TAAR1 agonist ulotaront delays gastric emptying of solids in patients with schizophrenia and concurrent metabolic syndrome with prediabetes.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which can be induced or exacerbated by the current class of antipsychotic drugs, is highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and presents significant challenges to lifetime disease management. Supported by initial clinical results, trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists have emerged as potential novel treatments for schizophrenia. Notably, non-clinical studies have also shown weight-lowering and glucoregulatory effects of TAAR1 agonists, including the investigational agent ulotaront. However, the translatability of these findings to humans has not been adequately assessed. Given that delayed gastric emptying (GE) was identified as a potential mechanism contributing to the metabolic benefits of TAAR1 agonists in rodents, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ulotaront on GE in patients with schizophrenia and concurrent MetS with prediabetes. METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive a single oral dose of ulotaront (150 mg) and their previous antipsychotic (PA) in an open-label, crossover, two-sequence design (NCT05402111). Eligible participants fulfilled at least three of five MetS criteria and had prediabetes defined by elevated glycated haemoglobin (5.7-6.4%) and/or fasting homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (i.e. ≥2.22). Following an overnight fast and 4 h post-dose, participants ingested a 99mTc-sulphur colloid radiolabelled egg meal (320 kcal, 30% fat). GE was measured by scintigraphy over 4 h. Endpoints included GE of solids half-time (T1/2) and percentage gastric retention at 1, 2 and 4 h. RESULTS: Thirty-one adults were randomized and 27 completed the study. Ulotaront significantly delayed GE of solids [median GE T1/2 ulotaront at 139 min (119, 182) vs. the participant's PA of 124 min (109, 132), p = .006]. A significant increase in gastric retention was seen in the ulotaront versus the PA group at 1 h (80% vs. 75%, p = .015), 2 h (61% vs. 50%, p = .023) and 4 h (17% vs. 7%, p = .002) post-meal. CONCLUSION: Ulotaront delayed the GE of solids in patients with schizophrenia and concurrent MetS with prediabetes. Additional studies are needed to assess whether treatment with TAAR1 agonists is associated with weight loss and glucoregulatory improvement.

Optimal measurement of gastric emptying of solids in gastroparesis or functional dyspepsia: evidence to establish standard test.

OBJECTIVE: Symptoms in gastroparesis (Gp) and functional dyspepsia (FD) overlap; using egg protein substitute to measure gastric emptying of solids (GES), ~40% of patients are reclassified from Gp to FD, and vice versa. Our aim was to assess inter-individual and intra-individual coefficients of variation (COV) in GES in symptomatic patients with Gp or FD with documented slow or normal GES, respectively. DESIGN: Scintigraphic GES (T1/2 and GE% at 2 and 4 hours) using a 320 kcal real egg meal (30% fat) was tested in the following: single measurements in 20 patients with diabetes mellitus (10 each type 1 and type 2); repeat GES to estimate COVintra measured: 3 days apart in 9 Gp, 4 weeks apart in 21 Gp and 18 with FD with normal GE assigned to placebo and in 70 patients at 94.3 weeks (median) apart. RESULTS: COVinter for GE% at 4 hours and GE T1/2 were respectively 14.2% and 23.5% in FD and 27.5% and 33% in Gp; COVintra for GE% at 4 hours and GE T1/2 up to 4 weeks apart were 23.4% and 37.9% in FD and 20.1% and 33% in Gp. GE% at 2 hours showed less consistent results. However, >85% retained original diagnosis as normal or delayed. From clinical GES to baseline research for Gp group, repeat GES (after treatment) showed the COVintra for GE% at 4 hours was 37.3% at median 94.3 weeks, with 26/70 changed diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The 320 kcal (30% fat) GES scintigraphic test provides consistent diagnosis in >85% and should be the standard test for suspected gastric emptying disorders.

Comparison of biochemical, microbial and mucosal mRNA expression in bile acid diarrhoea and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVE: There are altered mucosal functions in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D); ~30% of patients with IBS-D have abnormal bile acid (BA) metabolism (ABAM) and diarrhoea (summarised as BAD). AIM: To compare biochemical parameters, gastrointestinal and colonic transit, rectal sensation and pathobiological mechanisms in IBS-D without ABAM and in BAD (serum 7C4>52 ng/mL). DESIGN: In patients with Rome III criteria of IBS-D, we compared biochemical features, colonic transit, rectal sensation, deep genotype of five BA-related genes, ileal and colonic mucosal mRNA (differential expression (DE) analysis) and stool dysbiosis (including functional analysis of microbiome). Results in BAD were compared with IBS-D without ABAM. RESULTS: Compared with 161 patients with IBS-D without ABAM, 44 patients with BAD had significantly faster colonic transit, lower microbial alpha diversity, different compositional profile (beta diversity) and higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio with evidence of decreased expression of bile acid thiol ligase (involved in transformation of primary to secondary BAs) and decreased sulfatases. In BAD (compared with IBS-D without ABAM), terminal ileal biopsies showed downregulation of SLC44A5 (a BA transporter), and ascending colon biopsies showed upregulation in barrier-weakening genes (CLDN2), serine protease inhibitors, immune activation, cellular differentiation and a cellular transporter (FABP6; BA binding). No DE of genes was documented in descending colon biopsies. The two groups had similar rectal sensation. CONCLUSION: Though sharing clinical symptoms with IBS-D, BAD is associated with biological differences and mechanisms that have potential to enhance diagnosis and treatment targeting barrier dysfunction, inflammatory and microbial changes.

