Colon fibroblasts from Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137 ) exhibit a proliferative and inflammatory phenotype that could support early stages of colon carcinogenesis.

The role of fibroblast APC mutation in carcinogenesis is not clear. Apc+/- colon fibroblasts have been previously characterized: however, little is known about their behavior at very early-stage of colon carcinogenesis. We cultured colon mucosa fibroblasts (PCF, Apc+/- ) of Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137 ) at an early stage of tumorigenesis, in absence of preneoplastic lesions, and of age-matched wt (WCF): DNA damage levels, inflammatory phenotype and the expression of known markers of CAFs were analyzed. The latter were also assessed by microarray analysis on colon normal mucosa of Pirc and wt animals. PCF exhibited higher proliferative rates (P < .001) and delayed replicative senescence onset (P < .05) compared to WCF, along with a lower level of oxidative DNA damage (P < .05). Furthermore, a constitutively higher expression of COX-2 and sensitivity to inflammatory stimuli was found in PCF compared to WCF (P < .05), accompanied by higher invasive capability (P < .05) and presence of cytoplasmic chromatin foci (cytoplasmic chromatin foci, P < .05). However, they neither expressed CAFs markers (α-SMA, IL-6) nor responded to CAFs activating stimuli (TGF-ß). Accordingly, CAFs markers and activating stimuli resulted down-regulated in Pirc normal mucosa compared to wt, whereas DNA damage response and tolerance pathways were overexpressed. These data show for the first time that a proliferative and inflammatory phenotype characterizes Apc+/- colon fibroblasts since very early stages of colon tumorigenesis, and indicate a role of Apc mutation in driving fibroblast phenotypic alterations that could support the establishment of a protumorigenic environment. Early pharmacological targeting of these dysfunctions might impact on tumor prevention in FAP patients.

A flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice prevents carcinogenesis in a genetic model of colorectal cancer, the Pirc rat (F344/NTac-Apcam1137).

PURPOSE: To determine the potential of a flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice (BJe) to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) in vivo. MAIN METHODS: Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137), mutated in Apc, the key gene in CRC, were treated with two different doses of BJe (35 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg body weight, respectively) mixed in the diet for 12 weeks. Then, the entire intestine was surgically removed and dissected for histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. RESULTS: Rats treated with BJe showed a significant dose-related reduction in the colon preneoplastic lesions mucin-depleted foci (MDF). Colon and small intestinal tumours were also significantly reduced in rats supplemented with 70 mg/kg of BJe. To elucidate the involved mechanisms, markers of inflammation and apoptosis were determined. Compared to controls, colon tumours from BJe 70 mg/kg-supplemented rats showed a significant down-regulation of inflammation-related genes (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 and Arginase 1). Moreover, in colon tumours from rats fed with 70 mg/kg BJe, apoptosis was significantly higher than in controls. Up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of survivin and p21 genes was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate a strong chemopreventive activity of BJe that, at least in part, is due to its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions. This effect could be exploited as a strategy to prevent CRC in high-risk patients.

Morin-dependent inhibition of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) restores sensitivity to apoptosis during colon carcinogenesis: Studies in vitro and in vivo, in an Apc-driven model of colon cancer.

LMW-PTP has been associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and with the resistance to chemotherapy in cancer cells. To clarify its role in vivo, we studied LMW-PTP expression in Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apc am1137 ), genetically prone to CRC and resistant to apoptosis. In the morphologically normal mucosa (NM) of Pirc rats, a dramatic over-expression of LMW-PTP was found compared to wt rats (about 60 times higher). Moreover, LMW-PTP levels further increase in spontaneously developed Pirc colon tumors. To understand if and how LMW-PTP affects resistance to apoptosis, we studied CRC cell lines, sensitive (HT29 and HCT-116), or resistant (HT29R, HCT116R) to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU): resistant cells over-express LMW-PTP. When resistant cells were challenged with morin, a polyphenol inhibiting LMW-PTP, a fast and dose-related down-regulation of LMW-PTP was observed. 5-FU and morin co-treatment dramatically decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and significantly impaired self-renewal ability of all the cancer cell lines we have studied. Similarly, we observed that, in Pirc rats, one-week morin administration (50 mg/kg) down-regulated LMW-PTP and restored the apoptotic response to 5-FU in the NM. Finally, administration of morin for a longer period led to a significant reduction in colon precancerous lesions, together with a down-regulation of LMW-PTP. Taken together, these results document the involvement of LMW-PTP in the process of CRC in vitro and in vivo. Morin treatment may be envisaged as a system to increase the sensitivity to chemotherapy and to prevent carcinogenesis.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer in man induce aberrant crypt foci in rats: Preliminary findings.

