Increased ischemic complications in fenestrated and branched endovascular abdominal aortic repair compared with standard endovascular aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic complications (including in the lower extremity, visceral, spinal, and pelvic territories) following standard endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) are well recognized but fortunately uncommon. The incidence of such complications following fenestrated and branched aortic repair (F/BEVAR) has not been well defined in the literature. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of ischemic complications between EVAR and F/BEVAR and to elucidate potential risk factors for these complications. METHODS: We identified all patients who underwent EVAR from 2003 to 2017 or F/BEVAR from 2012 to 2017 in the national Vascular Quality Initiative database. We assessed differences in perioperative ischemic outcomes with methods including logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment propensity score weighting, using a composite end point of lower extremity ischemia, intestinal ischemia, stroke, or new dialysis as the primary end point. RESULTS: The data comprised 35,379 EVAR patients and 3374 F/BEVAR patients. F/BEVAR patients were more likely to be female, have had previous aneurysm repairs, and be deemed unfit for open aneurysm repair; they were less likely to have ruptured aneurysms; and they had higher estimated blood losses, contrast volumes, and fluoroscopy and procedure times. The incidence of any ischemic event (7.7% vs 2.2%) as well as the incidences of the component end points of lower extremity ischemia (2.3% vs 1.0%), intestinal ischemia (2.7% vs 0.7%), stroke (1.5% vs 0.3%), and new hemodialysis (3.1% vs 0.4%) were all significantly increased (all P < .001) in F/BEVAR compared with standard EVAR. After propensity adjustment, F/BEVAR conferred increased odds of any ischemic complication (1.8), intestinal ischemia (2.0), lower extremity ischemia (1.3), new hemodialysis (10.2), and stroke (2.3). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of lower extremity ischemia, intestinal ischemia, new dialysis, and stroke each range from 0% to 1% for standard EVAR and 1% to 3% for F/BEVAR. The incidence of perioperative ischemic complications following F/BEVAR is significantly increased compared to EVAR. The real-world data in this study should help guide decision-making for surgeons and patients as well as serve as one metric for progress in device and technique development. Improvements in ischemic complications may come from continued technology development such as smaller sheaths, improved imaging to decrease procedure time and contrast volume, embolic protection, and increased operator skill with wire and catheter manipulation.

Clinical and anatomic outcomes after carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine 30-day and long-term outcomes after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in a contemporary series and to identify variables associated with stroke and death after CEA. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients undergoing an isolated CEA at a single institution between January 1989 and December 2005. Primary study end points were 30-day and long-term overall stroke, ipsilateral stroke, and death. Secondary end points were recurrent stenosis (>70% stenosis) and reintervention. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to create survival curves for the long-term study end points. Multivariate models were created to identify variables associated with the study end points. RESULTS: During the study period, 3014 CEAs were performed on 2644 patients (mean age, 71.0 ± 8.9 years; 60.9% male; 33.5% symptomatic; 37% primary closure), with mean follow-up of 7.0 years. The 30-day ipsilateral stroke, death, and combined ipsilateral stroke/death rates were 1.3%, 1.1%, and 2.2%, respectively. Previous ipsilateral CEA or neck dissection for cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 3.68; P = .0081) and symptomatic disease (HR, 2.45; P = .0071) were predictive of 30-day ipsilateral stroke. Stroke-free survival was 93.8% at 4 years and 86.9% at 10 years. Diabetes (HR, 1.94; P < .0001), symptomatic disease (HR, 1.75; P < .0001), female gender (HR, 1.34; P = .035), and increasing age (HR, 1.02; P < .0001) were predictors of long-term overall stroke. Ipsilateral stroke-free survival was 97.6% at 5 years and 94.6% at 10 years, respectively. Contralateral occlusion (HR, 2.06; P = .025) and symptomatic disease (HR, 1.87; P = .003) were predictors of ipsilateral stroke, whereas antilipid therapy was protective (HR, 0.65; P = .049). Overall survival was 70.1% at 5 years and 42.2% at 10 years, with no difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Although a variety of comorbidities were associated with inferior late survival, as anticipated, female gender (HR, 0.89; P = .016) and lipid-lowering therapy (HR, 0.69; P < .0001) were protective. Reintervention was 3.4% at 5 years and 6.6% at 10 years, with primary closure (vs patch angioplasty/eversion) increasing the risk of reintervention (HR, 1.72; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: CEA has favorable perioperative and long-term clinical and anatomic outcomes with respect to its goal of stroke prevention for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Adjuvant medical therapy (antilipid) has increased overall and ipsilateral stroke-free survival.

