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1.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 2023 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37530916

RESUMO

Prior research has demonstrated that cognitive inflexibility is associated with anxiety in autistic individuals. Everyday patterns of behavioral inflexibility (e.g. observable inflexible behavior in the context of the need to change or adapt and that is manifested in real-world everyday settings) is common in autism and can be distinguished from performance on discrete cognitive tasks that tap flexible attention, learning, or decision-making. The purpose of this study was to extend this prior work on inflexibility in autism but with measures specifically developed with input from stakeholders (caregivers and clinicians) for autistic youth designed to measure everyday behavioral inflexibility (BI). We characterized anxiety in a large sample of autistic (N = 145) and non-autistic youth (N = 91), ages 3 to 17 years, using the Parent Rated Anxiety Scale for Autism Spectrum Disorder (PRAS-ASD). Further, we sought to understand how BI, measured via the Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (BIS), predicted anxiety compared to other variables known to increase anxiety in youth (chronological age, IQ, autism diagnosis, assigned sex at birth). Autistic youth had higher parent-related anxiety and BI compared to non-autistic youth. BI was the strongest predictor of anxiety scores, irrespective of diagnosis. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of BI to the understanding of anxiety in autistic youth.

2.
Int J Neurosci ; 122(9): 483-93, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22471393

RESUMO

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has helped to elucidate the neurobiological bases of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders by localizing etiologically-relevant aberrations in brain function. Functional MRI also has shown great promise to help understand potential mechanisms of action of effective treatments for a range of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and autism. However, the use of fMRI to probe intervention effects in psychiatry is associated with unique methodological considerations, including the psychometric properties of repeated fMRI scans, how to assess potential relations between the effects of an intervention on symptoms and on specific brain activation patterns, and how to best make causal inferences about intervention effects on brain function. Additionally, the study of treatment effects in neurodevelopmental disorders presents additional unique challenges related to brain maturation, analysis methods, and the potential for motion artifacts. We review these methodological considerations and provide recommendations for best practices for each of these topics.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Alucinógenos/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mapeamento Encefálico , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Oxigênio/sangue , Psicometria
3.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 2022 Dec 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36484964

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The study objective was to determine if the validated Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (BIS) is sensitive to the detection of developmental changes in inflexibility in a sample of autistic children. METHODS: Parents of autistic children (n = 146, 3-17 years) completed the BIS at two time points, one year apart, to examine change. RESULTS: The findings indicate the BIS is sensitive to the detection of developmental changes and that child-level variables are not associated with those changes. Children's Time 1 BIS scores predicted children's severity on an independent outcome measure. Finally, a relationship between total services children were receiving and change in BIS scores over time was not found. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the BIS is a reasonable candidate for consideration as an outcome measure.

4.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 52(2): 782-790, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33811282

RESUMO

For individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), behavioral inflexibility can affect multiple domains of functioning and family life. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a clinical interview version of the Behavioral Inflexibility Scale. Trained interviewers conducted interviews with parents of 144 children with ASD and 70 typically developing children (ages: 3-17 years). Using exploratory factor analysis, the Behavioral Inflexibility Scale-Clinical Interview (BIS-CI) was found to be unidimensional. Reliability data indicated the measure was internally consistent (α = 0.80), achieved excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.97) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.87). These findings demonstrate that the BIS-CI is a reliable and valid measure to determine the functional impact of behavioral inflexibility.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtorno Autístico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Fatorial , Humanos , Pais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
5.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 52(2): 689-699, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33761062

RESUMO

This study evaluates the feasibility of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIH-TCB) for use in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). 116 autistic children and adolescents and 80 typically developing (TD) controls, ages 3-17 years, completed four NIH-TCB tasks related to inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and episodic memory. While the majority of autistic and TD children completed all four tasks, autistic children experienced greater difficulties with task completion. Across autistic and TD children, performance on NIH-TCB tasks was highly dependent on IQ, but significant performance differences related to ASD diagnosis were found for two of four tasks. These findings highlight the potential strengths and limitations of the NIH-TCB for use with autistic children.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtorno Autístico , Adolescente , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cognição , Estudos de Viabilidade , Humanos
6.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol ; 30(1): 266-278, 2021 01 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33201722