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated clear associations between specific dietary and environmental risk factors and incidence of colorectal cancer, but the mechanisms responsible for these associations are not known. An animal model could facilitate such an understanding. Both genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens induce aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colons of F344 rats. F344 rats were provided with diets that contained putative risk factors for CRC: low calcium and low vitamin D, high iron, high fructose, and decreased light (UV) exposure or a control diet for 14 wk. The rats were then assessed with biochemical measures and by topological examination for evidence of colon abnormalities. Circulating ionized calcium was decreased from 2.85 to 1.69 mmol/L, and ACF were increased from 0.7 to 13.6 lesions/colon (both P < 0.001). Rats exposed to the multiple environmental conditions associated with colon cancer, developed ACF similar to the heterogeneous or ill-defined ACF in the human colon. Heterogeneous ACF are the most frequently seen in humans and are also seen in rats shortly after exposure to the non-genotoxic colon carcinogen, dextransulfate sodium. The rodent model could be used to assess the pathways from diet and environment to colon cancer and to provide guidance for clinical studies.

Apc-driven colon carcinogenesis in Pirc rat is strongly reduced by polyethylene glycol.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most powerful agents in reducing chemically induced carcinogenesis in rat colon. However, contrasting results in Min mice dampened the enthusiasm on this potentially strong and virtually safe, cancer chemopreventing agent. Pirc (F344/NTac-Apc (am1137) ) rats carrying a germline heterozygous mutation in the Apc gene, spontaneously develop multiple tumours in the colon thus modelling both familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). Given this similarity, we thought that these rats could be appropriate to test the efficacy of PEG 8000 in reducing carcinogenesis. Pirc male rats aged one month were treated with 5% PEG in drinking water for 2 or 6 months. Precancerous lesions were dramatically reduced after 2 months of PEG treatment (Mucin depleted foci (MDF)/colon were 99 ± 17 and 12 ± 8 in Controls and PEG-treated rats, respectively; p < 0.001; mean ± SD). Similarly, colon tumors were significantly reduced after 6 months of treatment (tumors/rat were 8.1 ± 2.3 and 3.6 ± 2.2 in Controls and PEG-treated rats, respectively; p < 0.05; mean ± SD). Colon proliferation, a parameter correlated to cancer risk, was also significantly lower in PEG-treated rats than in Controls, while apoptosis was not significantly affected. In conclusion, PEG markedly reduces colon carcinogenesis in Pirc rats mutated in Apc; we thus suggest that PEG may be used as chemopreventive agent to reduce cancer risk in FAP and CRC patients.

Multiple mucin depleted foci, high proliferation and low apoptotic response in the onset of colon carcinogenesis of the PIRC rat, mutated in Apc.

PIRC rats (F344/NTac-Apc (am1137) ) mutated in the Apc gene spontaneously develop colon tumors thus mimicking familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) more closely than Apc-based rodent models developing tumors mostly in the small intestine. To understand whether microscopic dysplastic lesions precede the development of macroscopic tumors, PIRC rat colon was examined for the presence of mucin depleted foci (MDF), microadenomas of the rodent and human colon. Few MDF (about 4/animal) were already present in 1-month-old rats and their number rapidly increases to about 250 in 8-month-old rats. These lesions showed Wnt signaling activation (nuclear ß-catenin accumulation) and were dramatically decreased by sulindac (320 ppm), a drug with chemopreventive activity (MDF/rat at 4 months: 156 ± 8 and 38 ± 6 in controls and sulindac-treated rats, respectively, means ± SE, p < 0.001). Since altered proliferation and apoptosis could underlie the early phases of carcinogenesis, we studied these processes in the apparently normal colon mucosa (NM) of 1-month-old PIRC and wt rats. Colon proliferation (PCNA expression) was significantly higher in PIRC rats. Notably, PIRC rat NM showed resistance to apoptosis since it sustained proliferation and had lower apoptosis after a cytotoxic insult with 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. Gene expression of Myc, p21, Birc5, Ogg1, Apex1 and Sod2 were significantly up-regulated in the NM of PIRC rat. The overall results put forward PIRC rat as useful model of colon carcinogenesis, either to study the process itself or to test in vivo chemopreventive agents in both short- and long-term studies.