Further experience with distal aortic perfusion and motor-evoked potential monitoring in the management of extent I-III thoracoabdominal aortic anuerysms.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies indicated improved early mortality and paraplegia rates in a small cohort of patients with type I-III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAs) treated with atriofemoral bypass (AFB) and motor-evoked potentials (MEVPs) when compared with a propensity-matched cohort of patients treated with the clamp and sew (CS) method, wherein epidural cooling was the principal spinal cord protective adjunct. The use of AFB/MEVP increases the complexity of TAA repair and in this study, we address whether the early benefits will be sustained when this is applied to a general population with type I-III TAAs. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing repair of nonruptured Crawford extent I-III TAAs from 1/1987 to 12/2011 were identified. Patients were stratified according to operative approach (AFB/MEVP vs CS). Endpoints included long-term survival, and the composite outcome of perioperative death and paraplegia. A multivariate, risk-adjusted model was then created to determine if operative approach independently influenced outcome. RESULTS: There were 485 patients (CS = 385 [79%]; AFB/MEVP = 100 [21%]). The cohorts differed in that the AFB/MEVP group was younger (65.8 ± 12.5 years vs 70.9 ± 9.7 years; P < .001), had more extent I/II aneurysms (66% vs 50.1%; P = .005), and had more chronic dissections (30.3% vs 18.9%; P = .018). Operative variables differed in that the AFB/MEVP cohort had longer operative times (434 ± 112 minutes vs 324 ± 98 minutes; P < .001) and higher blood turnover (6028 ± 3473 mL vs 3581 ± 3111 mL; P < .0001). There was no difference in the rate of intraoperative death (AFB/MEVP = 1.0% vs CS = 0.5%; P = .50), length of intensive care unit stay (AFB/MEVP = 9.6 ± 8.6 days vs CS = 9.5 ± 12.3 days; P = .95) or hospital length of stay (AFB/MEVP = 19.9 ± 12.6 days vs CS = 21.6 ± 23.5 days; P = .49). The composite perioperative death and paraplegia rate was lower in the AFB/MEVP cohort (7% vs 19%; P = .004). The multivariate model for predictors of the composite outcome showed that AFB/MEVP was protective (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.9; P = .028). Long-term (4-year) survival was improved in the AFB/MEVP group as well (73 ± 6% vs 60 ± 3%; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: AFB/MEVP is an independent predictor of improved perioperative death and paraplegia rates as well as long-term survival in patients undergoing repair of type I-III TAAs and is the preferred operative strategy.