RESUMO

Purpose The present pilot study aimed to provide estimates of the feasibility and efficacy of a remote microphone (RM) system as an augmentative intervention to improve the functional listening performance of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and language disorder. Method Eight children with ASD and language disorder participated. Efficacy of the RM system was determined by evaluating participants' functional listening performance, as measured by an observational measure in RM-off and RM-on conditions. Responses were evaluated at the individual level using an alternating conditions design. Results Adequate feasibility was demonstrated as all participants were able to complete tasks in the RM-on condition. A subset of participants showed significant improvements in their functional listening performance in the RM-on condition, as demonstrated by visual inspection and effect sizes (nonoverlapping data points and percentage of data points exceeding the mean), indicating that there may be important sources of individual differences in responses to RM use in children with ASD. Conclusion The results of this pilot study provide support for future research on RM systems to target functional listening performance in children with ASD and language disorder.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtornos da Linguagem , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Transtornos da Linguagem/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Linguagem/terapia , Projetos Piloto
7.
Behav Brain Res ; 409: 113337, 2021 07 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33933522

RESUMO

Stereotyped behavior is rhythmic, repetitive movement that is essentially invariant in form. Stereotypy is common in several clinical disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development (TD) where it is hypothesized to serve as the foundation on which complex, adaptive motor behavior develops. This transition from stereotyped to complex movement in TD is thought to be supported by sensorimotor integration. Stereotypy in clinical disorders may persist due to deficits in sensorimotor integration. The present study assessed whether differences in sensorimotor processing may limit the expression of complex motor behavior in individuals with ASD and contribute to the clinical stereotypy observed in this population. Adult participants with ASD and TD performed a computer-based stimulus-tracking task in the presence and absence of visual feedback. Electroencephalography was recorded during the task. Groups were compared on motor performance (root mean square error), motor complexity (sample entropy), and neural complexity (multiscale sample entropy of the electroencephalography signal) in the presence and absence of visual feedback. No group differences were found for motor performance or motor complexity. The ASD group demonstrated greater neural complexity and greater differences between feedback conditions than TD individuals, specifically in signals relevant to sensorimotor processing. Motor performance and motor complexity correlated with clinical stereotypy in the ASD group. These findings support the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have differences in sensorimotor processing when executing complex motor behavior and that stereotypy is associated with low motor complexity.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/fisiopatologia , Ondas Encefálicas/fisiologia , Retroalimentação Sensorial/fisiologia , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Comportamento Estereotipado/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
8.
Am J Intellect Dev Disabil ; 126(5): 409-420, 2021 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34428269

RESUMO

Behavioral inflexibility (BI) has been highlighted to occur across genetic and neurodevelopmental disorders. This study characterized BI in two common neurogenetic conditions: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS). Caregivers of children with FXS (N = 56; with ASD = 28; FXS only = 28) and DS (N = 146) completed the Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (BIS) via an online survey. Total BIS scores were higher in FXS+ASD than both FXS only and DS (p <.001). Most endorsed items were similar across the three groups, but scores were higher in the FXS+ASD group. In all groups, BI associated with other clinical variables (receptive behaviors, anxiety, social communication). The current data suggest that BI is variable across neurogenetic conditions and higher in individuals with comorbid ASD.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Síndrome de Down , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil , Ansiedade , Criança , Comunicação , Síndrome de Down/genética , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Humanos
9.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 51(10): 3456-3468, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33387232

RESUMO

Prior studies investigating restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) subtypes within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have found varied factor structures for symptom groupings, in part, due to variation in symptom measurement and broad sample age ranges. This study examined RRBs among 827 preschool-age children, ages 35 to 71 months, through an exploratory factor analysis of RRB items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) collected through the Study to Explore Early Development. The factor structures of RRBs among children with confirmed ASD versus those with non-autism developmental concerns were qualitatively compared. Correlations between RRB factors and participant characteristics were examined in the ASD group. Three conceptually well-defined factors characterized as repetitive sensorimotor behaviors (RSMB), insistence on sameness (IS), and a novel stereotyped speech (SPEECH) factor emerged for the ASD group only. Distinct factors were supported by different clinical correlates. Findings have implications for improving differential diagnosis and understanding of ASD symptomatology in this age range.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtorno Autístico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cognição , Análise Fatorial , Humanos , Comportamento Estereotipado
10.
Autism Res ; 14(8): 1710-1723, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34021722

RESUMO

Intense interests are common in children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and little research has characterized aspects of interests that are unique to or shared among children with and without ASD. We aimed to characterize interests in a sample of infants at high-familial-risk (HR) and low-familial-risk (LR) for ASD using a novel interview. Participants included HR siblings who were diagnosed with ASD at 24 months (HR-ASD, n = 56), HR siblings who did not receive an ASD diagnosis at 24 months (HR-Neg, n = 187), and a LR comparison group (n = 109). We developed and collected data with the Intense Interests Inventory at 18- and 24-months of age, a semi-structured interview that measures intensity and peculiarity of interests in toddlers and preschool-aged children. Intensity of interests differed by familial risk at 24 months, with HR-ASD and HR-Neg groups demonstrating equivalent intensity of interests that were higher than the LR group. By contrast, peculiarity of interest differed by ASD diagnosis, with the HR-ASD group showing more peculiar interests than the HR-Neg and LR groups at 24 months. At 18 months the HR-ASD group had more peculiar interests than the LR group, though no differences emerged in intensity of interests. This measure may be useful in identifying clinically-relevant features of interests in young children with ASD. We also replicated previous findings of males showing more intense interests at 18 months in our non-ASD sample. These results reveal new information about the nature of interests and preoccupations in the early autism phenotype. LAY SUMMARY: Intense interests are common in young children with autism and their family members. Intense interests are also prevalent among typically-developing children, and especially boys. Here we catalog interests and features of these interests in a large sample of toddlers enriched for autism risk. Children who had family members with autism had more intense interests, and those who developed autism themselves had more unusual interests at 24 months. These results highlight the importance of different aspects of interest in autism.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Pré-Escolar , Família , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Fenótipo , Risco , Irmãos
11.
Neurocase ; 16(4): 307-16, 2010 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20178033

RESUMO

Autism is characterized by abnormal prefrontal brain activation during cognitive control, a potential biomarker of repetitive behaviors. In this proof-of-principle study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine brain activity during an oddball task in two high-functioning males with autism before and after 12 weeks of treatment with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One participant showed marked reductions in repetitive behaviors whereas the other showed mild worsening. Brain activation in relevant prefrontal regions increased in only the participant whose repetitive behavior symptoms improved. These findings suggest that fMRI may elucidate potential mechanisms of action of targeted autism interventions.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/fisiopatologia , Comportamento/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Transtorno Autístico/tratamento farmacológico , Citalopram/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Adulto Jovem
12.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 50(7): 2336-2347, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29882107

RESUMO

Individuals with ASD have increased rates of depression compared to the general population. Repetitive cognition is a core feature of ASD; in typically developing adults, repetitive cognition has been associated with attentional biases to negative emotional material and increased prospective depression risk. We compared adults with ASD to typically developing adults with depression and never-depressed controls, using a paired preference paradigm sensitive to affective biases in the context of repetitive cognition. Both clinical cohorts oriented faster to negative social-emotional material and spent less time overall on positive material, compared to healthy controls. Exploratory analyses within ASD revealed specific influences of repetitive behavior on patterns of affective bias. Findings help pinpoint susceptibilities in ASD that may confer increased risk for depression.


Assuntos
Viés de Atenção , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Comportamento Social , Adulto , Cognição , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Estereotipado
13.
Front Hum Neurosci ; 14: 288, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33132865

RESUMO

Although fMRI studies have produced considerable evidence for differences in the spatial connectivity of resting-state brain networks in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relative to typically developing (TD) peers, little is known about the temporal dynamics of these brain networks in ASD. The aim of this study was to examine the EEG microstate architecture in children with ASD as compared to TD at rest in two separate conditions - eyes-closed (EC) and eyes-open (EO). EEG microstate analysis was performed on resting-state data of 13 ASD and 13 TD children matched on age, gender, and IQ. We found that children with ASD and TD peers produced topographically similar canonical microstates at rest. Group differences in the duration and frequency of these microstates were found primarily in the EC resting-state condition. In line with previous fMRI findings that have reported differences in spatial connectivity within the salience network (previously correlated with the activity of microstate C) in ASD, we found that the duration of activation of microstate C was increased, and the frequency of microstate C was decreased in ASD as compared to TD in EC resting-state. Functionally, these results may be reflective of alterations in interoceptive processes in ASD. These results suggest a unique pattern of EEG microstate architecture in ASD relative to TD during resting-states and also that EEG microstate parameters in ASD are susceptible to differences in resting-state conditions.

