RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is increasing recognition of the importance of cortical microinfarcts to overall brain health, cognition, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral small vessel pathologies are associated with microinfarcts and frequently coexist with Alzheimer disease; however, the extent to which Aß (amyloid beta) and tau pathology modulates microvascular pathogenesis is not fully understood. Study objective was to examine the relationship of small vessel pathologies, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, with cortical microinfarcts in people with differing levels of Aß or tau tangle burden. METHODS: Participants were 1489 autopsied older people (mean age at death, 89 years; 67% women) from 1 of 3 ongoing clinical-pathological cohort studies of aging. Neuropathological evaluation identified cortical Aß and tau tangle burden using immunohistochemistry in 8 brain regions, provided semiquantitative grading of cerebral vessel pathologies, and identified the presence of cortical microinfarcts. Logistic regression models adjusted for demographics and atherosclerosis and examined whether Aß or tau tangle burden modified relations between small vessel pathologies and cortical microinfarcts. RESULTS: Cortical microinfarcts were present in 17% of older people, moderate-to-severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy pathology in 36%, and arteriolosclerosis in 34%. In logistic regression models, we found interactions with Aß and tau tangles, reflecting that the association between arteriolosclerosis and cortical microinfarcts was stronger in the context of greater Aß (estimate, 0.15; SE=0.07; P=0.02) and tau tangle burden (estimate, 0.13; SE=0.06; P=0.02). Interactions also emerged for cerebral amyloid angiopathy, suggesting that the association between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cortical microinfarcts is more robust in the presence of higher Aß (estimate, 0.27; SE=0.07; P<0.001) and tangle burden (estimate, 0.16; SE=0.06; P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in the presence of elevated Aß or tangle pathology, small vessel pathologies are associated with greater microvascular tissue injury, highlighting a potential link between neurodegenerative and vascular mechanisms.
Assuntos
Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Infarto Encefálico/metabolismo , Doenças Vasculares/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Arteriosclerose/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Infarto Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Angiopatia Amiloide Cerebral , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Doenças Vasculares/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Studies of ectoparasites of wild-caught queenfish Scomberoides commersonnianus from several areas in northern Australia were reviewed to investigate relationships between parasite burdens, environmental conditions and external lesions. A sample of 27 queenfish captured near a dredge spoil disposal site in Gladstone Harbour, Queensland, Australia, in January 2012 was anomalous, with a high percentage of fish (66.6%) exhibiting grossly visible skin lesions including foci of erythema and petechial haemorrhages, particularly on the pectoral girdle and ventrolateral surfaces. Microscopically, lesions comprised acute epidermal erosion, ulceration and/or perivascular dermatitis with dermal oedema and depigmentation. Skin lesions were associated with high prevalence (100%) and intensity (mean = 21.2 copepods fish-1, range 4-46) of infection by sea lice Lepeophtheirus spinifer. Only queenfish infected with >10 L. spinifer presented with skin lesions. This is the first record of L. spinifer from Australia. In contrast, grossly visible skin lesions were not reported from queenfish (n = 152) sampled from other sites in the Northern Territory and Queensland, where the sampled fish had a much lower prevalence (51.3%) and intensity (mean = 3.54, range 0-26) of copepod (L. spinifer, Caligus spp. and Tuxophorus sp.) infections. Copepods from queenfish in studies undertaken outside Gladstone Harbour exhibited an over-dispersed pattern of infection, with the vast majority (n = 137, or 90.1%) of fish infected with <5 copepods. These data demonstrate that heavy L. spinifer infections, combined with poor water quality and/or direct exposure to contaminated dredge spoil and blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, can be associated with cutaneous disease in wild-caught queenfish.