Sulindac, 3,3'-diindolylmethane and curcumin reduce carcinogenesis in the Pirc rat, an Apc-driven model of colon carcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, we showed that Sulindac (SU; 320 ppm) reduces precancerous lesions in the colon of Pirc rats, mutated in the Apc gene. Surprisingly, previous data in Apc-mutated mice showed that SU, with reported efficacy in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), increases colon carcinogenesis. Therefore, we assessed the effect of SU 320 ppm in a long-term carcinogenesis experiment in Pirc rats. Moreover, since side effects of SU hamper its chronic use and a combination of drugs could be more effective and less toxic than single agents, we also studied whether two natural compounds, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM; 250 ppm) and curcumin (CUR; 2000 ppm), with or without lower doses of SU could affect carcinogenesis METHODS: Pirc rats were fed an AIN76 diet containing SU, DIM and CUR and sacrificed at 8 months of age to measure intestinal tumours. Apoptosis and proliferation in the normal colon mucosa, as well as gene expression profile were studied RESULTS: Colon tumours were significantly reduced by SU 320 ppm (62 % reduction over Controls), by DIM and CUR without or with SU 80 and 160 ppm (50, 53 and 58 % reduction, respectively) but not by SU 80 ppm alone. Total tumours (colon and small intestine) were reduced by SU (80 and 320 ppm) and by DIM and CUR. Apoptosis in the normal mucosa was significantly increased by SU 320 ppm, and slightly increased by DIM and CUR with or without SU. A slight reduction in Survivin-Birc5 expression was observed with all the treatments compared to Controls. Proliferative activity was not varied CONCLUSIONS: The results on SU reinforce the validity of Pirc rats to identify chemopreventive products. Moreover, the efficacy of the DIM and CUR combination to lower colon tumours, suggests an alternative strategy to be exploited in patients at risk.

Changes in Faecal Microbiota Profile and Plasma Biomarkers following the Administration of an Antioxidant Oleuropein-Rich Leaf Extract in a Rat Model Mimicking Colorectal Cancer.

Oleuropein (OLE), a phenolic compound particularly abundant in the olive leaves, has been reported to have beneficial activities against colorectal cancer (CRC). In vitro studies suggested that these latter could be due to a modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Aiming to evaluate if OLE could affect the intestinal microbiota and the plasma metabolome, an antioxidant oleuropein-rich leaf extract (ORLE) was administered for one week to PIRC rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137), a genetic model mimicking CRC. ORLE treatment significantly modulated the gut microbiota composition. Plasma metabolomic profiles revealed a significant predictive ability for amino acids, medium-chain fatty acids, and aldehydes. Pathway analysis revealed a significant decrease in phosphatidylcholine accumulation (LogFC = -1.67) in PIRC rats. These results suggest a significant effect of ORLE administration on faecal microbiota profiles and plasma metabolomes, thereby offering new omics-based insights into its protective role in CRC progression.