14.
Brain Lang ; 207: 104825, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32563764

RESUMO

Given the crucial role of speech sounds in human language, it may be beneficial for speech to be supported by more efficient auditory and attentional neural processing mechanisms compared to nonspeech sounds. However, previous event-related potential (ERP) studies have found either no differences or slower auditory processing of speech than nonspeech, as well as inconsistent attentional processing. We hypothesized that this may be due to the use of synthetic stimuli in past experiments. The present study measured ERP responses during passive listening to both synthetic and natural speech and complexity-matched nonspeech analog sounds in 22 8-11-year-old children. We found that although children were more likely to show immature auditory ERP responses to the more complex natural stimuli, ERP latencies were significantly faster to natural speech compared to cow vocalizations, but were significantly slower to synthetic speech compared to tones. The attentional results indicated a P3a orienting response only to the cow sound, and we discuss potential methodological reasons for this. We conclude that our results support more efficient auditory processing of natural speech sounds in children, though more research with a wider array of stimuli will be necessary to confirm these results. Our results also highlight the importance of using natural stimuli in research investigating the neurobiology of language.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Linguagem Infantil , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos/fisiologia , Fonética , Percepção da Fala/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
15.
Autism Res ; 13(3): 489-499, 2020 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31904198

RESUMO

Behavior inflexibility (BI) refers to rigid patterns of behavior that contrast with the need to be adaptable to changing environmental demands. We developed a parent-reported outcome measure of BI for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities with a multi-step iterative process. A pool of 62 candidate items was generated through expert panel feedback, review of existing scales and focus groups. A consensus process was used to generate the final 38 items. Parents of 943 children (age range, 3-18 years; average, 11.4 years; 79% boys) with ASD completed an online survey. One hundred thirty-three parents rated their child twice within 3 weeks (average = 16.5 days). A series of factor analyses suggested that the 38 items measured a single construct. Scores had a weak correlation with level of functioning (-0.12) and did not differ based on sex. Scores had a negligible correlation with age (-0.07), although measurement invariance was not supported. The mean total score for the Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (BIS) was normally distributed. Internal consistency was α = 0.97 and temporal stability was r = 0.92. Correlations with parent ratings on the subscales of the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised varied from 0.48 to 0.89. The correlation with parent ratings on the Social Communication Questionnaire total score was 0.52. Our data show that BI in children with ASD ranges significantly from mild to severe and that the 38-item BIS is valid and reliable. Autism Res 2020, 13: 489-499. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We developed a parent-completed rating scale of behavior inflexibility (BI) for children with developmental disabilities using a multistep process. The Behavioral Inflexibility Scale (BIS) contains 38 questions rated on a 6-point scale. Parents of 943 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) completed an online survey. We examined associations between the BIS and other scales and demographic variables. The BIS is valid and reliable. BI in children with ASD ranges from mild to severe.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/fisiopatologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/fisiopatologia , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Masculino , Pais , Fatores Sexuais
16.
Brain Behav Immun ; 23(3): 365-70, 2009 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19084591

RESUMO

The role of nociceptive processes in relation to chronic, tissue-damaging self-injury among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly understood. Scientific investigation has been limited, in part, by the clinical reality that the majority of individuals with severe intellectual impairments have co-morbid communicative impairments making it difficult to ascertain information regarding pain. Recently, we found abnormal patterns of peripheral epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) innervation and increased neuropeptide (substance P; SP) content among a subset of individuals with chronic self-injury. Here, we provide initial evidence for peripheral neuro-immune activity specific to self-injury. Skin samples from non-injury body-matched sites were compared between non-verbal adults with and without self-injury matched on gender and disability level. Relative to disability-matched controls, individuals with chronic self-injury had significantly more degranulated mast cells and were more responsive to tactile stimulation during a sensory testing procedure. Thus, nociceptive mechanisms and peripheral afferent sensitization may play a part in mediating and maintaining chronic self-injury.


Assuntos
Degranulação Celular/imunologia , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/imunologia , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/metabolismo , Pele/patologia , Substância P/metabolismo , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Biópsia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/patologia , Masculino , Mastócitos/patologia , Microscopia Confocal , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/fisiopatologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Estimulação Física/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/patologia , Pele/metabolismo
17.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 39(1): 57-66, 2009 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18566881

RESUMO

Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) were examined in a large group of children, adolescents and adults with ASD in order to describe age-related patterns of symptom change and association with specific contextual factors, and to examine if the patterns of change are different for the various types of RRBs. Over 700 individuals with ASD were rated on the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised. RRBs were less frequent and less severe among older than younger individuals, corroborating that autism symptoms abate with age. Our findings further suggest that repetitive behaviors are a heterogeneous group of behaviors, with the subtypes of RRBs having their own individual patterns across the lifespan, and in some cases, a differential association with age depending on intellectual functioning.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Comportamento Estereotipado , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Transtorno Autístico/epidemiologia , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Comportamento Ritualístico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comportamento Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Compulsivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
18.
Behav Brain Res ; 376: 112214, 2019 12 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31494179