Assuntos
Copépodes , Doenças dos Peixes , Perciformes , Animais , Austrália , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Peixes , Queensland/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease originating from the pilosebaceous unit, in which patients develop painful abscesses, sinus tracts, nodules and scarring, typically in intertriginous areas. Major gaps in our understanding of HS exist, and these may be partially due to the lack of an animal model for experimental studies. We developed an HS xenograft mouse model using human HS lesions grafted onto immunocompromised mice. Although the model had its limitations, several informative lessons were learned, which may contribute to future attempts at an HS animal model.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Xenoenxertos , Hidradenite Supurativa , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCIDRESUMO
The power of citizen science to contribute to both science and society is gaining increased recognition, particularly in physics and biology. Although there is a long history of public engagement in agriculture and food science, the term 'citizen science' has rarely been applied to these efforts. Similarly, in the emerging field of citizen science, most new citizen science projects do not focus on food or agriculture. Here, we convened thought leaders from a broad range of fields related to citizen science, agriculture, and food science to highlight key opportunities for bridging these overlapping yet disconnected communities/fields and identify ways to leverage their respective strengths. Specifically, we show that (i) citizen science projects are addressing many grand challenges facing our food systems, as outlined by the United States National Institute of Food and Agriculture, as well as broader Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations Development Programme, (ii) there exist emerging opportunities and unique challenges for citizen science in agriculture/food research, and (iii) the greatest opportunities for the development of citizen science projects in agriculture and food science will be gained by using the existing infrastructure and tools of Extension programmes and through the engagement of urban communities. Further, we argue there is no better time to foster greater collaboration between these fields given the trend of shrinking Extension programmes, the increasing need to apply innovative solutions to address rising demands on agricultural systems, and the exponential growth of the field of citizen science.
Assuntos
Agricultura/tendências , Participação da Comunidade , Alimentos , Pesquisa/tendências , Agricultura/normas , Pesquisa/normas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies have been associated with neurological complications, including in rare cases demyelinating disease. It is currently unknown whether patients who have received more than one immunosuppressive agent or anti-TNF have a greater risk of demyelination. We report the case of a 37-year-old woman with psoriasis who presented with an acute episode of demyelination while on anti-TNF therapy. This case was complicated by the fact that progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy was considered the likely diagnosis initially and was only definitively excluded by brain biopsy. This case demonstrates the difficulty establishing the correct diagnosis in patients with atypical presentations on immunomodulating therapies. We present this rare case of demyelination in a patient who received multiple immunosuppressive therapies to highlight this challenging clinical situation and discuss management with a literature review.
Assuntos
Adalimumab/efeitos adversos , Doenças Desmielinizantes/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Desmielinizantes/diagnóstico , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/diagnóstico , Psoríase/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
IR spectroscopy of gas-phase ions is proposed to resolve positional isomers of sulfated carbohydrates. Mass spectrometric fingerprints and gas-phase vibrational spectra in the near and mid-IR regions were obtained for sulfated monosaccharides, yielding unambiguous signatures of sulfated isomers. We report the first systematic exploration of the biologically relevant but notoriously challenging deprotonated state in the near IR region. Remarkably, anions displayed very atypical vibrational profiles, which challenge the well-established DFT (Density Functionnal Theory) modeling. The proposed approach was used to elucidate the sulfate patterns in glycosaminoglycans, a ubiquitous class of mammalian carbohydrates, which is regarded as a major challenge in carbohydrate structural analysis. Isomeric glycosaminoglycan disaccharides from heparin and chondroitin sources were resolved, highlighting the potential of infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy as a novel structural tool for carbohydrates.
Assuntos
Carboidratos/química , Fótons , Sulfatos/química , Raios Infravermelhos , Teoria Quântica , Espectrofotometria InfravermelhoRESUMO
This study investigated the purpose and effectiveness of giving outpatients an opportunity to engage in art activities while receiving dialysis treatment. A mixed method study was conducted. 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted with outpatients attending the dialysis unit and 13 surveys of clinicians were completed. The principle reasons to partake in the art activity programme included: to pass time, to relieve boredom, to be creative, to try something new, distraction from concerns, to stay positive and to achieve something new. Patients who did not participate in the programme pass their time primarily by watching TV or sleeping. All staff who partook in the survey were satisfied with the programme and wanted it to continue. Our findings indicate that the creative arts programme is viewed positively by staff and patients alike, and might be useful in other hospital departments. Further in depth qualitative research would be useful to interrogate the potential effect of engagement in art on positive mental health and quality of life for patients with chronic conditions.