Gut microbiota drives colon cancer risk associated with diet: a comparative analysis of meat-based and pesco-vegetarian diets.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is strongly affected by dietary habits with red and processed meat increasing risk, and foods rich in dietary fibres considered protective. Dietary habits also shape gut microbiota, but the role of the combination between diet, the gut microbiota, and the metabolite profile on CRC risk is still missing an unequivocal characterisation. METHODS: To investigate how gut microbiota affects diet-associated CRC risk, we fed Apc-mutated PIRC rats and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rats the following diets: a high-risk red/processed meat-based diet (MBD), a normalised risk diet (MBD with α-tocopherol, MBDT), a low-risk pesco-vegetarian diet (PVD), and control diet. We then conducted faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from PIRC rats to germ-free rats treated with AOM and fed a standard diet for 3 months. We analysed multiple tumour markers and assessed the variations in the faecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing together with targeted- and untargeted-metabolomics analyses. RESULTS: In both animal models, the PVD group exhibited significantly lower colon tumorigenesis than the MBD ones, consistent with various CRC biomarkers. Faecal microbiota and its metabolites also revealed significant diet-dependent profiles. Intriguingly, when faeces from PIRC rats fed these diets were transplanted into germ-free rats, those transplanted with MBD faeces developed a higher number of preneoplastic lesions together with distinctive diet-related bacterial and metabolic profiles. PVD determines a selection of nine taxonomic markers mainly belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae families exclusively associated with at least two different animal models, and within these, four taxonomic markers were shared across all the three animal models. An inverse correlation between nonconjugated bile acids and bacterial genera mainly belonging to the Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae families (representative of the PVD group) was present, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for the protective effect of these genera against CRC. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the protective effects of PVD while reaffirming the carcinogenic properties of MBD diets. In germ-free rats, FMT induced changes reminiscent of dietary effects, including heightened preneoplastic lesions in MBD rats and the transmission of specific diet-related bacterial and metabolic profiles. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that diet-associated cancer risk can be transferred with faeces, establishing gut microbiota as a determinant of diet-associated CRC risk. Therefore, this study marks the pioneering demonstration of faecal transfer as a means of conveying diet-related cancer risk, firmly establishing the gut microbiota as a pivotal factor in diet-associated CRC susceptibility. Video Abstract.

Long-term treatment with Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, reduces colon carcinogenesis and reactive oxygen species in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) increase colon cancer risk. Antidiabetic drugs stabilizing incretin hormones, such as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity (DPP4i), may affect colon carcinogenesis; however, the data remain controversial. Therefore, the authors studied whether long-term administration of the DPP4i Sitagliptin (SITA) affects 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male F344 rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet promoting colon carcinogenesis and IR, were induced with DMH (100 mg/kg × 2 times). One week later, the animals were allocated to two groups: one continuing with HF diet (controls; n = 8) and one receiving SITA (n = 8) mixed in the diet (260 ppm). Body weight, food consumption and glycemia were not affected by SITA. Fifteen weeks after DMH, the number of the precancerous lesions mucin-depleted foci (MDF) was significantly lower in rats treated with SITA [MDF/colon: 9.5 ± 0.9 and 6.4 ± 0.9 in controls (n = 8) and SITA groups (n = 8), respectively; means ± SE, p < 0.05]. Reactive oxygen species in the blood were also significantly lower in the SITA group [6.75 ± 0.69 and 5.63 ± 0.75 (H2 O2 in mM) in controls (n = 5) and SITA (n = 6), respectively; means ± SE, p < 0.05]. Rats treated with SITA had a lower DPP4 activity in the intestine but not in the plasma. Intestine growth morphometric parameters and colon proliferation, as proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, were not affected by SITA. In conclusion, the results suggest a protective effect of DPP4i against colon carcinogenesis that could be exploited in chemoprevention trials.

Expression of LGR-5, MSI-1 and DCAMKL-1, putative stem cell markers, in the early phases of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis: correlation with nuclear ß-catenin.

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer stem cells may drive carcinogenesis and account for chemotherapeutic failure. Although many markers for these cells have been proposed, there is no complete agreement regarding them, nor has their presence in the early phases of carcinogenesis been characterized in depth. METHODS: The expression of the putative markers LGR-5 (leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5), MSI-1 (Musashi-1) and DCAMKL-1 (doublecortin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like-1) was studied in normal colon mucosa (NM), in the precancerous lesions Mucin Depleted Foci (MDF) and in macroscopic tumours (adenomas) of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. Co-localization between these markers and nuclear ß-catenin (NBC), an attributed feature of cancer stem cells, was also determined. Moreover, since PGE2 could increase NBC, we tested whether short-term treatment with celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor (2 weeks, 250 ppm in the diet) could reduce the expression of these markers. RESULTS: LGR-5 expression in NM was low (Labelling Index (LI): 0.22 ± 0.03 (means ± SE)) with positive cells located mainly at the base of the crypts. Compared to NM, LGR-5 was overexpressed in MDF and tumours (LI: 4.7 ± 2.0 and 2.9 ± 1.0 in MDF and tumours, respectively, P<0.01 compared to NM). DCAMKL-1 positive cells, distributed along the length of normal crypts, were reduced in MDF and tumours. Nuclear expression of MSI-1, located mainly at the base of normal crypts, was not observed in MDF or tumours. In both MDF and tumours, few cells co-expressed LGR-5 and NBC (LI: 1.0 ± 0.3 and 0.4 ± 0.2 in MDF and tumours, respectively). Notwithstanding the lower expression of DCAMKL-1 in tumours, the percentage of cells co-expressing DCAMKL-1 and NBC was higher than in NM (LI: 0.5 ± 0.1 and 0.04 ± 0.02 in tumours and NM, respectively). MSI-1 and NBC co-localization was not observed. Celecoxib did not reduce cells co-expressing LGR-5 and NBC. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its prevalent localization at the base of normal crypts, as expected for stem cells, and on the overexpression in precancerous lesions and tumours, we support LGR-5, but not MSI-1 or DCAMKL-1, as putative neoplastic stem cell marker. In both MDF and tumours, we identified LGR-5-positive cells co-expressing NBC which could be a subpopulation with the highest stem cell features.

Effects of sodium nitrite reduction, removal or replacement on cured and cooked meat for microbiological growth, food safety, colon ecosystem, and colorectal carcinogenesis in Fischer 344 rats.

Epidemiological and experimental evidence indicated that processed meat consumption is associated with colorectal cancer risks. Several studies suggest the involvement of nitrite or nitrate additives via N-nitroso-compound formation (NOCs). Compared to the reference level (120 mg/kg of ham), sodium nitrite removal and reduction (90 mg/kg) similarly decreased preneoplastic lesions in F344 rats, but only reduction had an inhibitory effect on Listeria monocytogenes growth comparable to that obtained using the reference nitrite level and an effective lipid peroxidation control. Among the three nitrite salt alternatives tested, none of them led to a significant gain when compared to the reference level: vegetable stock, due to nitrate presence, was very similar to this reference nitrite level, yeast extract induced a strong luminal peroxidation and no decrease in preneoplastic lesions in rats despite the absence of NOCs, and polyphenol rich extract induced the clearest downward trend on preneoplastic lesions in rats but the concomitant presence of nitrosyl iron in feces. Except the vegetable stock, other alternatives were less efficient than sodium nitrite in reducing L. monocytogenes growth.

Sustained proliferation and resistance to apoptosis after a cytotoxic insult are early alterations in rat colon carcinogenesis.

To study the early alterations in carcinogenesis, we determined apoptosis and proliferation in rat mucin depleted foci (MDF), precancerous lesions in the colon under basal conditions and 24 h after treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), which induces apoptosis in the colon. Spontaneous apoptosis in MDF was higher than in normal mucosa (Apoptotic Index was 1.61 ± 0.30 and 0.21 ± 0.02 in MDF and normal mucosa, respectively, mean ± SE, p < 0.05). DMH (30 and 75 mg/kg) increased apoptosis in both normal mucosa and MDF (up to 20 times higher compared to basal levels in normal mucosa, but only two times in MDF). MDF had a higher and deregulated pattern of proliferation along the crypt compared to normal mucosa. After DMH, proliferation in normal mucosa was significantly depressed, but it did not vary in MDF. Survivin-Birc5 regulating apoptosis and proliferation was significantly over-expressed (RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry experiments) in MDF vs. normal mucosa, but did not vary in response to DMH. The expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak did not vary in normal mucosa and MDF. Since inflammation is present in MDF, which may hamper apoptosis, we studied the effect of pre-treatment with aspirin (600 ppm in the diet for 10 days). No significant effects of aspirin were observed. In conclusion, MDF had a higher spontaneous apoptosis and proliferation coupled with a reduced response to apoptotic stimuli from cytotoxic compounds. Survivin over-expression in MDF indicates that this is an early event in colon carcinogenesis and suggests that down-regulation of Survivin may represent a strategy for cancer prevention.

Intestinal microbiota profiles in a genetic model of colon tumorigenesis correlates with colon cancer biomarkers.

Faecal (FM) and colon mucosal associated microbiota (MAM) were studied in a model of colorectal cancer (CRC), the Apc-mutated Pirc rats, and in age-paired wt F344 rats. Principal Coordinates Analysis indicated that samples' distribution was driven by age, with samples of young rats (1 month old; without tumours) separated from older ones (11-month-old; bearing tumours). Diversity analysis showed significant differences between FM and MAM in older Pirc rats, and between MAM of both Pirc and wt rats and the tumour microbiota, enriched in Enterococcus, Escherichia/Shigella, Proteus and Bifidobacteriaceae. In young animals, Pirc FM was enriched in the genus Delftia, while wt FM was enriched in Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Some CRC biomarkers and faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also measured. Colon proliferation and DClK1 expression, a pro-survival mucosal marker, were higher in Pirc than in wt rats, while the mucin MUC2, was lower in Pirc rats. Branched SCFAs were higher in Pirc than in wt animals. By Spearman analysis CRC biomarkers correlated with FM (in both young and old rats) and with MAM (in young rats), suggesting a specific relationship between the gut microbiota profile and these functional mucosal parameters deserving further investigation.

Fish Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Epidemiological Studies and Review of Evidence from Animal Studies.

Background: Epidemiological studies on the association between fish consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have yielded inconsistent results, despite evidence from preclinical studies that long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies investigating the association between fish consumption and CRC risk among humans and reviewed studies examining the link between fish components and colorectal carcinogenesis in animal models. Methods: We included studies published until November 2020. We calculated the summary risk ratio (SRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) through random effects meta-analysis models in order to summarize evidence from studies among humans. Results: Twenty-five prospective epidemiological studies encompassing 25,777 CRC cases were included. Individuals in the highest (vs. lowest) category of fish consumption had a significantly reduced risk of CRC (SRR 0.94, 95%CI 0.89-0.99). In dose-response meta-analysis, a 50-g increment in the daily consumption of fish was associated with a statistically significant 4% reduction in CRC risk (SRR 0.96, 95%CI 0.92-0.99). Preclinical studies (n = 25) identified multiple mechanisms of action of fish and fish components on colorectal carcinogenesis. Conclusions: Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention should take into account the evidence from epidemiological and preclinical studies that increasing fish consumption may be effective in preventing CRC.

The Core Human Microbiome: Does It Exist and How Can We Find It? A Critical Review of the Concept.

The core microbiome, which refers to a set of consistent microbial features across populations, is of major interest in microbiome research and has been addressed by numerous studies. Understanding the core microbiome can help identify elements that lead to dysbiosis, and lead to treatments for microbiome-related health states. However, defining the core microbiome is a complex task at several levels. In this review, we consider the current state of core human microbiome research. We consider the knowledge that has been gained, the factors limiting our ability to achieve a reliable description of the core human microbiome, and the fields most likely to improve that ability. DNA sequencing technologies and the methods for analyzing metagenomics and amplicon data will most likely facilitate higher accuracy and resolution in describing the microbiome. However, more effort should be invested in characterizing the microbiome's interactions with its human host, including the immune system and nutrition. Other components of this holobiontic system should also be emphasized, such as fungi, protists, lower eukaryotes, viruses, and phages. Most importantly, a collaborative effort of experts in microbiology, nutrition, immunology, medicine, systems biology, bioinformatics, and machine learning is probably required to identify the traits of the core human microbiome.

Oleuropein-Rich Leaf Extract as a Broad Inhibitor of Tumour and Macrophage iNOS in an Apc Mutant Rat Model.

