Very low energy electron microscopy of graphene flakes.

Commercially available graphene samples are examined by Raman spectroscopy and very low energy scanning transmission electron microscopy. Limited lateral resolution of Raman spectroscopy may produce a Raman spectrum corresponding to a single graphene layer even for flakes that can be identified by very low energy electron microscopy as an aggregate of smaller flakes of various thicknesses. In addition to diagnostics of graphene samples at larger dimensions, their electron transmittance can also be measured at very low energies.

Giant superconductivity-induced modulation of the ferromagnetic magnetization in a cuprate-manganite superlattice.

Artificial multilayers offer unique opportunities for combining materials with antagonistic orders such as superconductivity and ferromagnetism and thus to realize novel quantum states. In particular, oxide multilayers enable the utilization of the high superconducting transition temperature of the cuprates and the versatile magnetic properties of the colossal-magnetoresistance manganites. However, apart from exploratory work, the in-depth investigation of their unusual properties has only just begun. Here we present neutron reflectometry measurements of a [Y(0.6)Pr(0.4)Ba(2)Cu(3)O(7) (10 nm)/La(2/3)Ca(1/3)MnO(3) (10 nm)](10) superlattice, which reveal a surprisingly large superconductivity-induced modulation of the vertical ferromagnetic magnetization profile. Most surprisingly, this modulation seems to involve the density rather than the orientation of the magnetization and is highly susceptible to the strain, which is transmitted from the SrTiO(3) substrate. We outline a possible explanation of this unusual superconductivity-induced phenomenon in terms of a phase separation between ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic nanodomains in the La(2/3)Ca(1/3)MnO(3) layers.

Direct measurement of the electronic spin diffusion length in a fully functional organic spin valve by low-energy muon spin rotation.

Electronic devices that use the spin degree of freedom hold unique prospects for future technology. The performance of these 'spintronic' devices relies heavily on the efficient transfer of spin polarization across different layers and interfaces. This complex transfer process depends on individual material properties and also, most importantly, on the structural and electronic properties of the interfaces between the different materials and defects that are common to real devices. Knowledge of these factors is especially important for the relatively new field of organic spintronics, where there is a severe lack of suitable experimental techniques that can yield depth-resolved information about the spin polarization of charge carriers within buried layers of real devices. Here, we present a new depth-resolved technique for measuring the spin polarization of current-injected electrons in an organic spin valve and find the temperature dependence of the measured spin diffusion length is correlated with the device magnetoresistance.

Tailoring the photovoltaic effect in (1 1 1) oriented BiFeO3/LaFeO3 superlattices.

Ferroelectric and photovoltaic properties of (BiFeO3)(1-x)Λ/(LaFeO3) xΛ superlattices grown by pulsed laser deposition have been investigated (Λ being the bilayer thickness). For a high concentration of BiFeO3 a ferroelectric state is observed simultaneously with a switchable photovoltaic response. In contrast for certain concentration of LaFeO3 a non-switchable photovoltaic effect is evidenced. Such modulation of the PV response in the superlattices is attributed to the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition which is controlled with the increase of x. Remarkably, concomitant to this change of PV mechanism, a change of the conduction mechanism also seems to take place from a bulk-limited to an interface-limited transport as x increases.

Conduction mechanism and switchable photovoltaic effect in (1 1 1) oriented BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 thin film.

Epitaxial 200 nm BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 (BFO) film was grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on (1 1 1) oriented SrTiO3 substrate buffered with a 50 nm thick SrRuO3 electrode. The BFO thin film shows a rhombohedral structure and a large remnant polarization of Pr = 104 µC cm-2. By comparing I(V) characteristics with different conduction models we reveal the presence of both bulk limited Poole-Frenkel and Schottky interface mechanisms and each one dominates in a specific range of temperature. At room temperature (RT) and under 10 mW laser illumination, the as grown BFO film presents short-circuit current density (J sc) and open circuit voltage (V oc) of 2.25 mA cm-2 and -0.55 V respectively. This PV effect can be switched by applying positive voltage pulses higher than the coercive field. For low temperatures a large V oc value of about -4.5 V (-225 kV cm-1) is observed which suggests a bulk non-centrosymmetric origin of the PV response.