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol in Idiopathic and Diabetic Gastroparesis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cannabis (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), a nonselective cannabinoid-receptor agonist, relieves nausea and pain. Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid receptor 2 inverse agonist with central effects, also reduces gut sensation and inflammation. We compared the effects of 4 weeks of treatment with pharmaceutical CBD vs placebo in patients with idiopathic or diabetic (diabetes mellitus) gastroparesis. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of CBD twice daily (Epidiolex escalated to 20 mg/kg/d; Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Dublin, Ireland) in patients with nonsurgical gastroparesis with delayed gastric emptying of solids (GES). Symptoms were assessed by the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index Daily Diary. After 4 weeks of treatment, we measured GES, gastric volumes, and Ensure (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) satiation test (1 kcal/mL, 30 mL/min) to assess volume to comfortable fullness and maximum tolerance. Patients underwent specific FAAH and CNR1 genotyping. Statistical analysis compared 2 treatments using analysis of variance including baseline measurements and body mass index as covariates. RESULTS: Among 44 patients (32 idiopathic, 6 diabetes mellitus type 1, and 6 diabetes mellitus type 2), 5 patients did not tolerate full-dose escalation; 3 withdrew before completing 4 weeks of treatment (2 placebo, 1 CBD); 95% completed 4 weeks of treatment and diaries. Compared with placebo, CBD reduced the total Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index score (P = .008), inability to finish a normal-sized meal (P = .029), number of vomiting episodes/24 hours (P = .006), and overall symptom severity (P = .034). Patients treated with CBD had a higher volume to comfortable fullness and maximum tolerance and slower GES. FAAH rs34420 genotype significantly impacted nutrient drink ingestion. The most common adverse events reported were diarrhea (14 patients), fatigue (8 patients), headache (8 patients), and nausea (7 patients). CONCLUSIONS: CBD provides symptom relief in patients with gastroparesis and improves the tolerance of liquid nutrient intake, despite slowing of GES. CLINICALTRIALS: gov NCT #03941288.

Comprehensive characterization of antral and pyloric contractions by high resolution manometry: applied physiology in suspected gastroparesis.

Delayed gastric emptying may result from diverse pathophysiological mechanisms including antral hypomotility and pylorospasm. With increasing use of gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy and preliminary evidence of efficacy, our aim was to assess the motor functions of the distal antrum and pylorus in patients with symptoms of gastroparesis using high-resolution antropyloroduodenal manometry (HR-ADM). Sixteen patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis underwent HR-ADM with 13 sensors, 1 cm apart, placed across the antropyloroduodenal (APD) junction and 2 sensors, 10 cm apart, in descending and distal duodenum. The 1-h postprandial motility was quantitated as contraction frequency/minute, average amplitude, and motility index (MI). Six healthy volunteers served as controls. In the patient group, the HR-ADM identified postprandial antral hypomotility, isolated pyloric pressure waves, and tonic elevation of baseline pressure in pylorus. Patients had significantly reduced frequency of the full-hour postprandial antral contractions/minute compared with healthy volunteers [1.52 (0.97, 1.67) vs. 2.04 (1.70, 2.67), P = 0.005], as well as reduced MI [9.65 (8.29, 10.31) vs. 11.04 (10.65, 11.63), P = 0.002]. The average contraction amplitude was numerically, but not significantly reduced [51.9 (21.9, 74.9) vs. 73.0 (59.8, 82.7), P = 0.14]. Bland-Altman plots showed similar distribution of antral contraction frequency and MI during the first and second postprandial 30-min periods for both patients and controls. High-resolution ADM can characterize a variety of postprandial antral contractile and pyloric motility dysfunctions. This technique shows promise to provide guidance for the selection of optimal treatment of patients with gastroparesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current selection of different treatments for patients with gastroparesis is empiric or based on trial and error, though pyloric distensibility and diameter may predict response to pyloric interventions. High-resolution antropyloroduodenal manometry (HR-ADM) can characterize a variety of postprandial antral contractile and pyloric motility dysfunctions in patients with suspected gastroparesis. HR-ADM shows promise to provide guidance for selection and individualization of treatments such as prokinetic agents or pyloric interventions for patients with gastroparesis based on documented pathophysiology.