Effect of chronic dissection on early and late outcomes after descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: Although chronic aortic dissection (CD) has traditionally been considered a predictor of perioperative morbidity and mortality after descending thoracic/thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair (thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm [TAA]), recent reports have rejected this assertion. Still, few contemporary studies document late outcomes after TAA for CD, which is the goal of this study. METHODS: From August 1987 to December 2005, 480 patients underwent TAA; 73 (15%) CD and 407 (85%) degenerative aneurysms (DA). Operative management consisted of a clamp-and-sew technique with adjuncts in 53 (78%) CD and 355 (93%) DA patients (P < .001). Epidural cooling was used to prevent spinal cord injury (SCI) in 51 (70%) CD and 214 (53%) DA patients (P = .007). Study end points included perioperative SCI/mortality, freedom from reintervention, and long-term survival. RESULTS: CD patients were younger (mean age 64.5 years CD vs 72.5 years DA, P < .001) and more frequently had a family history of aneurysmal disease (23% CD vs 6% DA, P < .001). Forty-three (59%) CD patients had elective TAA (vs 322 (79%) DA, P = .001). Eleven (15%) CD patients had Marfan's syndrome (vs 0% DA, P < .001), and 17 (23%) CD patients had a prior arch or ascending aortic repair (vs 16 [4%] DA, P < .001). CD patients were more likely to have Crawford type I & II thoracoabdominal aneurysms (44 [60%] vs 120 [29%] DA, P < .001), while only two (3%) CD patients had type IV aneurysms (vs 99 [24%] DA). There was no difference in perioperative mortality between the two groups (11% CD vs 8.6% DA, P = .52), nor was there a difference in flaccid paralysis, which occurred in five (7%) CD and 22 (5%) DA patients (P = .92). At 5 years, 70% of CD patients were free from reintervention versus 74% of DA (P = .36). The actuarial survival was 53% and 32% at 5 and 10 years for CD versus 47% and 17% for DA (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increased operative complexity, CD does not appear to increase perioperative SCI or mortality after TAA when compared with DA. Long-term freedom from aneurysm-related reintervention is similar for both groups as is survival, despite patients with CD being of younger age at presentation.

Evolution of operative strategies in open thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: During a 24-year interval, we managed >90% of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAA) repairs with a clamp-and-sew (clamp/sew) approach supplemented with protective adjuncts, including renal hypothermia and epidural cooling with aggressive intercostal reconstruction for spinal cord protection. A finite paraplegia rate led to operative modifications using distal aortic perfusion (DAP) through atriofemoral bypass to support cord collateral circulation and selective intercostal reconstruction based on motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring. This study evaluated the effect of DAP/MEP on perioperative outcomes. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing repair of nonruptured Crawford extent I-III TAA using DAP/MEP were compared with propensity-matched patients treated with the clamp/sew technique. Outcomes included 30-day mortality and paraplegia. RESULTS: There were 52 patients in the DAP cohort vs 127 undergoing clamp/sew. The DAP and clamp/sew cohorts differed in age (62.6 vs 69.5 years, P = .0003), presence of Marfan disease (10% vs 2%, P = .01), and chronic dissection (37% vs 8%, P = .001). Operative mortality was low (DAP, 2%; clamp/sew, 5%; P = .38). Postoperative renal insufficiency, although doubled in clamp/sew (17%) vs DAP (8%; P = .10), was not significant. DAP patients had a significantly lower incidence of intercostal reconstruction than the clamp/sew group (10% vs 34%, P < .0001), yet there was no paraplegia in the DAP cohort vs 5% in clamp/sew (P = .11). The composite death/paraplegia rate was decreased with DAP at 1 of 52 (2%) vs clamp/sew at 11 of 127 (9%; P = .01). Paraparesis with complete recovery occurred in 5 of 52 (10%) of the DAP group. CONCLUSIONS: Elective TAA repair was accomplished with a low mortality in the DAP and clamp/sew cohorts. The use of MEP in the DAP cohort (despite a higher spinal cord ischemic risk due to the number of chronic dissection patients) decreased the need for intercostal reconstruction, with no paraplegia to date. DAP with MEP is the preferred operative strategy for extent I to III TAA repair.

Platelet Transcriptome Profiling in HIV and ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 4 (ABCC4) as a Mediator of Platelet Activity.

An unbiased platelet transcriptome profile identified ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 4 (ABCC4) as a novel mediator of platelet activity in virologically suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. Using ex vivo and in vitro cellular and molecular assays we demonstrated that ABCC4 regulated platelet activation by altering granule release and cyclic nucleotide homeostasis through a cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated mechanism. Platelet ABCC4 inhibition attenuated platelet activation and effector cell function by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate. ABCC4 inhibition may represent a novel antithrombotic strategy in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy.