , Receptores Colinérgicos/metabolismo , Agrina/química , Agrina/metabolismo , Proteínas Relacionadas a Receptor de LDL/química , Transdução de Sinais , Junção Neuromuscular/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismoRESUMO
Nakane et al. and Yip et al., for the first time, demonstrate that, with recent technological advances, atomic-resolution structure determination can be achieved by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). This breakthrough opens the door for researchers to apply single-particle cryo-EM to obtain atomic structural information for a wide range of protein complexes.
Assuntos
Microscopia CrioeletrônicaRESUMO
The invasion of mammalian cytoplasm by microbial DNA from infectious pathogens or by self DNA from the nucleus or mitochondria represents a danger signal that alerts the host immune system1. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a sensor of cytoplasmic DNA that activates the type-I interferon pathway2. On binding to DNA, cGAS is activated to catalyse the synthesis of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from GTP and ATP3. cGAMP functions as a second messenger that binds to and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING)3-9. STING then recruits and activates tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which phosphorylates STING and the transcription factor IRF3 to induce type-I interferons and other cytokines10,11. However, how cGAMP-bound STING activates TBK1 and IRF3 is not understood. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TBK1 in complex with cGAMP-bound, full-length chicken STING. The structure reveals that the C-terminal tail of STING adopts a ß-strand-like conformation and inserts into a groove between the kinase domain of one TBK1 subunit and the scaffold and dimerization domain of the second subunit in the TBK1 dimer. In this binding mode, the phosphorylation site Ser366 in the STING tail cannot reach the kinase-domain active site of bound TBK1, which suggests that STING phosphorylation by TBK1 requires the oligomerization of both proteins. Mutational analyses validate the interaction mode between TBK1 and STING and support a model in which high-order oligomerization of STING and TBK1, induced by cGAMP, leads to STING phosphorylation by TBK1.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Proteínas de Membrana/ultraestrutura , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Galinhas , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica/genética , Multimerização Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genéticaRESUMO
Infections by pathogens that contain DNA trigger the production of type-I interferons and inflammatory cytokines through cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, which produces 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) that binds to and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING; also known as TMEM173, MITA, ERIS and MPYS)1-8. STING is an endoplasmic-reticulum membrane protein that contains four transmembrane helices followed by a cytoplasmic ligand-binding and signalling domain9-13. The cytoplasmic domain of STING forms a dimer, which undergoes a conformational change upon binding to cGAMP9,14. However, it remains unclear how this conformational change leads to STING activation. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length STING from human and chicken in the inactive dimeric state (about 80 kDa in size), as well as cGAMP-bound chicken STING in both the dimeric and tetrameric states. The structures show that the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions interact to form an integrated, domain-swapped dimeric assembly. Closure of the ligand-binding domain, induced by cGAMP, leads to a 180° rotation of the ligand-binding domain relative to the transmembrane domain. This rotation is coupled to a conformational change in a loop on the side of the ligand-binding-domain dimer, which leads to the formation of the STING tetramer and higher-order oligomers through side-by-side packing. This model of STING oligomerization and activation is supported by our structure-based mutational analyses.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/ultraestrutura , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Animais , Apoproteínas/química , Apoproteínas/metabolismo , Apoproteínas/ultraestrutura , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Modelos Moleculares , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/químicaRESUMO
Single-pass transmembrane receptors (SPTMRs) represent a diverse group of integral membrane proteins that are involved in many essential cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, and transmembrane transport of materials. Dysregulation of the SPTMRs is linked with many human diseases. Despite extensive efforts in past decades, the mechanisms of action of the SPTMRs remain incompletely understood. One major hurdle is the lack of structures of the full-length SPTMRs in different functional states. Such structural information is difficult to obtain by traditional structural biology methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The recent rapid development of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has led to an exponential surge in the number of high-resolution structures of integral membrane proteins, including SPTMRs. Cryo-EM structures of SPTMRs solved in the past few years have tremendously improved our understanding of how SPTMRs function. In this review, we will highlight these progresses in the structural studies of SPTMRs by single-particle cryo-EM, analyze important structural details of each protein involved, and discuss their implications on the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we also briefly discuss remaining challenges and exciting opportunities in the field.
Assuntos
Elétrons , Proteínas de Membrana , Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
The organellar two-pore channel (TPC) functions as a homodimer, in which each subunit contains two homologous Shaker-like six-transmembrane (6-TM)-domain repeats. TPCs belong to the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily and are ubiquitously expressed in animals and plants. Mammalian TPC1 and TPC2 are localized at the endolysosomal membrane, and have critical roles in regulating the physiological functions of these acidic organelles. Here we present electron cryo-microscopy structures of mouse TPC1 (MmTPC1)-a voltage-dependent, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2)-activated Na+-selective channel-in both the apo closed state and ligand-bound open state. Combined with functional analysis, these structures provide comprehensive structural insights into the selectivity and gating mechanisms of mammalian TPC channels. The channel has a coin-slot-shaped ion pathway in the filter that defines the selectivity of mammalian TPCs. Only the voltage-sensing domain from the second 6-TM domain confers voltage dependence on MmTPC1. Endolysosome-specific PtdIns(3,5)P2 binds to the first 6-TM domain and activates the channel under conditions of depolarizing membrane potential. Structural comparisons between the apo and PtdIns(3,5)P2-bound structures show the interplay between voltage and ligand in channel activation. These MmTPC1 structures reveal lipid binding and regulation in a 6-TM voltage-gated channel, which is of interest in light of the emerging recognition of the importance of phosphoinositide regulation of ion channels.
Assuntos
Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Ativação do Canal Iônico/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipídeos/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Canais de Cálcio/química , Canais de Cálcio/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Fosfolipídeos/química , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In this Article, ref. 15 has been replaced and references 32 to 50 have been renumbered online.
RESUMO
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a highly selective calcium channel localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, we describe the structure of an MCU orthologue from the fungus Neosartorya fischeri (NfMCU) determined to 3.8 Å resolution by phase-plate cryo-electron microscopy. The channel is a homotetramer with two-fold symmetry in its amino-terminal domain (NTD) that adopts a similar structure to that of human MCU. The NTD assembles as a dimer of dimers to form a tetrameric ring that connects to the transmembrane domain through an elongated coiled-coil domain. The ion-conducting pore domain maintains four-fold symmetry, with the selectivity filter positioned at the start of the pore-forming TM2 helix. The aspartate and glutamate sidechains of the conserved DIME motif are oriented towards the central axis and separated by one helical turn. The structure of NfMCU offers insights into channel assembly, selective calcium permeation, and inhibitor binding.
Assuntos
Canais de Cálcio/química , Canais de Cálcio/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Neosartorya/química , Sítios de Ligação , Cálcio/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Humanos , Ativação do Canal Iônico/efeitos dos fármacos , Transporte de Íons/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Domínios Proteicos , Subunidades Proteicas/química , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Compostos de Rutênio/farmacologia , SolubilidadeRESUMO
TRPM4 is a calcium-activated, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) -modulated, non-selective cation channel that belongs to the family of melastatin-related transient receptor potential (TRPM) channels. Here we present the electron cryo-microscopy structures of the mouse TRPM4 channel with and without ATP. TRPM4 consists of multiple transmembrane and cytosolic domains, which assemble into a three-tiered architecture. The N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain and the C-terminal coiled-coil participate in the tetrameric assembly of the channel; ATP binds at the nucleotide-binding domain and inhibits channel activity. TRPM4 has an exceptionally wide filter but is only permeable to monovalent cations; filter residue Gln973 is essential in defining monovalent selectivity. The S1-S4 domain and the post-S6 TRP domain form the central gating apparatus that probably houses the Ca2+- and PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding sites. These structures provide an essential starting point for elucidating the complex gating mechanisms of TRPM4 and reveal the molecular architecture of the TRPM family.