Effect of caloric intake and macronutrient composition on intestinal cholesterol absorption and bile acids in patients with obesity.

Obesity is associated with alterations in cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, the interaction among dietary intake, cholesterol absorption, and BA metabolism in patients with obesity remains unclear. We conducted a 4-wk nutritional intervention nonrandomized clinical trial with three different sequential diets for a week in the following order: regular diet (RD); high calorie, high-fat diet (HCHF), washout period on RD; and low-calorie, low-fat diet (LCLF). We provided participants with meal replacements during HCHF and LCLF diets. A total of 16 participants completed the study [n = 8 normal weight (NW); n = 8 with obesity (OB)]. Overall, there was a significant increase in intestinal cholesterol uptake when changing from RD to HCHF and a reduction in intestinal cholesterol uptake from HCHF to LCLF. When analyzing by BMI groups, these findings were similar in patients with NW (RD to HCHF: P < 0.007; HCHF to LCLF: P = 0.02); however, in patients with obesity, the change in intestinal cholesterol uptake was only observed when changing from RD to HCHF (P = 0.006). There was no correlation between cholesterol absorption and fecal bile acids or other markers of BA metabolism in all patients or the subgroups. Dietary caloric content had a significant effect on cholesterol absorption, however, this effect is blunted in patients with obesity. These data are consistent with the impaired effect of a low-fat diet on cholesterol absorption in obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show how switching from a regular diet to an HCHF increases cholesterol absorption in patients with normal weight and obesity. The decrease in cholesterol absorption from an HCHF to an LCLF, on the other hand, was only seen in normal-weight controls, underlining the importance of body weight in this regulation. In addition, changes in caloric and fat content had an immediate and direct effect on hepatic bile acid production.

Cannabidiol for Functional Dyspepsia With Normal Gastric Emptying: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Cannabidiol (CBD), a CBR2 agonist with limited psychic effects, antagonizes CB1/CB2 receptors. Allelic variation CNR1 (gene for CBR1) rs806378 and FAAH rs324420 were associated with altered gut motility and sensation. This study aimed to compare the pharmacodynamics and clinical effects of a 4-week treatment with pharmaceutical-grade CBD vs placebo and assess the interactions of FAAH and CNR1 gene variants on the effects of CBD in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled (1:1 ratio) study of CBD b.i.d. (20 mg/kg/d according to the US Food and Drug Administration escalation guidance) in FD patients with nondelayed gastric emptying (GE) at baseline. Symptoms were assessed by validated daily symptom diary (0-4 scale for upper abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating), weekly assessment of adequate relief, Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale (8 symptoms, adjectival scores rated 0-4 for severity), and quality of life (Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index [average of 10 dimensions each on a 5-point scale]). After the 4-week treatment, all patients underwent measurements of GE of solids, gastric volumes, and Ensure nutrient satiation test. Statistical analysis compared 2 treatments for all endpoints and the effects of CBD in association with FAAH rs324420 and CNR1 rs806378. RESULTS: CBD and placebo effects on physiological functions and patient response outcomes were not significantly different. There were borderline CBD treatment-by-genotype interactions: rs806378 CNR1 with Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale ( P = 0.06) and GE solids ( P = 0.12). DISCUSSION: Approved doses of CBD used off-label do not relieve FD with normal baseline GE of solids or alter gastric motor functions and satiation. CBD treatment-by-gene interactions suggest potential benefits for postprandial distress with CNR1 rs806378 T allele.

Gastric accommodation influences proximal gastric and total gastric emptying in concurrent measurements conducted in healthy volunteers.

Gastric emptying and gastric accommodation play a role in generation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Although both functions have been measured simultaneously using MRI or 99mTc SPECT methodology, the correlation of these two functions has not been evaluated simultaneously using a solid and liquid meal. To study relationships of whole or proximal stomach volumes to emptying, we concurrently measured postprandial gastric accommodation and emptying (over 4 h) of a 111In-labeled mixed solid and liquid meal. A semiautomated method allowing selection of a segmentation threshold based on a grayscale image was used to measure volume of the proximal half of the stomach, defined as the top half of axial slices along the vertical length of the stomach. A correction factor derived from phantom studies was applied for upscatter from the 99mTc to the 111In window. Relationships of time to emptying 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the meal to fasting and postprandial gastric volumes were evaluated using Spearman correlation. Whole stomach fed and accommodation volumes were significantly correlated with all gastric emptying times (10%, 25%, and 50%). Proximal stomach fed volumes were similarly associated with 50% and 75% proximal gastric emptying. Fed proximal gastric volume was associated with 50% and 75% whole gastric emptying. Fed proximal accommodation volume was associated with 50% gastric emptying. Fasting gastric volumes were not significant determinants of emptying rates. In conclusion, postprandial gastric accommodation is significantly associated with the rate of gastric emptying, with higher gastric volumes associated with prolongation of emptying. Novel methods to measure proximal gastric accommodation and correct for radioisotope upscatter are described.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In vivo human studies evaluated concurrently the volume of the stomach during fasting and after a solid and liquid meal using a new SPECT-based method. Although fasting gastric volumes did not impact the rates of gastric emptying, both postprandial and accommodation volumes of the whole and proximal stomach were significantly correlated with gastric emptying. Larger stomach volumes were associated with slower gastric emptying.

