A guide to the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network data ecosystem.

Characterizing cellular diversity at different levels of biological organization and across data modalities is a prerequisite to understanding the function of cell types in the brain. Classification of neurons is also essential to manipulate cell types in controlled ways and to understand their variation and vulnerability in brain disorders. The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) is an integrated network of data-generating centers, data archives, and data standards developers, with the goal of systematic multimodal brain cell type profiling and characterization. Emphasis of the BICCN is on the whole mouse brain with demonstration of prototype feasibility for human and nonhuman primate (NHP) brains. Here, we provide a guide to the cellular and spatial approaches employed by the BICCN, and to accessing and using these data and extensive resources, including the BRAIN Cell Data Center (BCDC), which serves to manage and integrate data across the ecosystem. We illustrate the power of the BICCN data ecosystem through vignettes highlighting several BICCN analysis and visualization tools. Finally, we present emerging standards that have been developed or adopted toward Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) neuroscience. The combined BICCN ecosystem provides a comprehensive resource for the exploration and analysis of cell types in the brain.

Intermediate-Term Survivorship of Metaphyseal Cones and Sleeves in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Both cones or sleeves have been developed to address metaphyseal bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but few studies have directly compared the outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare the survivorship and aseptic revision rates between metaphyseal cones and sleeves at intermediate follow-up. METHODS: We reviewed a consecutive series of 1,172 revision TKA patients between 2009 and 2018 with a minimum two-year follow-up on all patients. We compared demographics, surgical indication, stem fixation, constraint, rates of rerevision, and Short-Form-12 scores between patients with cones and sleeves. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the effect of cones and sleeves on aseptic rerevision. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare aseptic survivorship of cones and sleeves. RESULTS: There were 194 tibial cones (17%), 107 tibial sleeves (9%), 31 femoral cones (3%), and 135 femoral sleeves (12%) with a mean follow-up of 6.5 years (range: 2-12 years). There was no difference in demographics, indication, stem fixation, or constraint (P > .05). Although overall aseptic failure rates may be lower for tibial sleeves, there were no significant differences in survivorship over a one-year, two-year, and five-year follow-up when both tibial and femoral sleeves were directly compared to cones. CONCLUSION: Both tibial and femoral sleeves and cones perform well at an intermediate-term follow-up. Further investigation of these two are required to better understand their survivorship relative to each other.

Topical Cannabidiol (CBD) After Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain or Opioid Use: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal analgesia has become the standard of care for pain management following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly utilized in the postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the analgesic benefits of topical CBD following primary TKA. METHODS: In this randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, 80 patients undergoing primary unilateral TKA applied topical CBD (CBD; n = 19), essential oil (EO; n = 21), CBD and essential oil (CBD + EO; n = 21), or placebo (PLA; n = 19) thrice daily around the knee for two weeks postoperatively. This supplemented a standardized multimodal analgesic protocol. Outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) pain and numeric rating scale (NRS) sleep scores (collected on postoperative day [POD] 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 42), and cumulative postoperative opioid use (42 days). RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were similar among the four cohorts. Preoperative VAS and NRS scores were similar among groups. The CBD cohort had a higher mean VAS pain score on POD 2 compared to the EO cohort (CBD: 69.9 ± 19.3 versus. EO: 51.0 ± 18.2; P = .013). No statistically significant differences existed for VAS scores at other times, and no statistically significant differences were observed for postoperative NRS sleep scores or postoperative opioid use at any time point. CONCLUSION: Utilization of topical CBD in supplement to multimodal analgesia did not reduce pain or opioid consumption, or improve sleep scores following TKA. These results suggest that the local effects of topical CBD are not beneficial for providing additional pain relief after TKA.