Assuntos
Arteterapia , Diálise Renal , Departamentos Hospitalares , Humanos , Saúde Mental , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate incidence and mortality from ischemic stroke in older adults with specific underlying chronic conditions, evaluating the influence of these conditions in developing stroke. MATERIALS & METHODS: Population-based cohort study involving 27,204 individuals ≥60 years old in Southern Catalonia, Spain. All cases of hospitalization from ischemic stroke (confirmed by neuro-imaging) were collected from 01/12/2008 until 30/11/2011. Incidence rates and 30-day mortality were estimated according to age, sex, chronic illnesses, and underlying conditions. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to calculate Hazards Ratio (HR) and estimate the association between baseline conditions and risk of developing stroke. RESULTS: Mean incidence rate reached 453 cases per 100,000 person-years. Maximum rates appeared among individuals with history of prior stroke (2926 per 100,000), atrial fibrillation (1815 per 100,000), coronary artery disease (1104 per 100,000), nursing-home residence (1014 per 100,000), and advanced age ≥80 years (1006 per 100,000). Thirty-day mortality was 13% overall, reaching 21% among patients over 80 years. Age [HR: 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.07], history of prior stroke (HR: 5.08; 95% CI: 3.96-6.51), history of coronary artery disease (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.21-2.25), atrial fibrillation (HR: 2.96; 95% CI: 2.30-3.81), diabetes mellitus (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.23-1.95), and smoking (HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.15-2.34) emerged independently associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Incidence and mortality from ischemic stroke remains considerable. Apart from age and history of atherosclerosis (prior stroke or coronary artery disease), atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking were the underlying conditions most strongly associated with an increased risk.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Fibrilação Atrial/epidemiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Isquemia Encefálica/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuroimagem , Casas de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , População , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/mortalidadeRESUMO
Proteus mirabilis forms extensive crystalline biofilms on urethral catheters that occlude urine flow and frequently complicate the management of long-term-catheterized patients. Here, using random transposon mutagenesis in conjunction with in vitro models of the catheterized urinary tract, we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the formation of crystalline biofilms by P. mirabilis. Mutants identified as defective in blockage of urethral catheters had disruptions in genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and efflux systems but were unaffected in general growth, survival in bladder model systems, or the ability to elevate urinary pH. Imaging of biofilms directly on catheter surfaces, along with quantification of levels of encrustation and biomass, confirmed that the mutants were attenuated specifically in the ability to form crystalline biofilms compared with that of the wild type. However, the biofilm-deficient phenotype of these mutants was not due to deficiencies in attachment to catheter biomaterials, and defects in later stages of biofilm development were indicated. For one blocking-deficient mutant, the disrupted gene (encoding a putative multidrug efflux pump) was also found to be associated with susceptibility to fosfomycin, and loss of this system or general inhibition of efflux pumps increased sensitivity to this antibiotic. Furthermore, homologues of this system were found to be widely distributed among other common pathogens of the catheterized urinary tract. Overall, our findings provide fundamental new insight into crystalline biofilm formation by P. mirabilis, including the link between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in this organism, and indicate a potential role for efflux pump inhibitors in the treatment or prevention of P. mirabilis crystalline biofilms.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cateteres de Demora/microbiologia , Proteus mirabilis/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cálcio/análise , Movimento Celular , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/fisiologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microscopia Eletroquímica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutagênese , Proteus mirabilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteus mirabilis/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Urease/metabolismo , Cateterismo Urinário/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
We report on a patient who developed donor-derived cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) 4 years after successful treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia with an allogeneic bone marrow transplant. The patient developed an eczematous rash unresponsive to topical therapy and immunosuppression. When CTCL was diagnosed in the recipient, his sibling donor had been attending his local dermatology unit with a maculosquamous rash, which proved subsequently to be mycosis fungoides. An identical pattern of donor and recipient clonality assessment and T-cell receptor gene sequencing indicated that the CTCL was probably transmitted in the bone marrow harvest. This suggests that CTCL cells circulate in the marrow at an early subclinical stage in this disease. This is the second case of donor-derived CTCL reported to date.
Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/terapia , Micose Fungoide/etiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Irmãos , Transplante Homólogo/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Folliculitis barbae is a common condition of both infective and non-infectious aetiology. It most frequently presents as a superficial folliculitis, with fine pustules appearing at the opening of hair follicles in the beard area, often associated with shaving; known as Bockhart impetigo and usually due to infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. If untreated, the infection and inflammation can progress, leading to a more deeply seated infection known as sycosis barbae. Perifollicular nodules, termed furuncles, may appear and when these are multiple and coalesce, a deep-seated, communicating, pustulating plaque called a carbuncle develops, often with associated systemic upset. Such an appearance, which can prompt incision and drainage, should not, however, be assumed to be solely due to staphylococcal infection. Particularly in the context of a history of close animal contact or a lack of response to antibiotic treatment, a diagnosis of tinea barbae should be considered and investigated. Prompt treatment with antifungal agents and often systemic steroids is required once the diagnosis is made. This will help reduce an exacerbation of the pronounced destruction that results from the immune response to the fungal infection, known as a kerion, which would be compounded by surgical intervention. In this article, we review two such cases and review the investigation and management of the disease.
Assuntos
Foliculite/diagnóstico , Foliculite/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Face/microbiologia , Foliculite/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are also infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), which is frequently reactivated and is associated with increased plasma and genital levels of HIV-1. Therapy to suppress HSV-2 reduces the frequency of reactivation of HSV-2 as well as HIV-1 levels, suggesting that suppression of HSV-2 may reduce the risk of transmission of HIV-1. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of suppressive therapy for HSV-2 (acyclovir at a dose of 400 mg orally twice daily) in couples in which only one of the partners was seropositive for HIV-1 (CD4 count, > or = 250 cells per cubic millimeter) and that partner was also infected with HSV-2 and was not taking antiretroviral therapy at the time of enrollment. The primary end point was transmission of HIV-1 to the partner who was not initially infected with HIV-1; linkage of transmissions was assessed by means of genetic sequencing of viruses. RESULTS: A total of 3408 couples were enrolled at 14 sites in Africa. Of the partners who were infected with HIV-1, 68% were women, and the baseline median CD4 count was 462 cells per cubic millimeter. Of 132 HIV-1 seroconversions that occurred after randomization (an incidence of 2.7 per 100 person-years), 84 were linked within couples by viral sequencing: 41 in the acyclovir group and 43 in the placebo group (hazard ratio with acyclovir, 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 1.41; P=0.69). Suppression with acyclovir reduced the mean plasma concentration of HIV-1 by 0.25 log(10) copies per milliliter (95% CI, 0.22 to 0.29; P<0.001) and the occurrence of HSV-2-positive genital ulcers by 73% (risk ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.36; P<0.001). A total of 92% of the partners infected with HIV-1 and 84% of the partners not infected with HIV-1 remained in the study for 24 months. The level of adherence to the dispensed study drug was 96%. No serious adverse events related to acyclovir were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Daily acyclovir therapy did not reduce the risk of transmission of HIV-1, despite a reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA of 0.25 log(10) copies per milliliter and a 73% reduction in the occurrence of genital ulcers due to HSV-2. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00194519.)
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Aciclovir/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV-1 , Herpes Genital/tratamento farmacológico , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Aciclovir/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Herpes Genital/complicações , Humanos , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Cooperação do Paciente , Gravidez , RNA Viral/sangue , Sexo sem Proteção/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is related to faster decline in episodic memory in Whites, but the relation is unknown in Blacks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ε4 has a selective effect on decline in episodic memory in Blacks. METHODS: Data are from two cohort studies with similar design. The sample consisted of 1,211 participants [28.4% Blacks, mean age = 78.6 years (SD = 7.4), education = 14.7 years (SD = 3.1)] without dementia at baseline, who underwent annual clinical evaluations for up to 6 years. Summary measures of 5 cognitive abilities were derived from 18 neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: In mixed models that controlled for age, sex, education, and race, possession of ε4 (present in 32.9% of Blacks and 21.0% of Whites, p < 0.001) was related to faster decline in episodic memory and 4 other cognitive abilities (all p values <0.01). In separate models that examined the interaction of race and ε4 on decline, there was no significant difference between Blacks and Whites in the effect of ε4 on decline in episodic memory, perceptual speed, or visuospatial ability. By contrast, the effect of ε4 differed for semantic memory and working memory. Results were similar after adjusting for vascular conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that APOE ε4 is related to a faster rate of decline in episodic memory in Blacks similar to Whites. In addition, there were racial differences in the effect of ε4 in other cognitive abilities such that the ε4 allele was related to faster decline in semantic memory and working memory for Whites but not for Blacks.