Comparative effects of guided vs. potent P2Y12 inhibitor therapy in acute coronary syndrome: a network meta-analysis of 61 898 patients from 15 randomized trials.

AIMS: Guidelines recommend the use of potent P2Y12 inhibitors over clopidogrel for the reduction of ischaemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, this comes at the expense of increased bleeding. A guided selection of P2Y12 inhibiting therapy has the potential to overcome this limitation. We aimed at evaluating the comparative safety and efficacy of guided vs. routine selection of potent P2Y12 inhibiting therapy in patients with ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different oral P2Y12 inhibitors currently recommended for the treatment of patients with ACS (clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor). RCTs including a guided approach (i.e. platelet function or genetic testing) vs. standard selection of P2Y12 inhibitors among patients with ACS were also included. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. P-scores were used to estimate hierarchies of efficacy and safety. The primary efficacy endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and the primary safety endpoint was all bleeding. A total of 61 898 patients from 15 RCTs were included. Clopidogrel was used as reference treatment. A guided approach was the only strategy associated with reduced MACE (IRR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.98) without any significant trade-off in all bleeding (IRR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.96-1.55). A guided approach and prasugrel were associated with reduced myocardial infarction. A guided approach, prasugrel, and ticagrelor were associated with reduced stent thrombosis. Ticagrelor was also associated with reduced total and cardiovascular mortality. Prasugrel was associated with increased major bleeding. Prasugrel and ticagrelor were associated with increased minor bleeding. The incidence of stroke did not differ between treatments. CONCLUSION: In patients with an ACS, compared with routine selection of potent P2Y12 inhibiting therapy (prasugrel or ticagrelor), a guided selection of P2Y12 inhibiting therapy is associated with the most favourable balance between safety and efficacy. These findings support a broader adoption of guided approach for the selection of P2Y12 inhibiting therapy in patients with ACS. STUDY REGISTRATION NUMBER: This study is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021258603). KEY QUESTION: A guided selection of P2Y12 inhibiting therapy using platelet function or genetic testing improves outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Nevertheless, the comparative safety and efficacy of a guided versus routine selection of potent P2Y12-inhibiting therapy in acute coronary syndrome has not been explored. KEY FINDING: In a comprehensive network meta-analysis including the totality of available evidence and using clopidogrel as treatment reference, a guided approach was the only strategy associated with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events without any significant trade-off in bleeding. Prasugrel and ticagrelor increased bleeding and only ticagrelor reduced mortality. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: A guided selection of P2Y12-inhibiting therapy represents the strategy associated with the most favourable balance between safety and efficacy. These findings support a broader adoption of guided P2Y12 inhibiting therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Guided versus standard antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Whether guided selection of antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is effective in improving outcomes compared with standard antiplatelet therapy remains controversial. We assessed the safety and efficacy of guided versus standard selection of antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing PCI. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, from Aug 20 to Oct 25, 2020, we searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases for randomised controlled trials and observational studies published in any language that compared guided antiplatelet therapy, by means of platelet function testing or genetic testing, versus standard antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing PCI. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs were used with random-effects or fixed-effect models according to the estimated heterogeneity among studies assessed by the I2 index. Coprimary endpoints were trial-defined primary major adverse cardiovascular events and any bleeding. Key secondary endpoints were all-cause death, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, definite or probable stent thrombosis, and major and minor bleeding. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021215901). FINDINGS: 3656 potentially relevant articles were screened. Our analysis included 11 randomised controlled trials and three observational studies with data for 20 743 patients. Compared with standard therapy, guided selection of antiplatelet therapy was associated with a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (RR 0·78, 95% CI 0·63-0·95, p=0·015) and reduced bleeding, although not statistically significant (RR 0·88, 0·77-1·01, p=0·069). Cardiovascular death (RR 0·77, 95% CI 0·59-1·00, p=0·049), myocardial infarction (RR 0·76, 0·60-0·96, p=0·021), stent thrombosis (RR 0·64, 0·46-0·89, p=0·011), stroke (RR 0·66, 0·48-0·91, p=0·010), and minor bleeding (RR 0·78, 0·67-0·92, p=0·0030) were reduced with guided therapy compared with standard therapy. Risks of all-cause death and major bleeding did not differ between guided and standard approaches. Outcomes varied according to the strategy used, with an escalation approach associated with a significant reduction in ischaemic events without any trade-off in safety, and a de-escalation approach associated with a significant reduction in bleeding, without any trade-off in efficacy. INTERPRETATION: Guided selection of antiplatelet therapy improved both composite and individual efficacy outcomes with a favourable safety profile, driven by a reduction in minor bleeding, supporting the use of platelet function or genetic testing to optimise the choice of agent in patients undergoing PCI. FUNDING: None.