Staged BiCompartmental Knee Arthroplasty has Greater Functional Improvement, but Equivalent Midterm Survivorship, as Revision TKA for Progressive Osteoarthritis After Partial Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Progressive arthritis in the unresurfaced compartments of the knee is one failure mode after partial knee arthroplasty (PKA). While progressive arthritis after PKA is typically treated with revision to TKA (rTKA), staged bicompartmental knee arthroplasty (sBiKA) -the addition of another PKA - is an alternative. This study compared outcomes of sBiKA and rTKA for progressive arthritis after PKA. METHODS: A retrospective comparative study of non-consecutive cases at four institutions were performed in patients with an intact PKA, without loosening or wear, who underwent sBiKA (n = 27) or rTKA (n = 30), for progressive osteoarthritis. Outcomes studied were new Knee Society Function and Objective Scores (KSSF, KSSO), KOOS, Jr., ROM, operative times, length of stay, complication rates and the need for reoperations. RESULTS: Mean time to conversion was 7.4 ± 6 years for sBiKA and 9.7 ± 8 for rTKA, P = .178. Patient demographics and pre-operative outcomes were similar among cohorts. At an average of 5.7 ± 3 (sBiKA) and 3.2 ± 2 years (rTKA), KOOS, Jr. significantly improved, P < .001, by an equivalent amount. Post-operative KSSO and KSSF were significantly higher in the sBiKA cohort, respectively, (90.4 ± 10 vs 72.1 ± 20, P < .001) and (80.3 ± 18 vs 67.1 ± 19, P = .011). sBiKA patients had significantly greater improvement in KSSO (30.7 ± 33 vs 5.2 ± 18, P = .003). One sBiKA patient underwent reoperation for continued pain. CONCLUSION: SBiKA has equivalent survivorship, but greater improvement in functional outcomes as rTKA at short to midterm follow-up. Given the shorter operative times and length of stay, sBiKA is a safe and cost-effective alternative to rTKA for progressive osteoarthritis following PKA. Nevertheless, further follow-up is necessary to determine whether sBiKA is a durable option.

Modern Revision Femoral Stem Designs Have No Difference in Rates of Subsidence.

BACKGROUND: Both modular and monoblock tapered fluted titanium (TFT) stems have gained popularity over fully porous-coated cylindrical (FPCC) femoral stem designs, but limited data exist comparing subsidence rates following revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this study is to determine differences in subsidence and clinical outcomes among 3 revision femoral stem designs. METHODS: We reviewed a consecutive series of 335 patients who underwent femoral component revision to a cementless modular TFT (n = 225), monoblock TFT (n = 63), or FPCC (n = 47) stem between 2012 and 2019. We evaluated radiographic subsidence rates, re-revision rates, and patient-reported outcomes between the 3 stems. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the independent effect of stem type on the risk of subsidence >5 mm. RESULTS: At an average follow-up of 39 months (range, 12 to 96 months), there were no differences in mean subsidence rates (3.5 vs 2.4 vs 2.1 mm, P = .14), HOOS Jr scores (78 vs 74 vs 64 points, P = .15), or aseptic re-revision rates (4% vs 3% vs 0%, P = .29) between modular TFT, monoblock TFT, and FPCC stems. Although modular TFT stems were more often used in patients with extensive femoral bone loss (Paprosky III and IV), there were no differences in subsidence rates >5 mm among the 3 stems (P > .05) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Modular TFT, monoblock TFT, and FPCC femoral stem designs all perform well in revision THA with no difference in clinical outcomes or subsidence rates. Surgeons should select the stem which they feel is the most clinically appropriate.

Accuracy and Validity of Computer Adaptive Testing for Outcome Assessment in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Computerized adaptive test (CAT) questionnaires may allow standardization of patient-reported outcome measures and reductions in questionnaire burden. We evaluated the validity, accuracy, and efficacy of a CAT system in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: CAT Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) and CAT KOOS-JR questionnaires were applied to 1871 standard form KOOS and 1493 KOOS-JR patient responses, respectively. Mean, standard deviations, Pearson's correlation coefficients, interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), frequency distribution plots, and Bland-Altman plots were used to compare the precision, validity, and accuracy between CAT scores and full-form scores. RESULTS: There was a mean reduction of 14 questions (33%) in the CAT KOOS and 1.4 questions (20%) with the CAT KOOS-JR version, compared with the standard KOOS and KOOS-JR surveys, respectively. There were no significant differences between KOOS and CAT KOOS scores with respect to pain (P = .66), symptoms (P = .43), quality of life (P = .99), activities of daily living (P = .68), and sports (P = .84). Similarly, there were no significant differences between the standard form KOOS-JR and CAT KOOS-JR scores (P = .94). There were strong correlations with minimal variability between the CAT KOOS and standard KOOS questionnaires for pain (r = 0.98, ICC: 0.98), symptoms (r = 0.97, ICC: 0.97), quality of life scores (r = 0.99, ICC: 0.99), activities of daily living scores (r = 0.99, ICC: 0.99), and sports scores (r = 0.99, ICC: 0.99). Similarly, there were strong correlations between the KOOS-JR and the CAT KOOS-JR scores (r = 0.99, ICC: 0.99). CONCLUSION: CAT KOOS and the CAT KOOS-JR versions are accurate and reduce questionnaire burden up to one-third compared with standard surveys. CAT versions may improve patient compliance and decrease fatigue.

Accuracy and Validity of Computer Adaptive Testing for Outcome Assessment in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Probability-based computer algorithms that reduce patient burden are currently in high demand. These computer adaptive testing (CAT) methods improve workflow and reduce patient frustration, while achieving high measurement precision. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy and validity of the CAT Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) and the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Joint Replacement (HOOS-JR) by comparing them to the full version of these scoring systems in a subset of patients who had undergone total hip arthroplasties. METHODS: A previously developed CAT HOOS and HOOS-JR was applied to 354 and 1547 HOOS and HOOS-JR patient responses, respectively. Mean, standard deviations, Pearson's correlation coefficients, interclass correlation coefficients, frequency distribution plots, and Bland-Altman plots were used to compare the precision, validity, and accuracy between CAT scores and full-form scores. RESULTS: By modifying the questions to past responses, the CAT HOOS demonstrated a mean reduction of 30% of questions (28 vs 40 questions). There were no significant differences between the full HOOS and CAT HOOS with respect to pain (P = .73), symptoms (P = .94), quality of life (P = .99), activities of daily living (P = .82), and sports (P = .99). There were strong linear relationships between the CAT versions and the standard questionnaires (r > 0.99). The Bland-Altman plot showed that differences between CAT HOOS and full HOOS were independent of the overall scores. CONCLUSION: The CAT HOOS and HOOS-JR have high correlation and require fewer questions to finish compared to the standard full-form questionnaires. This may represent a reliable and practical alternative that may be less burdensome to patients and may help improve compliance for reporting outcome metrics.

Blastomycotic Osteomyelitis: An Unusual Cause of Hand Swelling.

Isolated blastomycosis hand infections are extremely rare, and are often clinically unsuspected, leading to delays in clinical diagnosis. Conclusive diagnosis often necessitates fungal cultures and histopathological demonstration of budding yeasts in tissues. In this report, we describe the rare occurrence of isolated blastomycotic hand infection, without any other organ involvement, in a 42-year-old male patient. Analyzing tissue specimens with frozen section has been shown in the past to demonstrate granulomatous inflammation and yeast forms of the organism; however, as demonstrated in this patient, the presence of pseudoepitheliomatous cells may deceptively appear as malignant, causing substantial concern and anxiety. Definitive diagnosis often necessitates fungal culture and histopathological examination with special fungal stains including polymerase chain reaction for speciation.

The Economic Impact of Periprosthetic Infections After Total Hip Arthroplasty at a Specialized Tertiary-Care Center.

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic infections after total hip arthroplasty represent an increased risk for patient morbidity and mortality, and an increased economic burden. The purpose of this study was to compare a group of patients who had periprosthetic infections after total hip arthroplasty to a matched group of patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty in terms of the associated costs, length of hospitalization, and number of readmissions (within 1 year). METHODS: Between 2007 and 2011, 16 consecutive infected patients were matched to 32 noninfected patients (1:2 ratio). RESULTS: The mean episode cost, length of hospitalization, and median readmissions was significantly higher in the infected group when compared to the matched cohort: $88,623 vs $25,659, 7.6 vs 3.29 days, and 2 vs 0, respectively. CONCLUSION: Periprosthetic infections after THA resulted in an increased episode cost by approximately 3-fold, mean hospitalization period 2-fold, and led to a higher median number of readmissions.