Secretin effects on gastric functions, hormones and symptoms in functional dyspepsia and health: randomized crossover trial.

Abnormal gastric accommodation (GA) and gastric emptying contribute to pathophysiology in functional dyspepsia (FD). Secretin is a key regulator of GA in animal studies. Our aim was to study the effects of secretin on gastric motility, satiation, postprandial symptoms, and key hormones. We performed two double-blind, randomized, saline-controlled crossover trials in 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with FD by Rome IV criteria. We used measured GA (by validated SPECT method) after a 111In radiolabeled Ensure 300-mL meal and quantified gastric emptying for 30 min by scintigraphy. Satiation was measured by volume to fullness (VTF) and maximum tolerated volume (MTV) on an Ensure nutrient drink test and postprandial symptoms 30 min post-MTV. Fasting and postprandial GLP-1, GIP, and HPP were measured. The ages and sex distribution of healthy controls and patients with FD were similar. Compared with placebo, secretin delayed gastric emptying at 30 min in both health [-11% (-16, -4), P = 0.004]; and FD [-8% (-9, 0), P = 0.03]. Satiation (VTF and MTV), GA, and plasma levels of GLP-1, GIP, and HPP did not differ between treatment arms in health or FD. On ANCOVA analysis (adjusting for age and sex), secretin did not consistently increase postprandial symptoms in health or FD. Secretin delayed gastric emptying in both health and FD without significantly altering GA, VTF, or MTV or selected hormones. Thus, secretin receptor activation may provide a novel therapeutic mechanism for patients with FD and rapid gastric emptying.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The naturally occurring hormone secretin retards gastric emptying of solids without deleteriously affecting gastric accommodation, satiation, other upper gastrointestinal hormones, or postprandial symptoms. Given these findings, a subset of patients with rapid gastric emptying (e.g., the estimated 20% of patients with functional dyspepsia) could be candidates for treatments that stimulate a secretin receptor such as sacubitril, which inhibits neprilysin, an enzyme that degrades secretin.

Associations of gastric volumes, ingestive behavior, calorie and volume intake, and fullness in obesity.

Whereas gastric emptying significantly predicts calorie intake, the association between gastric capacity and satiation and satiety is unclear. To study the associations between gastric volumes and ingestive behaviors with satiation and satiety in obesity, 62 healthy adult obese patients (57 female) with no eating disorders underwent measurements of satiety, as determined by kilocalories of ingestion at a buffet meal, and satiation by volume to comfortable fullness (VTF) and maximum tolerated volume (MTV), while drinking Ensure (30 mL/min). Fasting and postprandial gastric volumes were measured by validated single-photon emission computed tomography. We also measured eating [Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire score (WEL)] and exercise behaviors associated with obesity. Spearman correlation-assessed relationships of measured traits and linear regression analysis to identify predictors of satiation or satiety. The participants were aged 38 ± 10.1 yr and the body mass index (BMI) 36.8 ± 4.8 kg/m2. Fasting gastric volume was significantly correlated with VTF (rs = 0.3, P = 0.03), but not with MTV or buffet meal kilocalorie ingestion. Regression analysis identified sex (P = 0.02, with males having significantly higher fasting gastric volume) and fasting gastric volume (0.04) as predictors of higher VTF. An increase in fasting gastric volume of 50 mL resulted in a 6-mL increase in VTF. Buffet meal intake was inversely related to the ability to resist the urge to eat; factors associated with ingestive behavior (increase in total WEL score) significantly correlated with satiety and gastric accommodation (P < 0.05). Gastric capacity during fasting is associated with calorie intake to the point of comfortable fullness; factors associated with ingestive behavior are associated with satiety and gastric accommodation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Buffet meal intake was inversely related to the ability to resist the urge to overeat. Factors associated with ingestive behavior significantly correlated with satiety and gastric accommodation. Gastric capacity during fasting is associated with calorie intake to the point of comfortable fullness; factors associated with ingestive behavior are associated with satiety and gastric accommodation.

