Soil and Mineral Nutrients in Plant Health: A Prospective Study of Iron and Phosphorus in the Growth and Development of Plants.

Plants being sessile are exposed to different environmental challenges and consequent stresses associated with them. With the prerequisite of minerals for growth and development, they coordinate their mobilization from the soil through their roots. Phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are macro- and micronutrient; P serves as an important component of biological macromolecules, besides driving major cellular processes, including photosynthesis and respiration, and Fe performs the function as a cofactor for enzymes of vital metabolic pathways. These minerals help in maintaining plant vigor via alterations in the pH, nutrient content, release of exudates at the root surface, changing dynamics of root microbial population, and modulation of the activity of redox enzymes. Despite this, their low solubility and relative immobilization in soil make them inaccessible for utilization by plants. Moreover, plants have evolved distinct mechanisms to cope with these stresses and coregulate the levels of minerals (Fe, P, etc.) toward the maintenance of homeostasis. The present study aims at examining the uptake mechanisms of Fe and P, and their translocation, storage, and role in executing different cellular processes in plants. It also summarizes the toxicological aspects of these minerals in terms of their effects on germination, nutrient uptake, plant-water relationship, and overall yield. Considered as an important and indispensable component of sustainable agriculture, a separate section covers the current knowledge on the cross-talk between Fe and P and integrates complete and balanced information of their effect on plant hormone levels.

Screening of natural compounds for identification of novel inhibitors against ß-lactamase CTX-M-152 reported among Kluyvera georgiana isolates: An in vitro and in silico study.

Multidrug resistance due to the expression of extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) by bacterial pathogens is an alarming health concern with huge socio-economic burden. Here, 102 bacterial isolates from Wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) were screened for resistance to different antibiotics. Kirby-Bauer method and phenotypic disc confirmatory test confirmed the prevalence of 20 ESBLs. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection confirmed 11 blaCTX-M positive bacterial isolates. Genotyping of bacterial isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed the dissemination of blaCTX-M in Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Kluyvera georgiana and Enterobacter sp. Amongst Kluyvera georgiana isolates, two were harboring blaCTX-M-152. The 3D model of CTX-M-152 protein was generated using SwissProt and characterized by Ramachandran plot and SAVES. A library of natural compounds was screened to identify novel CTX-M-152 inhibitor(s). High-throughput virtual screening (HTVS), standard precision (SP) and extra precision (XP) docking led to the identification of five natural compounds (Naringin dihydrochalcone, Salvianolic acid B, Inositol, Guanosine and Ellagic acid) capable of binding to active site of CTX-M-152. Futher, characterization by MM-GBSA (Molecular Mechanism General Born Surface Area), and ADMET (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) showed that Ellagic acid was the most potent inhibitor of CTX-M-152. Molecular dynamics simulation also confirmed that Ellagic acid form a stable complex with CTX-M-152. The ability of Ellagic acid to inhibit growth of bacteria harboring CTX-M-152 was confirmed by MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; broth dilution method) and Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) studies with respect to Cefotaxime. The identification of a novel inhibitor of CTX-M-152 from a natural source holds promise for employment in the control of bacterial infections.

Mechanistic insights of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing towards enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Abiotic stresses such as temperature (high/low), drought, salinity, and others make the environment hostile to plants. Abiotic stressors adversely affect plant growth and development; and thereby makes a direct impact on overall plant productivity. Plants confront stress by developing an internal defense system orchestrated by compatible solutes, reactive oxygen species scavengers and phytohormones. However, routine exposure to unpredictable environmental stressors makes it essential to equip plants with a system that contributes to sustainable agricultural productivity, besides imparting multi-stress tolerance. The sustainable approach against abiotic stress is accomplished through breeding of tolerant cultivars. Though eco-friendly, tedious screening and crossing protocol limits its usage to overcome stress and in attaining the goal of global food security. Advancement on the technological front has enabled adoption of genomic engineering approaches to perform site-specific modification in the plant genome for improving adaptability, increasing the yield and in attributing resilience against different stressors. Of the different genome editing approaches, CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized biological research with wider applicability to crop plants. CRISPR/Cas emerged as a versatile tool in editing genomes for desired traits in highly accurate and precise manner. The present study summarizes advancement of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool in its adoption to manipulate plant genomes for novel traits towards developing high-yielding and climate-resilient crop varieties.