Histopathological Evaluation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.

This study assessed gross and histopathological ACL changes in arthritic knees (n=174) undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Histopathological changes were assessed and graded as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or marked (3). These were correlated to demographic and clinical factors, and radiographic evaluations. The ACL was intact in 43, frayed in 85, torn in 15, and absent in 31 knees. Eighty-five percent had histological changes. Overall, there were significant associations between greater age and BMI, and histological changes. Grade IV knees had significantly greater calcium pyrophosphate deposits, microcyst formation, and number of pathologic changes. These correlations may aid decision-making when determining suitability for unicompartmental or bicruciate-retaining arthroplasties, though further studies should correlate these histological findings to mechanical and functional knee status.

What Host Factors Affect Aseptic Loosening After THA and TKA?

BACKGROUND: Aseptic loosening is the most common cause for revisions after lower-extremity total joint arthroplasties, however studies differ regarding the degree to which host factors influence loosening. QUESTIONS/PURPOSE: We performed a systematic review to determine which host factors play a role in the development of clinical and/or radiographic failure from aseptic loosening after (1) THA and (2) TKA. METHODS: Two searches on THA and TKA, respectively, using four electronic databases (EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and Scopus) were conducted. We identified a total of 209 reports that encompassed nine potential host factors affecting aseptic loosening. Inclusion criteria for consideration of scientific clinical reports were that 20 or more patients were involved, with more than 1-year followup, with at least three studies pertaining to each factor, and at least six of the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies criteria met, and with raw data for odds ratio (OR) calculations. Twenty-one studies (16 THA studies with 45,779 hips and five TKA studies with 288 knees, respectively) were used to calculate weighted OR and CIs (using the random effects theory) and study heterogeneity for four different host factors in THAs (male sex, high activity level, obesity defined as BMI≥30 kg/m2, and current or former tobacco use) and one factor in TKA (BMI≥30 kg/m2), which were placed in a forest plot. RESULTS: For THA, male sex (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.22-1.58; p=0.001) and high activity level (University of California Los Angeles [UCLA] activity score≥8 points; OR, 4.24; 95% CI, 2.46-7.31; p=0.001) were associated with aseptic loosening. However, obesity (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.73-1.40; p=0.96), and tobacco use (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.43-8.97; p=0.39) were not associated with an increased risk of aseptic loosening after THA with the numbers available. For TKA, we found no host factors associated with loosening. In particular, obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) was not associated with aseptic loosening with the numbers available (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 0.60-8.62; p=0.22). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing a lower-extremity total joint arthroplasty who engage in impact sports should be counseled regarding their potential increased risk of aseptic loosening; however, given the weak evidence available, we believe that higher-level studies are necessary to clearly define the risk factors, particularly with newer-generation constructs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Elbow hemiarthroplasty using a "triceps-on" approach for the management of acute distal humeral fractures.

BACKGROUND: Total elbow arthroplasty is an established option for the primary treatment of acute distal humeral fractures, but there are sparse data regarding elbow hemiarthroplasty (EHA) as an alternative. We present the outcome of EHA performed with a modular anatomic prosthesis and a "triceps-on" surgical technique. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive patients underwent EHA for an acute fracture. Two patients died, leaving a study group of 16 patients with minimum 2-year follow-up. Clinical evaluation included range of motion; Mayo Elbow Performance Score; Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score; and Oxford Elbow Score. Radiographic assessment looked at alignment, evidence of loosening, ulnar and radial head wear, heterotopic ossification, and whether healing of the condyles had occurred. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 35 months (24-79 months). The mean scores were as follows: Mayo Elbow Performance Score, 89.6; shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, 11.2; and Oxford Elbow Score, 43.7. The mean flexion and pronation-supination arcs were 116° and 172° respectively. Radial head wear was absent in 13 patients and mild in 3. Ulnar wear was absent in 6 patients, mild in 8, and moderate in 2. Wear was not associated with greater pain or inferior functional scores. There was no sign of aseptic loosening, and complete condylar bone union occurred in 15 elbows. There was 1 complication, a transient ulnar nerve neurapraxia that resolved without intervention. CONCLUSION: EHA with a modular anatomic implant using a triceps-on approach is a reliable technique for the management of acute unreconstructible distal humeral fractures in older patients.