Effects of Colesevelam on Bowel Symptoms, Biomarkers, and Colonic Mucosal Gene Expression in Patients With Bile Acid Diarrhea in a Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Approximately one-third of patients with IBS-diarrhea (IBS-D) have increased bile acid (BA) synthesis or excretion. An open-label study showed benefits of colesevelam on bowel functions, consistent with luminal BA sequestration by colesevelam. We compared the effects of colesevelam vs placebo on symptoms and gene expression patterns in the sigmoid colon mucosa in patients with BA diarrhea associated with IBS-D. METHODS: We performed a double-blind, parallel-group study of 30 adults with IBS-D and evidence of increased BA synthesis or fecal excretion, from December 2017 through December 2018 at a single center. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to groups given colesevelam (3 tablets, 625 mg each) or matching placebo, orally twice daily for 4 weeks. Stool diaries documented bowel functions for 8 days before and 28 days during colesevelam or placebo. Stool and fasting serum samples were collected for analyses of fecal BAs and serum levels of C4 and FGF19. We measured colonic transit by scintigraphy, mucosal permeability by in vivo excretion of saccharide probes, and mRNA levels in rectosigmoid biopsies. All measurements were made at baseline and on the last days of treatment. The primary endpoints were change in total fecal BA concentration and stool consistency. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, colesevelam was associated with significant changes in sequestered fecal total BA excretion (P < .001) and serum levels of C4 and FGF19 (both P < .001), and with a mean increase in fecal level of deoxycholic acid (10%; P = .07) compared to placebo. Colesevelam decreased colon mucosal expression of NR1H4 and P2RY4 and increased expression of GPBAR1, compared with baseline. Stool frequency and consistency, colonic transit, and permeability did not differ significantly between groups. Colesevelam was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: In a randomized trial, we found that colesevelam increases delivery of total and secondary BAs to stool, hepatic BA synthesis, and colonic mucosal expression of genes that regulate BA, farnesoid X, and GPBAR1 receptors. Larger studies are needed to determine the effects on clinical responses. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT03270085.

Association between gastrointestinal phenotypes and weight gain in younger adults: a prospective 4-year cohort study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Gastrointestinal phenotypes have previously been associated with obesity, however it is unknown if these phenotypes are a cause or a consequence of obesity and weight gain. Our aim was to assess whether these gastrointestinal phenotypes are associated with future weight gain in younger adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: At baseline, 126 adult participants under the age of 35 were weighed and underwent measurement of gastrointestinal phenotypes including gastric emptying (GE), gastric volume, satiation, satiety, and gastrointestinal hormones. Patients were reappraised after median 4.4 years unless, during the period of follow-up, they participated in a formal weight loss program, received obesity-weight loss interventions, or developed a health condition likely to affect weight. Participants were dichotomized into two groups for each phenotype at the median of each phenotype. RESULTS: In total, 60 participants met criteria for inclusion and were evaluated after a median of 4.4 years [IQR: 3.5-5], 36 participants were excluded due to conditions that would abnormally affect weight during study period including pregnancy and weight loss treatment, and 30 participants were lost to prospective follow-up. Faster GE was significantly associated with weight gain. Those with faster GE at baseline (n = 30) gained a median of 9.6 kg [3.1-14.9] compared with those with slower GE at baseline (n = 30) who gained a median of 2.8 kg [-4.6 to 9.2] (p = 0.03), over the follow-up period. There was no association between the other phenotypes and weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: In adults ≤35 years old, faster gastric emptying is associated with significantly increased weight gain over the medium term. This provides supportive evidence for the role of gastric emptying in weight gain and development of obesity.