Pollutants in aquatic system: a frontier perspective of emerging threat and strategies to solve the crisis for safe drinking water.

Water is an indispensable natural resource and is the most vital substance for the existence of life on earth. However, due to anthropogenic activities, it is being polluted at an alarming rate which has led to serious concern about water shortage across the world. Moreover, toxic contaminants released into water bodies from various industrial and domestic activities negatively affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms and cause serious diseases such as cancer, renal problems, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and nausea in humans. Therefore, water treatments that can eliminate toxins are very crucial. Unfortunately, pollution treatment remains a difficulty when four broad considerations are taken into account: effectiveness, reusability, environmental friendliness, and affordability. In this situation, protecting water from contamination or creating affordable remedial techniques has become a serious issue. Although traditional wastewater treatment technologies have existed since antiquity, they are both expensive and inefficient. Nowadays, advanced sustainable technical approaches are being created to replace traditional wastewater treatment processes. The present study reviews the sources, toxicity, and possible remediation techniques of the water contaminants.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Plant Health: A Perspective Study of the Underground Interaction.

Plants are affected by various environmental stresses such as high or low temperatures, drought, and high salt levels, which can disrupt their normal cellular functioning and impact their growth and productivity. These stressors offer a major constraint to the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters; thereby attributing serious complications in the growth of crops such as rice, wheat, and corn. Considering the strategic and intricate association of soil microbiota, known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), with the plant roots, PGPR helps plants to adapt and survive under changing environmental conditions and become more resilient to stress. They aid in nutrient acquisition and regulation of water content in the soil and also play a role in regulating osmotic balance and ion homeostasis. Boosting key physiological processes, they contribute significantly to the alleviation of stress and promoting the growth and development of plants. This review examines the use of PGPR in increasing plant tolerance to different stresses, focusing on their impact on water uptake, nutrient acquisition, ion homeostasis, and osmotic balance, as well as their effects on crop yield and food security.

Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular System: An Intricate Balance of Health and the Diseased State.

Gut microbiota encompasses the resident microflora of the gut. Having an intricate relationship with the host, it plays an important role in regulating physiology and in the maintenance of balance between health and disease. Though dietary habits and the environment play a critical role in shaping the gut, an imbalance (referred to as dysbiosis) serves as a driving factor in the occurrence of different diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). With risk factors of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, etc., CVD accounts for a large number of deaths among men (32%) and women (35%) worldwide. As gut microbiota is reported to have a direct influence on the risk factors associated with CVDs, this opens up new avenues in exploring the possible role of gut microbiota in regulating the gross physiological aspects along the gut-heart axis. The present study elaborates on different aspects of the gut microbiota and possible interaction with the host towards maintaining a balance between health and the occurrence of CVDs. As the gut microbiota makes regulatory checks for these risk factors, it has a possible role in shaping the gut and, as such, in decreasing the chances of the occurrence of CVDs. With special emphasis on the risk factors for CVDs, this paper includes information on the prominent bacterial species (Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes and others) towards an advance in our understanding of the etiology of CVDs and an exploration of the best possible therapeutic modules for implementation in the treatment of different CVDs along the gut-heart axis.

Myxobacteria as a Source of New Bioactive Compounds: A Perspective Study.

Myxobacteria are unicellular, Gram-negative, soil-dwelling, gliding bacteria that belong to class δ-proteobacteria and order Myxococcales. They grow and proliferate by transverse fission under normal conditions, but form fruiting bodies which contain myxospores during unfavorable conditions. In view of the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance among disease-causing pathogens, it becomes mandatory to search for new antibiotics effective against such pathogens from natural sources. Among the different approaches, Myxobacteria, having a rich armor of secondary metabolites, preferably derivatives of polyketide synthases (PKSs) along with non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs) and their hybrids, are currently being explored as producers of new antibiotics. The Myxobacterial species are functionally characterized to assess their ability to produce antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic and antioxidative bioactive compounds. In our study, we have found their compounds to be effective against a wide range of pathogens associated with the concurrence of different infectious diseases.