RESUMO

Complex motor behavior is believed to be dependent on sensorimotor integration - the neural process of using sensory input to plan, guide, and correct movements. Previous studies have shown that the complexity of motor output is low when sensory feedback is withheld during precision motor tasks. However, much of this research has focused on motor behavior rather than neural processing, and therefore, has not specifically assessed the role of sensorimotor neural functioning in the execution of complex motor behavior. The present study uses a stimulus-tracking task with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording to assess the effect of visual feedback on motor performance, motor complexity, and sensorimotor neural processing in healthy adults. The complexity of the EEG signal was analyzed to capture the information content in frequency bands (alpha and beta) and scalp regions (central, parietal, and occipital) that are associated with sensorimotor processing. Consistent with previous literature, motor performance and its complexity were higher when visual feedback was provided relative to when it was withheld. The complexity of the neural signal was also higher when visual feedback was provided. This was most robust at frequency bands (alpha and beta) and scalp regions (parietal and occipital) associated with sensorimotor processing. The findings show that visual feedback increases the information available to the brain when generating complex, adaptive motor output.


Assuntos
Retroalimentação Sensorial/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Córtex Sensório-Motor/fisiologia , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Retroalimentação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Movimento/fisiologia
19.
Behav Brain Res ; 188(1): 178-94, 2008 Mar 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18068825

RESUMO

Repetitive behavior, a core symptom of autism, encompasses stereotyped responses, restricted interests, and resistance to change. These studies investigated whether different components of the repetitive behavior domain could be modeled in the exploratory hole-board task in mice. Four inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, BTBR T+tf/J, and FVB/NJ, and mice with reduced expression of Grin1, leading to NMDA receptor hypofunction (NR1neo/neo mice), were tested for exploration and preference for olfactory stimuli in an activity chamber with a 16-hole floor-board. Reduced exploration and high preference for holes located in the corners of the chamber were observed in BALB/cByJ and BTBR T+tf/J mice. All inbred strains had initial high preference for a familiar olfactory stimulus (clean cage bedding). BTBR T+tf/J was the only strain that did not demonstrate a shift in hole preference towards an appetitive olfactory stimulus (cereal or a chocolate chip), following home cage exposure to the food. The NR1neo/neo mice showed lower hole selectivity and aberrant olfactory stimulus preference, in comparison to wildtype controls. The results indicate that NR1neo/neo mice have repetitive nose poke responses that are less modified by environmental contingencies than responses in wildtype mice. 25-30% of NMDA receptor hypomorphic mice also show self-injurious responses. Findings from the olfactory studies suggest that resistance to change and restricted interests might be modeled in mice by a failure to alter patterns of hole preference following familiarization with an appetitive stimulus, and by high preference persistently demonstrated for one particular olfactory stimulus. Further work is required to determine the characteristics of optimal mouse social stimuli in the olfactory hole-board test.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/metabolismo , Aprendizagem por Discriminação/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Comportamento Exploratório/fisiologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/metabolismo , Animais , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Camundongos Mutantes Neurológicos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/deficiência , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/genética , Enquadramento Psicológico , Olfato/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Especificidade da Espécie
20.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry ; 49(11): 1193-200, 2008 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19017031

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism and consist of a variety of behaviors, ranging from motor stereotypies to complex circumscribed interests. The objective of the current study was to examine the structure of RRBs in autism using relevant items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised in a sample of 316 individuals with autistic disorder. METHODS/RESULTS: Using exploratory factor analysis, three distinct factors were identified: Repetitive Motor Behaviors (RMB), Insistence on Sameness (IS), and Circumscribed Interests (CI). RMB were found to be associated with a variety of subject characteristics such as IQ, age, social/communication impairments, and the presence of regression. IS was associated with social and communication impairments whereas CI appeared to be independent of subject characteristics, suggesting CI may be particularly useful in subsetting samples. Based on sib-pair correlations, IS and CI (but not RMB) appear to be familial. Analysis of the data at the case level suggests that the presence of multiple forms of RRB in an individual is associated with more impairment in the social and communication domains, suggesting a more severe presentation of autistic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be considerable structure within repetitive behavior in autism. The finding that these behaviors are differentially related to subject characteristics and familiality adds to their validity.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/classificação , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Transtorno de Movimento Estereotipado/epidemiologia , Transtorno de Movimento Estereotipado/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Transtorno Autístico/epidemiologia , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/psicologia , Humanos , Lactente , Inteligência , Entrevista Psicológica/métodos , Transtornos da Linguagem/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Linguagem/psicologia , Masculino , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Comportamento Social , Transtorno de Movimento Estereotipado/psicologia , Adulto Jovem
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