Analysis of Fecal Primary Bile Acids Detects Increased Stool Weight and Colonic Transit in Patients With Chronic Functional Diarrhea.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with bile acid diarrhea (BAD) are identified based on increased levels of BAs in fecal samples collected over a 48-hr period while on a 100-gram fat diet (48-hr BA), retention of 75Se-labeled homocholic acid taurine, or serum levels of C4 or FGF19. BAD increases fecal weight and colonic transit. We investigated whether results of tests for BAD associate with increased fecal weight and more rapid colonic transit over a 24- or 48-hr period in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D). We also estimated the prevalence of increased 48-hr fecal BAs in patients with chronic diarrhea. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 64 patients with IBS-D, 30 patients with IBS-constipation, 30 healthy volunteers (controls). We collected data on fecal weights (measured over a 48-hr period), colonic transit over a 24-hr period (measured by scintigraphy), and percentages of different BAs in stool samples. Colonic transit was measured as the geometric center (weighted average) of colonic counts on a scale of 1 (100% in ascending colon) to 5 (100% in stool). We performed area under the curve (AUC) analyses to assess the association between result of serum and stool tests and high fecal weight (>400g/48 hrs) or rapid colonic transit (>3.34, corresponding to isotope geometric center in sigmoid colon). We estimated the prevalence of increased 48-hr fecal BAs among 938 patients with chronic diarrhea. RESULTS: Total fecal 48-hr BA alone, or in combination with percentage of primary fecal BAs, identified patients with increased fecal weight with an AUROC of 0.86. Percentage of primary fecal BA alone identified patients with increased fecal weight with an AUROC of 0.73. Total fecal 48-hr BA alone identified patients with increased colonic transit with an AUROC of 0.65 and percentage of primary fecal BA alone identified patients with increased colonic transit with an AUROC of 0.69; combined data on these features identified patients with increased colonic transit with an AUROC of 0.70. Serum level of C4 identified patients with increased colonic transit with an AUROC of 0.60. Primary BAs >10% identified patients with increased fecal weight (sensitivity 49% and specificity 91%) and rapid colonic transit (sensitivity 48% and specificity 87%). Among the patients with chronic diarrhea, 45.6% had fecal primary BAs >10% and 27% had increased total fecal BAs (>2337 µmol/48 hrs). CONCLUSIONS: In a retrospective analysis of patients with IBS-D, we found percentage of primary BAs in fecal samples to provide an alternative to total fecal BAs in identification of patients with BAD or chronic diarrhea.

Bile Acid Deficiency in a Subgroup of Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation Based on Biomarkers in Serum and Fecal Samples.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Short-term administration of delayed-release chenodeoxycholic acid to patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) accelerates colonic transit and reduces symptoms. A preliminary study has shown that patients with IBS-C have reduced levels of bile acids (BAs) in feces and reduced synthesis of BA. We compared the levels of primary and secondary BAs in fecal samples collected over a 48-hour period from patients with IBS-C on a diet that contained 100 g fat per day, and compared them with levels in samples from healthy volunteers (controls). We also examined the relationship between overall colonic transit and biomarkers of BAs in patients with IBS-C. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 45 patients with IBS-C and 184 controls. For controls, we estimated the 10th percentile of fasting serum levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4, n = 184) and 48-hour fecal BAs (n = 46), and the 90th percentile of the fasting serum level of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, n = 50). Colonic transit was measured in patients using a validated scintigraphic method. Data from patients with IBS-C were analyzed using Spearman correlations to determine the relationships among levels of C4, FGF19, fecal BAs, and colonic transit. RESULTS: Among the patients with IBS-C, 2 of 45 had low serum levels of C4, 4 of 43 had increased serum levels of FGF19, and 6 of 39 had low levels of BAs in feces collected over 48 hours. Patients with IBS-C had a significant increase in the proportions of fecal lithocholic acid compared with controls (P = .04), and a decrease in deoxycholic acid compared with controls (P = .03). In patients with IBS-C, there were inverse relationships between serum levels of C4 and FGF19 and correlations among levels of 48-hour fecal BAs, colonic transit, and serum C4 and FGF19. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 15% of patients with IBS-C have reduced total BAs and level of deoxycholic acid in fecal samples collected over 48 hours on a 100 g fat diet. In these patients, lower levels of excretion of BAs into feces correlated with slower colonic transit.

Effects of NGM282, an FGF19 variant, on colonic transit and bowel function in functional constipation: a randomized phase 2 trial.

OBJECTIVE: NGM282 is an analog of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a potent inhibitor of bile acid (BA) synthesis in animals and humans. In phase 2 trials in type 2 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis, NGM282 was associated with dose-related abdominal cramping and diarrhea. We aimed to examine effects of NGM282 on colonic transit, stool frequency and consistency, hepatic BA synthesis (fasting serum C4), fecal fat, and BA in functional constipation (FC). METHODS: Two-dose NGM282 (1 and 6 mg, subcutaneously daily), parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled, 14-day study in patients with FC (Rome III criteria) and baseline colonic transit 24 h geometric center (GC) <3.0. We explored treatment interaction with SNPs in genes KLB, FGFR4, and TGR5 (GPBAR1). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: overall ANCOVA at α = 0.025 (baseline as covariate where available), with three pairwise comparisons among the three groups (α = 0.008). RESULTS: Overall, NGM282 altered bowel function (number of bowel movements, looser stool form, and increased ease of passage) and significantly accelerated gastric and colonic transit. Dose-related effects were seen with GC 24 h, but not with gastric emptying (GE) and GC 48 h. There were no differences in fecal fat or weight, but there was reduced fecal total BA excretion with NGM282. The most common adverse events were increased appetite (n = 0 with placebo, 2 with 1 mg, 9 with 6 mg), injection site reaction (n = 2 placebo, 4 with 1 mg, 8 with 6 mg), and diarrhea (n = 1 with 1 mg and 4 with 6 mg NGM282). There was treatment interaction with KLB SNP, with greater increase in colonic transit in participants with the minor A allele (p = 0.056). CONCLUSION: NGM282 significantly impacts GE and colonic transit, consistent with the observed clinical symptoms. The specific mechanism of prokinetic activity requires further research.