Does Co-Existing Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis Impair Functional Outcomes and Activity Levels after Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty?

Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a cause for substantial morbidity in the elderly population: many often undergo total hip arthroplasty for associated hip arthritis. With a matched cohort we investigated the effect of co-existing LSS on aseptic survivorship, functional outcomes, activity levels, overall subjective physical and mental health status, and satisfaction rates in patients undergoing primary THA. The aseptic-implant survivorship was similar in LSS and non-stenosis cohort. Although both cohorts significantly improved, the LSS cohort achieved lower improvements in HHS, UCLA, SF-36 physical, and satisfaction rates than the matched non-stenotic cohort. Surgeons should consider cautioning patients with LSS that although they can expect relief of their arthritic symptoms following THA, they may continue to expect limitations in function, physical-status, activity-levels, and satisfaction rates.

High-Dose Corticosteroid Use and Risk of Hip Osteonecrosis: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review.

The effect of varying corticosteroid regimens on hip osteonecrosis incidence remains unclear. We performed a meta-analysis and systematic literature review to determine osteonecrosis occurrences in patients taking corticosteroids at varying mean and cumulative doses and treatment durations, and whether medical diagnoses affected osteonecrosis incidence. Fifty-seven studies (23,561 patients) were reviewed. Regression analysis determined significance between corticosteroid usage and osteonecrosis incidence. Osteonecrosis incidence was 6.7% with corticosteroid treatment of >2 g (prednisone-equivalent). Systemic lupus erythematosus patients had positive correlations between dose and osteonecrosis incidence. Each 10 mg/d increase was associated with a 3.6% increase in osteonecrosis rate, and >20 mg/d resulted in a higher osteonecrosis incidence. Clinicians must be wary of osteonecrosis in patients on high corticosteroid regimens, particularly in systematic lupus erythematosus.

Early Outcomes of Titanium-Based Highly-Porous Acetabular Components in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Titanium-based highly-porous metal cups have been introduced as a relatively new alternative for enhanced acetabular fixation during revision THA; limited number of studies have evaluated its outcomes. We aimed to assess the clinical, functional, and patient-reported outcomes following the use of new generation highly-porous titanium acetabular implants in the revision setting. Seventy-one revisions were (1:1) matched to a conventional porous-coated cohort and were followed-up clinically and radiographically for at least 2-years. Non-significant differences in overall aseptic-survivorship were found across all types of acetabular defects comparing both cohorts (P=0.3). The overall HHS, UCLA, and SF-36 scores were similar between both cohorts. It remains to be seen if the great potential for enhanced osseointegration translates into improved long-term survivorship compared to conventional-porous devices.

Gross trunnion failure after primary total hip arthroplasty.

Unfavorable outcomes from trunnion fretting and corrosion damage have been reported in the literature, gross failures of tapers in primary total hip arthroplasties have been less frequently reported. We report on 5 patients, who presented with gross trunnion failures of modular metal-on-polyethylene or ceramic-on-polyethylene bearings from 5 implant manufacturers, all necessitating revision surgery. None of these patients had an antecedent history of trauma, and the majority presented with pain or instability. No common factor was identified that may be predictive of these type of failures. Since there were 5 different stem designs, this suggests that it may be a rare generic phenomenon occurring with multiple designs. Currently, further investigations are necessary, including retrieval analysis, to identify risk factors that may predispose to such failures.