The era of editing plant genomes using CRISPR/Cas: A critical appraisal.

The versatility of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas (CRISPR/Cas) genome editing tool ushered biologists into an exciting era of editing genomes with great efficiency and at a pace that was never imagined before. Though the CRISPR/Cas genome editing was developed after Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), it is more popular and successful than these genome editing systems. The advent of targetable nucleases such as Cas9 has enabled manipulation of genomes in an accurate and precise manner. The CRISPR/Cas system of editing plant genomes has technical and economical advantages over conventional breeding methods. It has led to the development of traits within plant genomes that fulfill the needs of mankind. Advent of innovative procedures have paved the way for effective and efficient genome editing that has revolutionized genetic aspects and meets the safety regulations toward development of crops. The present review highlights the critical aspects of employing CRISPR/Cas for editing plant genomes in comparison with previously known editing approaches, such as ZFNs and TALENs. The study includes descriptive information on the approaches, procedural programs and applications in editing plant genomes for improving traits such as crop yield, resistance against emerging pathogens, abiotic stresses and herbicide tolerance thereof in the present-day world.

Expedition into Taurine Biology: Structural Insights and Therapeutic Perspective of Taurine in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. The hallmarks of protein aggregation in NDs proceed with impairment in the mitochondrial function, besides causing an enhancement in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. As accumulation of misfolded proteins hampers normal neuronal functions, it triggers ER stress, which leads to the activation of downstream effectors formulating events along the signaling cascade-referred to as unfolded protein response (UPRER) -thereby controlling cellular gene expression. The absence of disease-modifying therapeutic targets in different NDs, and the exponential increase in the number of cases, makes it critical to explore new approaches to treating these devastating diseases. In one such approach, osmolytes (low molecular weight substances), such as taurine have been found to promote protein folding under stress conditions, thereby averting aggregation of the misfolded proteins. Maintaining the structural integrity of the protein, taurine-mediated resumption of protein folding prompts a shift in folding homeostasis more towards functionality than towards aggregation and degradation. Together, taurine enacts protection in NDs by causing misfolded proteins to refold, so as to regain their stability and functionality. The present study provides recent and useful insights into understanding the progression of NDs, besides summarizing the genetics of NDs in correlation with mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. It also highlights the structural and functional aspects of taurine in imparting protection against the aggregation/misfolding of proteins, thereby shifting the focus more towards the development of effective therapeutic modules that could avert the development of NDs.

Mechanistic Insights of the Interaction of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) With Plant Roots Toward Enhancing Plant Productivity by Alleviating Salinity Stress.

Agriculture plays an important role in a country's economy. The sector is challenged by many stresses, which led to huge loss in plant productivity worldwide. The ever-increasing population, rapid urbanization with shrinking agricultural lands, dramatic change in climatic conditions, and extensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural practices that caused environmental disturbances confront mankind of escalating problems of food security and sustainability in agriculture. Escalating environmental problems and global hunger have led to the development and adoption of genetic engineering and other conventional plant breeding approaches in developing stress-tolerant varieties of crops. However, these approaches have drawn flaws in their adoption as the process of generating tolerant varieties takes months to years in bringing the technology from the lab to the field. Under such scenario, sustainable and climate-smart agricultural practices that avail bacterial usage open the avenues in fulfilling the incessant demand for food for the global population. Ensuring stability on economic fronts, bacteria minimizes plant salt uptake by trapping ions in their exopolysaccharide matrix besides checking the expression of Na+/H+ and high-affinity potassium transporters. Herein we describe information on salinity stress and its effect on plant health as well as strategies adopted by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in helping plants to overcome salinity stress and in mitigating loss in overall plant productivity. It is believed that acquisition of advanced knowledge of plant-beneficial PGPR will help in devising strategies for sustainable, environment-friendly, and climate-smart agricultural technologies for adoption in agriculture to overcome the constrained environmental conditions.