Mechanical circulatory support in patients with cardiogenic shock not secondary to cardiotomy: a network meta-analysis.

To compare the efficacy and safety of different mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices in CS. A total of 24 studies (7 randomized controlled trials-RCTs-and 17 non-RCTs) involving 11,117 patients were entered in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality. Secondary endpoints were stroke and bleeding (requiring transfusion and/or intracranial and/or fatal). Compared with no MCS, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) reduced 30-day mortality when used both alone (OR 0.37, 95% CrI 0.15-0.90) and together with the micro-axial pump Impella (OR 0.13, 95% CrI 0.02-0.80) or intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) (OR 0.19, 95% CrI 0.05-0.63), although the relevant articles were affected by significant publication bias. Consistent results were obtained in a sensitivity analysis including only studies of CS due to myocardial infarction. After halving the weight of studies with a non-RCT design, only the benefit of ECMO + IABP on 30-day mortality was maintained (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.057-0.76). The risk of bleeding was increased by TandemHeart (OR 13, 95% CrI 3.50-59), Impella (OR 5, 95% CrI 1.60-18), and IABP (OR 2.2, 95% CrI 1.10-4.4). No significant differences were found across MCS strategies regarding stroke. Although limited by important quality issues, the studies performed so far indicate that ECMO, especially if combined with Impella or IABP, reduces short-term mortality in CS. MCS increases the hazard of bleeding.

Atrial fibrillation and Alzheimer's disease: A conundrum.

During ageing, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of cardiovascular disease CVD) increases. Our aim is to investigate the relationship between AD and CVD and its risk factors, with a view to explaining the underlying mechanisms of this association. This review is based on the material obtained via MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase and Clinical Trials databases, from January 1980 until May 2019. The search term used was "Alzheimer's disease", combined with "cardiovascular disease", "hypertension", "dyslipidaemia", "diabetes mellitus", "atrial fibrillation", "coronary artery disease", "heart valve disease", "heart failure". Out of the 1328 papers initially retrieved, 431 duplicates and 216 records in languages other than English were removed; thus, only 98 papers were included in our research material. We have found that AD and CVD are frequently associated, while both of them, alone may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge. Further research will help to clarify the real impact of CVD and its risk factors on AD, in order to better comprehend the effects of subclinical and clinical cardiovascular diseases on the brain. It may be hypothesized that there are various mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD, the main ones being: hypoperfusion and emboli, atherosclerosis, furthermore in both the heart and brain of AD patients, amyloid deposits may be present, thus causing damage to these organs. We need to clarify the real impact of these underlying hypothesized mechanisms and to investigate gender issues.

Yield of bone scintigraphy screening for transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis in different conditions: Methodological issues and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: Transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis (TTR-CA) is thought to be particularly common in specific at-risk conditions, including aortic stenosis (AS), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and left ventricular hypertrophy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (LVH/HCM). METHODS: We performed a systematic revision of the literature, including only prospective studies performing TTR-CA screening with bone scintigraphy in the above-mentioned conditions. Assessment of other forms of CA was also evaluated. For selected items, pooled estimates of proportions or means were obtained using a meta-analytic approach. RESULTS: Nine studies (3 AS, 2 HFpEF, 2 CTS and 2 LVH/HCM) accounting for 1375 screened patients were included. One hundred fifty-six (11.3%) TTR-CA patients were identified (11.4% in AS, 14.8% in HFpEF, 2.6% in CTS and 12.9% in LVH/HCM). Exclusion of other forms of CA and use of genetic testing was overall puzzled. Age at TTR-CA recognition was significantly older than that of the overall screened population in AS (86 vs. 83 years, p = .04), LVH/HCM (75 vs. 63, p < .01) and CTS (82 vs. 71), but not in HFpEF (83 vs. 79, p = .35). In terms of comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation were highly prevalent in TTR-CA-diagnosed patients, as well as in those with an implanted pacemaker. CONCLUSIONS: Screening with bone scintigraphy found an 11-15% TTR-CA prevalence in patients with AS, HFpEF and LVH/HCM. AS and HFpEF patients were typically older than 80 years at TTR-CA diagnosis and frequently accompanied by comorbidities. Several studies showed limitations in the application of recommended TTR-CA diagnostic algorithm, which should be addressed in future prospective studies.