Gluten-induced symptoms in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome are associated with increased myosin light chain kinase activity and claudin-15 expression.

The mechanisms underlying diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) are poorly understood, but increased intestinal permeability is thought to contribute to symptoms. A recent clinical trial of gluten-free diet (GFD) demonstrated symptomatic improvement, relative to gluten-containing diet (GCD), which was associated with reduced intestinal permeability in non-celiac disease IBS-D patients. The aim of this study was to characterize intestinal epithelial tight junction composition in IBS-D before and after dietary gluten challenge. Biopsies from 27 IBS-D patients (13 GFD and 14 GCD) were examined by H&E staining and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC), MLC kinase, claudin-2, claudin-8 and claudin-15. Diet-induced changes were assessed and correlated with urinary mannitol excretion (after oral administration). In the small intestine, epithelial MLC phosphorylation was increased or decreased by GCD or GFD, respectively, and this correlated with increased intestinal permeability (P<0.03). Colonocyte expression of the paracellular Na+ channel claudin-15 was also markedly augmented following GCD challenge (P<0.05). Conversely, colonic claudin-2 expression correlated with reduced intestinal permeability (P<0.03). Claudin-8 expression was not affected by dietary challenge. These data show that alterations in MLC phosphorylation and claudin-15 and claudin-2 expression are associated with gluten-induced symptomatology and intestinal permeability changes in IBS-D. The results provide new insight into IBS-D mechanisms and can explain permeability responses to gluten challenge in these patients.

Relationship of gastric emptying or accommodation with satiation, satiety, and postprandial symptoms in health.

The contributions of gastric emptying (GE) and gastric accommodation (GA) to satiation, satiety, and postprandial symptoms remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between GA or GE with satiation, satiety, and postprandial symptoms in healthy overweight or obese volunteers (total n = 285, 73% women, mean BMI 33.5 kg/m2): 26 prospectively studied obese, otherwise healthy participants and 259 healthy subjects with previous similar GI testing. We assessed GE of solids, gastric volumes, calorie intake at buffet meal, and satiation by measuring volume to comfortable fullness (VTF) and maximum tolerated volume (MTV) by using Ensure nutrient drink test (30 ml/min) and symptoms 30 min after MTV. Relationships between GE or GA with satiety, satiation, and symptoms were analyzed using Spearman rank (rs ) and Pearson (R) linear correlation coefficients. We found a higher VTF during satiation test correlated with a higher calorie intake at ad libitum buffet meal (rs = 0.535, P < 0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation between gastric half-emptying time (GE T1/2) and VTF (rs = -0.317, P < 0.001) and the calorie intake at buffet meal (rs = -0.329, P < 0.001), and an inverse correlation between GE Tlag and GE25% emptied with VTF (rs = -0.273, P < 0.001 and rs = -0.248, P < 0.001, respectively). GE T1/2 was significantly associated with satiation (MTV, R = -0.234, P < 0.0001), nausea (R = 0.145, P = 0.023), pain (R = 0.149, P = 0.012), and higher aggregate symptom score (R = 0.132, P = 0.026). There was no significant correlation between GA and satiation, satiety, postprandial symptoms, or GE. We concluded that GE of solids, rather than GA, is associated with postprandial symptoms, satiation, and satiety in healthy participants.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A higher volume to comfortable fullness postprandially correlated with a higher calorie intake at ad libitum buffet meal. Gastric emptying of solids is correlated to satiation (volume to fullness and maximum tolerated volume) and satiety (the calorie intake at buffet meal) and symptoms of nausea, pain, and aggregate symptom score after a fully satiating meal. There was no significant correlation between gastric accommodation and either satiation or satiety indices, postprandial symptoms, or gastric emptying.

Effects of NK1 receptors on gastric motor functions and satiation in healthy humans: results from a controlled trial with the NK1 antagonist aprepitant.

Aprepitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist, is approved for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced or postoperative emesis by blocking NK1 receptors in the brain stem vomiting center. The effects of NK1 receptors on gastric functions and postprandial symptoms in humans are unclear; a single, crossover study did not show a significant effect of aprepitant on gastrointestinal transit. Our aim was to compare, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (12 healthy volunteers per group), the effects of aprepitant vs. placebo on gastric emptying of solids (by scintigraphy) with a 320-kcal meal, gastric volumes (GVs; fasting and accommodation by single photon emission-computed tomography ), satiation [maximum tolerated volume (MTV)], and symptoms after a dyspeptogenic meal of Ensure. Aprepitant (125 mg on day 1, followed by 80 mg on days 2-5) or placebo, one tablet daily, was administered for 5 consecutive days. Statistical analysis was by unpaired rank sum test, adjusted for sex difference and body mass index. To assess treatment effects on symptoms, we incorporated MTV in the model. Aprepitant increased fasting, postprandial, and accommodation GV and tended to increase volume to fullness and MTV by ~200 kcal. However, aprepitant increased aggregate symptoms, nausea, and pain scores after ingestion the MTV of Ensure. There was no significant effect of aprepitant on gastric half-emptying time of solids. We conclude that NK1 receptors are involved in the control of GV and in determining postprandial satiation and symptoms. Further studies of the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic role of NK1 receptor antagonists in patients with gastroparesis and dyspepsia are warranted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aprepitant increases fasting, postprandial, and accommodation gastric volumes. Aprepitant increases volume to fullness and maximum tolerated volume during a nutrient drink test. NK1 receptors are involved in the control of gastric volume and in determining postprandial satiation and symptoms.

Colonic Transit and Bile Acid Synthesis or Excretion in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Diarrhea Without Bile Acid Malabsorption.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bile acids (BAs) are passively absorbed to a different extent along the mammalian colon, so that levels are lower in the feces than in proximal colon. Our aim was to explore associations among total, primary, and secretory BA in stool and colonic transit in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D) without overt BA malabsorption (BAM). METHODS: In a cross-sectional observational study of 116 patients with IBS-D recruited from local communities in Minnesota, we measured total and individual main fecal BA excretion, fecal fat and fecal weight over 48 hours, fasting serum levels of C4 (surrogate for BA synthesis), and overall colonic transit by scintigraphy (geometric center at 24 hours and 48 hours). Patients without overt BAM were assigned to groups based on total fecal BA level below 2337 µmol/48 hours (n = 86) or serum levels of C4 below 47.1 ng/mL (n = 91). We used Spearman correlations to test study hypotheses with correction for 14 correlations tested (P < .0036). Data from 30 healthy volunteers were used as control subjects. RESULTS: Patients with IBS-D who had increased or normal total BA excretion in stool or BA synthesis had higher stool proportions of primary BAs (especially chenodeoxycholate), compared with healthy control subjects. In patients with IBS-D without overt BAM (normal 48-hour total fecal BA or serum C4), there were significant positive correlations between total fecal BA, fecal primary and secretory BA, fecal weight, and increased geometric center at 24 and 48 hours (P < .0036). Normal and slightly increased levels of total fecal BA have greatest effects on colonic transit at 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of overt BAM, the total, primary, and secretory BAs in stool contribute to the acceleration of colonic transit and fecal weight in the diarrhea of patients with IBS-D.

Gastric Motor Dysfunction in Patients With Functional Gastroduodenal Symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of dyspeptic symptoms is complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of gastric emptying (GE), gastric accommodation (GA), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA, to assess vagal dysfunction) in a large cohort with functional gastroduodenal symptoms. METHODS: We reviewed demographic, clinical features, and results of gastric motor and vagal function studies of 1,287 patients (74.0% females, mean age 43.1±15.4 years) who had undergone both single photon emission computed tomography GA and scintigraphic GE. Accommodation was based on postprandial to fasting gastric volume ratio (VR). Electrocardiograms were available and analyzed for RSA in 300 patients. RESULTS: There were 29.8% patients with normal GE and GA, 21.9% with abnormal GA only, 27.1% with abnormal GE only, and 21.1% with abnormal GA and GE. There were numerical differences in GA among patients with normal, accelerated, and delayed GE (P=0.062, by χ2). Increased GA (VR >3.85) was more prevalent in patients with delayed GE compared to accelerated GE (14.0% vs. 6.8%, P=0.004). Decreased VRs (median 2.9) were observed with accelerated GE compared to normal GE (median 3.1, P<0.05). Nausea and vomiting were more prevalent (in contrast to the less prevalent bloating) in patients with delayed compared to accelerated or normal GE (all P<0.05). In patients with diminished RSA, there was higher prevalence of reduced GA (41.5%) compared to those with preserved RSA (29.2%, P=0.031). Multivariable analysis showed associations of the main abdominal symptoms with gender, body mass index, gastric emptying, diabetes, and prior abdominal surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with symptoms of functional gastroduodenal disorders may have one or more gastric motor dysfunctions and reduced RSA; among the patients with abnormal gastric motor functions, vomiting suggests delayed GE, whereas reduced RSA is associated with reduced GA.