Oleuropein, the major compound found in olive leaves, has been reported to exert numerous pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of oleuropein-rich leaf extracts (ORLE) in already-developed colon tumours arising in Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli) mutated PIRC rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137). Here, we were able to investigate in parallel the anti-cancer effect of ORLE, both in vivo and in vitro, and its anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages, representing a critical and abundant population in most solid tumour microenvironment. We found that in vivo ORLE treatment promoted apoptosis and attenuated iNOS activity both in colon tumours as in peritoneal macrophages of PIRC rats. We this confirmed in vitro using primary RAW264.7 cells: ORLE reduced iNOS activity in parallel with COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, IL-6 and TGF-ß. These findings suggest that ORLE possess a strong anti-inflammatory activity, which could be crucial for dampening the pro-tumourigenic activity elicited by a chronic inflammatory state generated by either tumour cells or tumour-associated macrophages.

Gene expression profile and genomic alterations in colonic tumours induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in rats.

BACKGROUND: Azoxymethane (AOM) or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats shares many phenotypical similarities with human sporadic colon cancer and is a reliable model for identifying chemopreventive agents. Genetic mutations relevant to human colon cancer have been described in this model, but comprehensive gene expression and genomic analysis have not been reported so far. Therefore, we applied genome-wide technologies to study variations in gene expression and genomic alterations in DMH-induced colon cancer in F344 rats. METHODS: For gene expression analysis, 9 tumours (TUM) and their paired normal mucosa (NM) were hybridized on 4 x 44K Whole rat arrays (Agilent) and selected genes were validated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Functional analysis on microarray data was performed by GenMAPP/MappFinder analysis. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) was performed on 10 paired TUM-NM samples hybridized on Rat genome arrays 2 x 105K (Agilent) and the results were analyzed by CGH Analytics (Agilent). RESULTS: Microarray gene expression analysis showed that Defcr4, Igfbp5, Mmp7, Nos2, S100A8 and S100A9 were among the most up-regulated genes in tumours (Fold Change (FC) compared with NM: 183, 48, 39, 38, 36 and 32, respectively), while Slc26a3, Mptx, Retlna and Muc2 were strongly down-regulated (FC: -500; -376, -167, -79, respectively). Functional analysis showed that pathways controlling cell cycle, protein synthesis, matrix metalloproteinases, TNFalpha/NFkB, and inflammatory responses were up-regulated in tumours, while Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and fatty acid beta oxidation were down-regulated. a-CGH analysis showed that four TUM out of ten had one or two chromosomal aberrations. Importantly, one sample showed a deletion on chromosome 18 including Apc. CONCLUSION: The results showed complex gene expression alterations in adenocarcinomas encompassing many altered pathways. While a-CGH analysis showed a low degree of genomic imbalance, it is interesting to note that one of the alterations concerned Apc, a key gene in colorectal carcinogenesis. The fact that many of the molecular alterations described in this study are documented in human colon tumours confirms the relevance of DMH-induced cancers as a powerful tool for the study of colon carcinogenesis and chemoprevention.

Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) reduce preneoplastic lesions in the colon of rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH).

BACKGROUND: Prebiotics are non-digestible compounds that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of resident colonic bacteria in the gut. Reported beneficial effects of prebiotics include reduced gut infections, better absorption of minerals, and notably, antitumorigenic effects. Arabinoxylan (AX)-oligosaccharides (AXOS) have been suggested to exert prebiotic effects in the gut, but their effect on colon carcinogenesis has not been studied so far. AIM OF THE STUDY: To test the effect of AXOS in a rat colon carcinogenesis model. METHODS: We determined the occurrence of two types of preneoplastic lesions [aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF)] in the colon of rats treated with the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and fed either a control diet or a diet containing AXOS (4.8% w/w) (15 rats in each group). RESULTS: Thirteen weeks after DMH treatment, MDF counts were significantly lower in the entire colon of AXOS fed rats (MDF/colon were 7.5 +/- 0.6 and 5.5 +/- 0.6, in Control and AXOS groups, respectively, means +/- SE, P < 0.05). Although the number of ACF in the entire colon was not significantly different between Control and AXOS fed rats, AXOS fed rats had significantly fewer ACF in the distal part of the colon than Control group rats (ACF/distal colon were 135.5 +/- 15 and 84.4 +/- 11, in Control and AXOS groups, respectively, means +/- SE, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that dietary intake of AXOS by rats reduces the occurrence of two types of preneoplastic lesions, thus suggesting a chemopreventive effect on colon carcinogenesis that should be confirmed in a long-term carcinogenesis experiment.