What Outcome Metrics Do the Various Knee Rating Systems for Assessment of Outcomes Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Measure? A Systematic Review of Literature.

Multiple scoring systems have been developed for the assessment of outcomes following total knee arthroplasty. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated each scoring system to analyze the various outcome variables and their individual weightings toward generations of the final score. A systematic search of four electronic databases were performed from January 1960 to August, 2013 to identify studies that reported on knee scores and to sub-categorize the outcomes measured based on subjective, objective, rehabilitative, and quality of life outcomes. We also evaluated the outcome metrics that each of these systems measured to identify the relative impact of these variables toward the final score. We identified 45 different outcome metrics in 46 rating scales. Pain (80%), stiffness (13%), and swelling (13%) were the three most common subjective outcomes measured in the scoring systems, while measurements of range-of-motion (57%), flexion contracture (39%), and coronal plane deformity (35%) were the most often reported objective outcome variables. Of all the variables measured, we found that pain (mean weighted score, 26 points; range, 0 to 50 points), range-of-motion (mean weighted score, 11 points; range, 0 to 50 points), distance walked (mean weighted score, 7 points; range, 0 to 30 points), ability to climb stairs (mean weighted score, 6 points; range, 0 to 20 points), ability to rise from sitting position (mean weighted score, 4 points; range, 0 to 20 points), and presence of a flexion contracture (mean weighted score, 4 points, range, 0 to 20 points) had the greatest impact on the final score standardized to 100 points. Currently, few rating scales exist that assess all aspects of functional, rehabilitative, and quality of life outcomes including patient satisfaction within the realms of a single scoring system. Further research is needed to determine the optimal combination and weightings of the individual outcomes metrics to better evaluate overall outcomes following total knee arthroplasty and to develop a more comprehensive scoring system.

Rating Systems to Assess the Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the success of a total knee arthroplasty (TKA), scoring systems have been developed to provide a straightforward method of evaluating the outcomes of patients following surgery. Fully evaluating these outcomes is a challenging and time consuming task, and these simplistic measures often do not provide a complete picture of a patient's recovery. Therefore, we evaluated different scoring systems to determine the most effective method of assessing the outcomes of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated all knee scoring systems currently available in literature, and a total of 46 questionnaires met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We then identified all the metrics assessed in the questionnaires (n=48) and subdivided them into objective, subjective, rehabilitative, and quality of life outcome measures. We identified the three most commonly referenced questionnaires (the Knee Society Scores, the Knee Osteoarthritis and Outcomes Scores, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Score-WOMAC) and assessed multiple permutations of these with other scoring systems to identify the combinations that would most comprehensively and efficiently evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing TKA. RESULTS: Of the 48 metrics, we identified four subjective, eight objective, 20 rehabilitation, and 16 quality of life metrics. On permutation of the three most referenced scoring systems, the KSS and the KOOS together yielded the greatest coverage of the above metrics (79%). When the KSS, KOOS, and WOMAC, respectively, were combined with the Lower Extremity Function Scale (LEFS) and Short Form 36 (SF-36), they yielded 77, 73, and 60% coverage of the metrics and 35, 39, and 37% redundancy, respectively. CONCLUSION: Surgeons and researchers have attempted to fully evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing TKA. The proposed combinations may provide a more comprehensive way to cost-effectively evaluate outcomes. Further analysis is required before attempting to create newer knee scoring systems.

Treatment of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review.

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a devastating illness that can lead to severe joint disease in young patients. The pathogenesis of ON is largely unknown; however, there have been numerous reports associating risk factors including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with the disease. The risk of ON for SLE patients is believed to be a result of both the SLE disease state itself and the concomitant use of corticosteroids. The objective of osteonecrosis treatment is typically to halt progression or delay the onset of end-stage arthritis that may require a total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Joint-preserving procedures are attempted for pre-collapse and some post-collapse lesions. After severe subchondral collapse has occurred, TJA is often necessary to relieve pain. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to recent evidence regarding several treatment options for the management of SLE-associated ON, including lesion observation, medication, joint-preserving techniques, and TJA.