Impact of bioprosthetic valve type on peri-procedural myocardial injury and mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Peri-procedural myocardial injury (PPMI) is a common complication after transcatheter valve replacement (TAVR), often remaining clinically silent. The role of valve type on PPMI and the association between PPMI and mortality are still unclear. We sought to evaluate predictors and outcome of PPMI after TAVR, and the impact of self-expandable valve (SEV) vs. balloon-expandable valve (BEV) deployment on PPMI. Consecutive patients who underwent successful TAVR in a single-center from January 2014 to December 2019 were included. PPMI was defined according to a modified Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 definition as a post-procedure elevation of troponin (with a peak value ≥ 15-times the upper-reference limit) < 72 h after TAVR. We included 596 patients, of whom 258 (43.3%) were men. Mean age was 83.4 ± 5.5 years. We deployed 368 (61.7%) BEV and 228 (38.3%) SEV. PPMI was observed in 471 (79.0%) patients. At multivariable analysis, SEV (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.64-4.55, p < 0.001), creatinine clearance (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-1.00, p = 0.011), and baseline ejection fraction (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.07, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of PPMI; these findings were also confirmed using a propensity-weighted analysis. Thirty-day and 1-year all-cause mortality rates were 2.5% and 8.1%, respectively. No associations between PPMI and 30-day (p = 0.488) or 1-year (p = 0.139) all-cause mortality were found. Independent predictors of 30-day mortality were increasing EUROSCORE II (HR 1.16 per score point, 95% CI 1.08-1.19, p < 0.001) and life-threatening/major bleeding complications (HR 5.87, 95% CI 1.28-26.58, p = 0.019), whereas EUROSCORE II (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.13, p = 0.031) and acute kidney injury (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.20-5.35, p = 0.020) were related to 1-year mortality. PPMI is frequent after TAVR, but it does not affect 30-day or 1-year all-cause mortality. SEV implantation is associated with an increased frequency of PPMI.

Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery (INOCA): Non-invasive versus invasive techniques for diagnosis and the role of #FullPhysiology.

Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is an increasingly recognized entity. It encompasses different pathophysiological subtypes (i.e., endotypes), including coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), vasospastic angina (VSA) and mixed entities resulting from the variable combination of both. Diagnosing INOCA and precisely characterizing the endotype allows for accurate medical treatment and has proven prognostic implications. A breadth of diagnostic technique is available, ranging from non-invasive approaches to invasive coronary angiography adjuvated by functional assessment and provocative tests. This review summarizes the strength and limitations of these methodologies and provides the rationale for the routine referral for invasive angiography and functional assessment in this subset of patients.

Coronary physiology thresholds associated with microvascular obstruction in myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain whether invasive assessment of coronary physiology soon after recanalisation of the culprit artery by primary percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with the development of microvascular obstruction by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: Between November 2020 and December 2021, 102 consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled in five tertiary centres in Italy. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) and index of microvascular resistance (IMR) were measured in the culprit vessel soon after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Optimal cut-off points of IMR and CFR to predict the presence of microvascular obstruction were estimated, stratifying the population accordingly in four groups. A comparison with previously proposed stratification models was carried out. RESULTS: IMR>31 units and CFR≤1.25 yielded the best accuracy. Patients with IMR>31 and CFR≤1.25 exhibited higher microvascular obstruction prevalence (83% vs 38%, p<0.001) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (45±9% vs 52±9%, p=0.043) compared with those with IMR≤31 and CFR>1.25, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction compared with patients with CFR≤1.25 and IMR≤31 (45±9% vs 54±7%, p=0.025). Infarct size and area at risk were larger in the former, compared with other groups. CONCLUSIONS: IMR and CFR are associated with the presence of microvascular obstruction in STEMI. Patients with an IMR>31 units and a CFR≤1.25 have higher prevalence of microvascular obstruction, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, larger infarct size and area at risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04677257.

Coronary microvascular obstruction and dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Despite prompt epicardial recanalization in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), coronary microvascular obstruction and dysfunction (CMVO) is still fairly common and is associated with poor prognosis. Various pharmacological and mechanical strategies to treat CMVO have been proposed, but the positive results reported in preclinical and small proof-of-concept studies have not translated into benefits in large clinical trials conducted in the modern treatment setting of patients with STEMI. Therefore, the optimal management of these patients remains a topic of debate. In this Review, we appraise the pathophysiological mechanisms of CMVO, explore the evidence and provide future perspectives on strategies to be implemented to reduce the incidence of CMVO and improve prognosis in patients with STEMI.