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteína E4/genética , População Negra/genética , Transtornos da Memória/genética , Memória Episódica , População Branca/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Alelos , População Negra/etnologia , População Negra/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/etnologia , Transtornos da Memória/psicologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , População Branca/etnologia , População Branca/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to outline a capabilities approach to the social determinants of population health and to compare its explanatory power and implications for public policy-making with psychosocial approaches. METHODS: A model linking the structures of economic and social relations to health outcomes is developed and logistic methods used to confirm its base validity for a representative sample of 16,488 citizens in 19 developed democracies drawn from the World Values Surveys of 1990 and 2005. Self-reported health is the dependent variable. Age, gender, education, employment status, self-mastery, income, autonomy at work, ties to family and friends, subjective social status, associational memberships and sense of national belonging are considered. RESULTS: At baseline, risk ratios reflecting movement from the 25th to 75th percentile in the distribution of the variable indicate that increases in income reduce the likelihood of poor health (0.78; 0.73-0.82) as does higher autonomy at work (0.90; 0.85-0.94) but so does access to social resources reflected in ties to family and friends (0.89; 0.86-0.92), associational memberships (0.93; 0.89-0.98), subjective social status (0.77; 0.54-0.90) while the absence of feelings of national belonging increases the likelihood of poor health (1.14; 1.06-1.23). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that population health is dependent on the distribution of social as well as economic resources along the dimensions predicted by a capabilities model. Governments should be attentive to the impact of policy on the distribution of social, as well as economic, resources.
Assuntos
Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/métodos , Política Pública , Pesquisa Empírica , Recursos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos em Saúde/provisão & distribuição , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Saúde Pública/economia , Política Pública/economia , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Classe Social , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Existing evidence suggests that psychosocial stress is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Perceived discrimination is a persistent stressor in African Americans that has been associated with several adverse mental and physical health outcomes. To our knowledge, the association of discrimination with cognition in older African Americans has not been examined. In a cohort of 407 older African Americans without dementia (mean age = 72.9; SD = 6.4), we found that a higher level of perceived discrimination was related to poorer cognitive test performance, particularly episodic memory (estimate = -0.03; SE = .013; p < .05) and perceptual speed tests (estimate = -0.04; SE = .015; p < .05). The associations were unchanged after adjusting for demographics and vascular risk factors, but were attenuated after adjustment for depressive symptoms (Episodic memory estimate = -0.02; SE = 0.01; Perceptual speed estimate = -0.03; SE = 0.02; both p's = .06). The association between discrimination and several cognitive domains was modified by level of neuroticism. The results suggest that perceived discrimination may be associated with poorer cognitive function, but does not appear to be independent of depressive symptoms. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1-10).
Assuntos
Associação , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Transtornos Cognitivos , Discriminação Psicológica , Transtornos da Percepção , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Neuroticismo , Transtornos da Percepção/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Percepção/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Percepção/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study examined the spatio-temporal reproductive patterns, population structure, maturity and growth of Acanthopagrus hybrid complexes, which comprise mainly black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri and the hybrids they form with yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis, in two Australian estuaries (Coila and Brou Lakes, NSW). There were no differences between pure A. butcheri and hybrids in terms of their population structure, growth and maturity, suggesting that these two breeds have similar life histories and may therefore be managed as single, naturally cohesive units. Sexual variation in size structure was only observed for the complex in Coila Lake. Although there was significant variation in age structure between estuaries, both complexes exhibited dominance of only a few year classes indicating episodic recruitment and high fishing mortality. Acanthopagrus eggs occurred in higher numbers within upstream creek habitats compared to lake habitats, thereby highlighting the need to protect these spawning habitats. Although maturity in the complexes was not influenced by gender or estuary, differences in growth were detected between the genders and estuaries.
Assuntos
Hibridização Genética , Perciformes/fisiologia , Animais , Austrália , Tamanho Corporal , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Estuários , Feminino , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Perciformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reprodução/fisiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Razão de MasculinidadeRESUMO
HIV-positive gay, bisexual, two-spirit, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) have exhibited significant resilience to HIV/AIDS in Canada since the start of the epidemic. Since 2012, most of the research that has been conducted on resilience to HIV/AIDS has utilized quantitative methods and deficits-based approaches, with a preferential focus on the plight of young MSM. In order to address apparent gaps in research on HIV/AIDS resilience, we conducted a community-based participatory research qualitative study that utilized a strengths-based approach to examine the perspectives and lived experiences of HIV-positive, middle-aged and older MSM on their individual attributes that helped forge their HIV/AIDS resilience. We conducted 41 semistructured interviews with diverse, HIV-positive, middle-aged and older MSM from Central and Southwestern Ontario, Canada. From our thematic analysis of our interviews, we identified four themes, which represented personal strengths that fostered resilience to HIV/AIDS: (a) proactiveness, (b) perseverance, (c) having the right mindset, and (d) self-awareness with self-control. This article discusses the importance of these personal strengths to fostering HIV/AIDS resilience, and how community-based resources could potentially lessen the need to muster such personal strengths, or alternatively, cultivate them.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Idoso , Bissexualidade , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , OntárioRESUMO
UK medical school curricula incorporate training in end-of-life care as recommended by Tomorrow's Doctors. Previous research suggests that hospice staff have concerns about the burden on patients when participating in medical student teaching and may gatekeep access to patients. This qualitative study uses semistructured interviews to explore and compare the views of hospice patients and health care staff about patient involvement in medical student teaching. Fifteen patients and 14 staff members were recruited from a single UK hospice involved in teaching third year medical students. Hospice patients, who have been involved in teaching, are strongly positive about meeting medical students and staff carefully select patients based on a number of issues.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida , Estudantes de Medicina , Ensino/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Paliativos , Relações Profissional-PacienteRESUMO
After publication of this Article the authors noticed errors in several figures. In Fig. 2b the Gapdh panels are incorrect. The lysates are identical to those used in Fig. 1b, therefore the Gapdh panels should be the same in both figures. In Fig. 3b the Gapdh panels for Ad-Fhit-wt and Ad-Fhit-Y114F are incorrect and have been replaced with scans from original films. In Fig. 4A the Gapdh panels are incorrect. The lysates are identical to those used in Fig. 3b, therefore the Gapdh panels should be the same in both figures. In Fig. 4Bb the Gapdh panels for Fhit siRNA were incorrect and have been replaced with scans from original films. All resupplied figures are provided below. In Fig. 5C several panels are incorrect. The Authors were unable to locate the original films for all of these panels so Fig. 5c has been deleted. The scientific conclusions of this paper have not been affected.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a need for new treatments for scalp psoriasis, as many topical treatments are cosmetically unacceptable and difficult to apply, resulting in poor compliance. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of a new, once-daily, two-compound scalp formulation (Xamiol; LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) containing calcipotriol 50 microg g(-1) plus betamethasone 0.5 mg g(-1) (as dipropionate), with the active ingredients as single compounds in the same vehicle. METHODS: This 8-week, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group study, randomized adult patients with scalp psoriasis involving > 10% of the scalp to the two-compound scalp formulation (n = 568), betamethasone dipropionate 0.5 mg g(-1) (n = 563), or calcipotriol 50 microg g(-1) (n = 286). The primary efficacy measure was the proportion of patients with 'absence of disease' or 'very mild disease' according to investigators' assessments at week 8. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with 'absence of disease' or 'very mild disease' at week 8 was significantly higher in the two-compound group (68.4%) than the betamethasone dipropionate (61.0%, P = 0.0079) or calcipotriol (43.4%, P < 0.0001) groups. The proportion of patients rating their scalp psoriasis as 'clear' or 'almost clear' was significantly higher for the two-compound scalp formulation (69.6%) than for betamethasone dipropionate (59.9%, P = 0.0006) or calcipotriol (44.7%, P < 0.0001). The incidence of lesional/perilesional adverse events was lower in the two-compound and betamethasone dipropionate groups than the calcipotriol group. CONCLUSIONS: The two-compound scalp formulation was well tolerated and more effective in the treatment of scalp psoriasis than either of its individual components in the same vehicle.