Radiotherapy for carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Posterior pharyngeal carcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis regardless of the method of treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the local control and survival in patients with carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall treated with definitive radiotherapy and to determine prognostic factors which may be relevant to the current UICC staging classification. Between January 1991 and December 1995, 22 patients with a mean age of 60 years (range 44-82) received definitive radiotherapy, using a homogeneous technique, for carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The median follow-up was 42 months (range 25-66). The overall 3-year survival and local control for the whole group was 50% and 73% respectively. Patients with early stage (T1 and T2) disease had a significantly better overall 3-year survival rate of 77% compared to 11% for patients with advanced stage (T3 and T4) disease (p=0.0010). Similarly, patients with early stage disease had a significantly improved 3-year local control rate compared to patients with more advanced stage disease (92% and 44% respectively, p=0.0080). Patients with node positive disease had an inferior survival rate of 29% compared to 60% for those with node negative disease though the difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition only one patient with initial node negative disease had isolated nodal relapse. There was no significant late morbidity. For patients with early stage disease we have obtained local control and survival rates comparable to other groups with a once daily, short fractionation radiotherapy scheme but with reduced morbidity. In late stage disease altered fractionation schemes should be considered in order to achieve better local control and survival. Isolated nodal relapse was not a significant problem in this cohort of patients. Outcome correlates with primary tumour size and this is reflected in the current UICC staging classification.

Submandibular gland carcinoma; an audit of local control and survival following adjuvant radiotherapy.

Carcinoma of the submandibular gland is a rare diagnosis, accounting for less than 2% of cases of salivary gland tumours. We have examined the treatment and outcome of a total of 30 patients treated with radiotherapy at the Christie Hospital, Manchester between 1980 and 1993. In most cases this followed radical surgery, though 12 patients were referred following either incomplete excision or biopsy only. Adenoid-cystic histology accounted for 19 cases (63%). Standard radiotherapy was delivered using a beam directed technique to treat the whole submandibular compartment. Doses prescribed were most commonly from 50 to 55 Gy in 16 fractions over three weeks. Cancer specific survival was 79% and 57% at 5 and 10 yr respectively, the continued fall at 10 yr reflected late recurrence seen in patients with adenoid-cystic histology. Local control was 85% and 73%, respectively. Nine of twelve patients with incomplete excision or biopsy only had local control with radiotherapy. Six patients developed lung metastases, all of whom had adenoid-cystic histology. Radiotherapy was well-tolerated acutely, and only one patient experienced osteoradionecrosis requiring surgical intervention. The incidence of adenoid-cystic carcinoma is higher in the submandibular than the parotid gland. This typically results in late recurrence, and a high incidence of lung metastases and this was confirmed in our study. However, overall survival was very similar to that of parotid carcinoma.

Lacrimal gland fluid secretion and lymphocytic infiltration in the NZB/W mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

PURPOSE: The fluid secretory impairment of lacrimal and salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is thought to be related to the extent of lymphocytic infiltration (LI) and subsequent loss of glandular tissue. In this study, we examine the correlation between the extent of tear flow reduction and the extent of LI of lacrimal glands in the NZB/W mouse, a model of SS. METHODS: We stimulated tear production by topical application of carbachol onto the gland while fluid was collected from the lacrimal duct. The lacrimal glands were removed after fluid collection for histology. RESULTS: Fluid secretion in response to carbachol was less in the majority of young NZB/W females compared to C57 control animals and none of the glands showed LI. Fluid secretion was also impaired in the majority of old NZB/W females, and the extent of LI was highly variable. Some of the old SW females also showed blunted fluid secretory responses and some degree of focal LI. Young SW females showed no LI and most animals exhibited normal flow responses. Analysis of paired flow and LI measurements showed no correlation between LI and flow impairment in any of the groups or in the pooled data. Carbachol-stimulated protein secretion from lacrimal gland slices in vitro were similar in young and old SW and NZB/W mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that LI alone is not sufficient to explain the secretory dysfunction in the NZB/W mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

External ear canal cholesteatoma. Case report.