DCCAT: Dual-Coordinate Cross-Attention Transformer for thrombus segmentation on coronary OCT.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombus formation as the main underlying substrate. Thrombus burden evaluation is important for tailoring treatment therapy and predicting prognosis. Coronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables in-vivo visualization of thrombus that cannot otherwise be achieved by other image modalities. However, automatic quantification of thrombus on OCT has not been implemented. The main challenges are due to the variation in location, size and irregularities of thrombus in addition to the small data set. In this paper, we propose a novel dual-coordinate cross-attention transformer network, termed DCCAT, to overcome the above challenges and achieve the first automatic segmentation of thrombus on OCT. Imaging features from both Cartesian and polar coordinates are encoded and fused based on long-range correspondence via multi-head cross-attention mechanism. The dual-coordinate cross-attention block is hierarchically stacked amid convolutional layers at multiple levels, allowing comprehensive feature enhancement. The model was developed based on 5,649 OCT frames from 339 patients and tested using independent external OCT data from 548 frames of 52 patients. DCCAT achieved Dice similarity score (DSC) of 0.706 in segmenting thrombus, which is significantly higher than the CNN-based (0.656) and Transformer-based (0.584) models. We prove that the additional input of polar image not only leverages discriminative features from another coordinate but also improves model robustness for geometrical transformation.Experiment results show that DCCAT achieves competitive performance with only 10% of the total data, highlighting its data efficiency. The proposed dual-coordinate cross-attention design can be easily integrated into other developed Transformer models to boost performance.

Comparative effects of different antiplatelet strategies in carriers of CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles: a network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Carriers of cytochrome 2C19 (CYP2C19) loss of function (LoF) alleles treated with clopidogrel have impaired drug metabolism resulting in reduced active metabolite levels, high platelet reactivity (HPR), and an increased risk of thrombotic events. Several alternative antiplatelet therapies have been proposed to overcome HPR in these patients, but their comparative effects remain poorly explored. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different oral antiplatelet therapies in carriers of CYP2C19 LoF alleles undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted to estimate mean difference (MD) or odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The primary outcome was platelet reactivity assessed by VerifyNow and reported as P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU). The secondary outcome was the rate of HPR. Standard-dose of clopidogrel (75 mg daily) was used as reference treatment. RESULTS: A total of 12 RCTs testing 6 alternative strategies (i.e., clopidogrel 150 mg, prasugrel 3.75 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg, ticagrelor 90 mg bid, and adjunctive cilostazol 100 mg bid) were included in the network. Compared with standard-dose clopidogrel, the greatest reduction in PRU was observed with prasugrel 10 mg (MD -127.91; 95% CI -141.04; -114.78) and ticagrelor 90 mg bid (MD -124.91; 95% CI -161.78; -88.04), followed by prasugrel 5 mg (MD -76.33; 95% CI -98.01; -54.65) and prasugrel 3.75 mg (MD -73.00; 95% CI -100.28; -45.72). Among other strategies, adjunctive cilostazol (MD-42.64; 95% CI -64.72; -20.57) and high-dose clopidogrel (MD -32.11; 95% CI -51.33; -12.90) were associated with a modest reduction in PRU compared with standard-dose clopidogrel. CONCLUSION: Among carriers of CYP2C19 LoF alleles undergoing PCI, standard-dose prasugrel or ticagrelor are most effective in reducing platelet reactivity, while double-dose clopidogrel and additional cilostazol showed modest effects. Reduced-dose of prasugrel may represent a balanced strategy to overcome HPR without a significant increase in bleeding. The clinical implications of these pharmacodynamic findings warrant further investigation.

Coronary Spasm Testing with Acetylcholine: A Powerful Tool for a Personalized Therapy of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders.

Coronary vasomotor disorders (CVD) are characterized by transient hypercontraction of coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to hypercontraction of epicardial and/or microvascular coronary circulation. CVDs play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ischemia, angina and myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Invasive provocative testing with intracoronary Acetylcholine (ACh) administration is the gold standard tool for addressing CVD, providing relevant therapeutic and prognostic implications. However, safety concerns preclude the widespread incorporation of the ACh test into clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the pathophysiology underlying CVD and on the clinical role of the ACh test, focusing on safety profile and prognostic implications. We will also discuss contemporary evidence on the management of CVD and the role of the ACh test in driving a personalized approach of patients with CVD.

Comparison of Mid-Term Prognosis in Intermediate-to-Low-Risk Contemporary Population with Guidelines-Oriented Age Cutoff.

BACKGROUND: Current European guidelines support transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in intermediate-to-low-risk patients ≥75 years-old, but its prognostic relevance is unknown. METHODS: Intermediate-to-low-risk (The Society of Thoracic Surgeons score <8%) patients enrolled in the HORSE registry were included. We compared the populations aged under 75 with those over 75. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2685 patients were included: 280 (8.6%) < 75 and 2405 ≥ 75 years. Through a mean follow-up of 437 ± 381 days, 198 (8.2%) and 23 (8.2%) patients died in the two arms without statistically significant differences (log-rank p = 0.925). At Cox regression analysis, age did not predict the occurrence of all-cause death, neither as a continuous variable (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99-1.04, p = 0.294) nor dichotomizing according to the prespecified cutoff of 75 years (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.63-1.51, p = 0.924). Time-to-event ROC curves showed low accuracy of age to predict all-cause mortality (area under the curve of 0.54 for both 1-year and 2-year outcomes). CONCLUSIONS: TAVI has comparable benefits across age strata for intermediate-to-low-risk patients. The age cutoff suggested by the current guidelines is not predictive of the risk of adverse events during hospital stays or of all-cause mortality through a mid-term follow-up.

Angiography-Derived Index of Microcirculatory Resistance to Define the Risk of Early Discharge in STEMI.

BACKGROUND: Patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction but no coronary microvascular injury are at low risk of early cardiovascular complications (ECC). We aim to assess whether nonhyperemic angiography-derived index of microcirculatory resistance (NH-IMRangio) could be a user-friendly tool to identify patients at low risk of ECC, potentially candidates for expedited care pathway and early hospital discharge. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 2 independent, international, prospective, observational cohorts included 568 patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. NH-IMRangio was calculated based on standard coronary angiographic views with 3-dimensional-modeling and computational analysis of the coronary flow. RESULTS: Overall, ECC (a composite of cardiovascular death, cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, resuscitated cardiac arrest, left ventricular thrombus, post-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction mechanical complications, and rehospitalization for acute heart failure or acute myocardial infarction at 30 days follow-up), occurred in 54 (9.3%) patients. NH-IMRangio was significantly correlated with pressure/thermodilution-based index of microcirculatory resistance (r=0.607; P<0.0001) and demonstrated good accuracy in predicting ECC (area under the curve, 0.766 [95% CI, 0.706-0.827]; P<0.0001). Importantly, ECC occurred more frequently in patients with NH-IMRangio ≥40 units (18.1% versus 1.4%; P<0.0001). At multivariable analysis, NH-IMRangio provided incremental prognostic value to conventional clinical, angiographic, and echocardiographic features (adjusted-odds ratio, 14.861 [95% CI, 5.177-42.661]; P<0.0001). NH-IMRangio<40 units showed an excellent negative predictive value (98.6%) in ruling out ECC. Discharging patients with NH-IMRangio<40 units at 48 hours after admission would reduce the total in-hospital stay by 943 days (median 2 [1-4] days per patient). CONCLUSIONS: NH-IMRangio is a valuable risk-stratification tool in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. NH-IMRangio guided strategies to early discharge may contribute to safely shorten hospital stay, optimizing resources utilization.

Aspirin in Primary Prevention: Looking for Those Who Enjoy It.

Based on a wealth of evidence, aspirin is one of the cornerstones of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, despite several studies showing efficacy also in primary prevention, an unopposed excess risk of bleeding leading to a very thin safety margin is evident in subjects without a clear acute cardiovascular event. Overall, the variability in recommendations from different scientific societies for aspirin use in primary prevention is a classic example of failure of simple risk stratification models based on competing risks (atherothrombosis vs. bleeding), perceived to be opposed but intertwined at the pathophysiological level. Notably, cardiovascular risk is dynamic in nature and cannot be accurately captured by scores, which do not always consider risk enhancers. Furthermore, the widespread use of other potent medications in primary prevention, such as lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive drugs, might be reducing the benefit of aspirin in recent trials. Some authors, drawing from specific pathophysiological data, have suggested that specific subgroups might benefit more from aspirin. This includes patients with diabetes and those with obesity; sex-based differences are considered as well. Moreover, molecular analysis of platelet reactivity has been proposed. A beneficial effect of aspirin has also been demonstrated for the prevention of cancer, especially colorectal. This review explores evidence and controversies concerning the use of aspirin in primary prevention, considering new perspectives in order to provide a comprehensive individualized approach.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) with cardiac arrest at presentation: A subanalysis from the DISCO registry.

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which primarily affects young women without traditional cardiovascular risk factors, often presenting as sudden cardiac death. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, characteristics, predictors, and outcomes of cardiac arrest in SCAD patients. METHODS: The DISCO IT/SPA registry, an international retrospective multicenter study, enrolled 375 SCAD patients from 26 centers in Italy and Spain. Patients were categorized based on the presence or absence of cardiac arrest at admission. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, treatment, angiographic findings, and outcomes were collected. Angiograms were independently reviewed, and outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and in-hospital bleeding. RESULTS: Among 375 SCAD patients, 20 (5.3%) presented with cardiac arrest. Both groups were similar in age, gender distribution, and conventional risk factors, except for a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia in the cardiac arrest group. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presentation and angiographic type 2b were independent predictors of cardiac arrest. Revascularization was more frequent in the cardiac arrest group. In-hospital outcomes, except for longer hospitalization, did not differ. On follow-up (average 21 months), MACE rates were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac arrest is a notable complication in SCAD, mostly presenting with ventricular fibrillation. The prognosis of SCAD patients presenting with cardiac arrest did not differ from those without, reporting a similar rate of events both in-hospital and during long-term follow-up. STEMI presentation and angiographic type 2b were identified as independent predictors of cardiac arrest in SCAD.

Why percutaneous revascularisation might not reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality in patients with stable CAD?

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is widely adopted to treat chronic coronary artery disease. Numerous randomised trials have been conducted to test whether PCI may provide any prognostic advantage over oral medical therapy (OMT) alone, without definitive results. This has maintained the paradigm of OMT as the first-line standard of care for patients, reserving PCI for symptom control. In this review, we discuss the current evidence in favour and against PCI in stable coronary syndromes and highlight the pitfalls of the available studies. We offer a critical appraisal of the possible reasons why the existing data does not provide evidence supporting the role of PCI in improving clinical outcomes in patients with stable coronary syndromes.

Impact of coronary stenting on top of medical therapy and of inclusion of periprocedural infarctions on hard composite endpoints in patients with chronic coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: Composite endpoints are pivotal when assessing rare outcomes over relatively short follow-ups. Most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation to optimal medical therapy (OMT) in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) patients included both hard and soft outcomes in their primary endpoint, with periprocedural myocardial infarctions (MIs) systematically allocated to the PCI arm. We meta-analyzed the above RCTs for composite hard endpoints, with and without periprocedural MIs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This study is registered in PROSPERO CRD42020166754 and follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane Collaboration reporting. Patients had inducible ischemia, no left main disease nor severe left ventricular dysfunction. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Six RCTs involving 10,751 patients followed for a mean of 4.4 years were included. PCI+OMT versus OMT alone was associated with no difference in the two co-primary composite endpoints of all-cause death/MI/stroke and cardiovascular death/MI including all-MIs (IRR 0.99; 95% CI 0.90-1.08 and IRR 0.95; 95% CI 0.83-1.08 respectively). After inclusion of spontaneous rather than all-MIs (i.e., excluding periprocedural MIs), the odds showed benefit of PCI+OMT for both co-primary endpoints (IRR 0.88; 95% CI 0.80-0.97, P<0.01 and IRR 0.81; 95% CI 0.69-0.95, P=0.01 respectively) with numbers needed to treat of 42 in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Among CCS patients with inducible myocardial ischemia without severely reduced ejection fraction or left main disease, adding PCI to OMT reduces hard composite outcomes only after exclusion of periprocedural MIs. Continued efforts to define periprocedural MIs reproducibly, to assess their prognostic relevance and to prevent them are warranted.

The role of invasive and non-invasive imaging technologies and calcium modification therapies in the evaluation and management of coronary artery calcifications.

The treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) has advanced significantly in recent years due to improvements in medical therapy and percutaneous or surgical revascularization. However, a persistent obstacle in the percutaneous management of CAD is coronary artery calcification (CAC), which portends to higher rates of procedural challenges, post-intervention complications, and overall poor prognosis. With the advent of novel multimodality imaging technologies spanning from intravascular ultrasound to optical coherence tomography to coronary computed tomography angiography combined with advances in calcium debulking and modification techniques, CACs are now targets for intervention with growing success. This review will summarize the most recent developments in the diagnosis and characterization of CAC, offer a comparison of the aforementioned imaging technologies including which ones are most suitable for specific clinical presentations, and review the CAC modifying therapies currently available.