External ear canal cholesteatoma is a rare condition in otologic practice. A case in a 43-year-old woman is presented in which despite the extensive nature of the lesion, minimal symptoms and absence of signs delayed diagnosis. The cause of the lesion and its treatment are discussed.

Pneumoparotitis, subcutaneous emphysema and pleomorphic adenoma.

Self-induced pneumoparotitis is a distinct clinical entity which should be considered in any inflammatory swelling of the parotid gland. When complicated by subcutaneous emphysema, other more important causes should be excluded. An unusual case is presented, which was further complicated by the presence of a pleomorphic adenoma.

Intralabyrinthine schwannoma.

Intralabyrinthine schwannomas are rare tumours which present with symptoms similar to Menière's disease. Preoperative diagnosis is rarely possible and most are found incidentally during labyrinthectomy for persistent vertigo. A further case of this tumour is reported together with a review of the literature.

An extensive vestibular schwannoma with both intracranial spread and lateral extension to the external auditory canal.

An extensive schwannoma in a 54-year-old woman is described. There was extension intracranially to involve the brain stem, laterally to fill the middle ear and external meatus, and inferiorly into the infratemporal fossa. Initially the intracranial portion of the tumour was excised. Later a second operation was undertaken to remove the residual tumour from the temporal bone and infratemporal fossa.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis--the Manchester experience, 1974-1992.

A series of 59 patients of all ages with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) treated over an 18-year period is presented. A number of these patients were initially diagnosed in childhood but required treatment throughout adult life. The frequency of laser treatment was not related to either disease duration or age at onset. In 28 patients, the HPV type was identified, showing that HPV type 11 was more common in children and ran a more protracted clinical course. The requirement for tracheostomy in this series was small, whereas the incidence of malignant change in adult patients was significant.

Localized tracheopathia osteoplastica of the subglottis.

Tracheopathia osteoplastica is a benign dysplasia of the tracheobronchial tree which rarely presents clinical problems especially when localized. We present a case which caused an unexpected difficulty in intubation and was subsequently removed endoscopically using the CO2 laser.

Cerebellopontine angle lipoma.

A case of a cerebellopontine angle lipoma is presented with a typical clinical, audiometric and radiological features of an acoustic neuroma. The correct pre-operative diagnosis was elusive even with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging.

Severe radionecrosis of the temporal bone.

Severe radionecrosis of the temporal bone is a potentially lethal condition which still occurs despite improvements in radiotherapy. A series of seven such cases is presented to outline the varied clinical features and management of this disease.

Vomiting in pregnancy resulting in oesophageal perforation in a 15-year-old.

Spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus is extremely rare in children, as is perforation due to vomiting in pregnancy. We report the case of a 15-year-old in whom vomiting in early pregnancy resulted in oesophageal perforation with subcutaneous emphysema causing marked facial swelling in the absence of other signs. The more common clinical presentation of spontaneous oesophageal rupture (Boerhaave's syndrome) is discussed.

Primary synovial sarcoma of the middle ear.

Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue malignancy which most commonly affects the lower limbs of young adults and rarely occurs in the head and neck region. The term synovial sarcoma may be a misnomer as most of these tumours occur in tissues not known to contain synovial tissue. There has only been one previously reported case affecting the middle ear, which was metastatic, and we report the first case of primary synovial sarcoma of the middle ear.

Haemangiopericytoma of the temporal bone.

Haemangiopericytoma is an uncommon vascular tumour with a widespread distribution. Although meningeal involvement is well recognized, only a few sporadic cases of temporal bone lesions have been documented, all with doubtful sites of origin. Late presentation together with the restrictive anatomy of this region often precludes its effective removal and even minimal residual disease may progress rapidly. A series of three such patients are presented in order to discuss the natural history, histological features and treatment of this disease.

The diagnostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) with radiolabelled fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in head and neck cancer.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has recently been introduced into clinical practice but its usefulness in the management of head and neck cancer is not well defined. The aim of this prospective preliminary study was to examine the clinical value of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)--PET in patients with head and neck cancer treated by radiotherapy with surgery in reserve by (i) relating quantitative uptake of isotope to tumour type and histological grade and (ii) comparing the imaging findings of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in post-radiotherapy assessment of tumour response. Twenty-one patients had pre-treatment PET and MRI scans and these were repeated four and eight months after treatment if there was no clinical relapse. Pre-treatment uptake of FDG using tumour to cerebellar ratio parameters was significantly related to the histological grade of squamous cancer (p = 0.04) but not to tumour type. Discordance of post-treatment PET/MRI findings in one case indicates a possible role for PET in the early detection of tumour recurrence. Other potential uses of PET scanning in the management of head and neck cancer are discussed.

Synchronous chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck using capecitabine: a single-centre, open-label, single-group phase II study.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of concurrent oral capecitabine with accelerated hypofractionated radical radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2001 and 2004, 50 patients with stage III/IV SCCHN (0 to 2 performance status) were enrolled into this study. The capecitabine dose was between 450 and 550 mg/m(2) twice daily, continuously for 28 days. The radiotherapy dose was 5500 cGy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks. No intensity-modulated radiation was used. We evaluated the complete response rate, toxicity, locoregional control, overall survival, disease-free survival and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: The median age was 55 (range 38-76) years; 72% had stage IV disease. The median follow-up was 6 years on the 30 surviving patients. Eighty-two per cent of patients completed the course of capecitabine and 94% completed prescribed radiotherapy. There were no treatment-related deaths, grade 3/4 haematological or renal toxicity. Five patients developed drug-related grade 3/4 acute toxicity (cardiac, skin, bowel); 47 developed grade 3/4 mucositis from chemoradiotherapy. Twenty-two (44%) patients required tube feeding and the tube dependency rate at 1 year was 6%. The complete response rate at 3 months was 90% (45/50 patients). Relapse occurred in 17/50 (34%) patients by 5 years. The locoregional control, overall survival, cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival rates at 3 years were 78, 72, 82 and 62%, respectively, and at 5 years were 72, 64, 75 and 56%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This schedule of synchronous capecitabine for locally advanced SCCHN is well tolerated. The local control in this series compares favourably with other synchronous chemoradiotherapy reports. Chronic dysphagia and tube dependence is uncommon with this approach. Capecitabine as targeted therapy given with each fraction of radiotherapy and administered orally may have significant advantages over intravenous, 3 weekly cisplatin.

Endovascular management of the carotid blowout syndrome.

Bleeding from the carotid artery or its branches ('carotid blowout') is a well recognized complication following treatment or recurrence of head and neck cancer. The traditional surgical treatment for carotid blowout is often technically difficult and is associated with an unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. The majority of such patients are currently treated conservatively with end of life supportive measures. We report the case of a young patient with recurrent supraglottic carcinoma complicated by carotid blowout on two separate occasions over a five month period, which was successfully treated endovascularly under local anaesthetic, without neurological sequelae. With the continuing development of interventional radiology, endovascular techniques are now emerging as a viable, low morbidity treatment option in selected patients.

The effect of early blood transfusion on severe epistaxis.

This retrospective study assesses the effect of early blood transfusion on the subsequent progress of patients admitted with severe epistaxis. Both further bleeding and surgical procedures were more frequent in those receiving blood within the initial 24 h. It was concluded that the need for early blood transfusion should be assessed with care.

Radiotherapy in the treatment of middle ear and mastoid carcinoma.

The treatment of temporal bone carcinoma is a widely discussed topic with marked variation in published results. Most conclude that a combination of radical surgery and radiotherapy is the optimum treatment. The present study reviews the results of radiotherapy used as the main primary treatment for this condition. Five-year survival in 56 patients was 32% for radical and palliative therapy, with an excellent response in 'early' cases. It is concluded that improvement in survival could be attained by defining those groups which would benefit from a combination of treatment methods.