A decision support procedure for the bioeconomy transition: A Colombian case study.

An increasing number of countries and regions consider the bioeconomy transition a strategic policy priority. When approached through the lens of a circular economy perspective, investments in bioeconomy have the potential to enhance resource utilisation efficiency, preserve biodiversity and ecosystems, and foster sustainable development with low emissions. At the same time, if requirements and contextual factors of bioeconomy strategies are not formally analysed, bioeconomic investments might lead to unintended negative consequences. This paper proposes a decision support procedure to design, assess, prioritise, and monitor bioeconomy investments and policies. The flexibility and scalability of our decision support procedure is tested in Colombia to foster a regional and local transition to bioeconomy initiatives that consider the local capital assets and the stakeholders' views. The heterogeneous character of the Colombian environment, economy, society and culture represents an ideal condition to test the strength of the decision support procedure to promote bioeconomy in low and middle-income countries. Our empirical results highlight the benefit of adopting a formal assessment framework that includes strategic national indicators, regional features and stakeholders' views. In terms of the Colombian regional bioeconomy ambitions, we highlight the need for expanding knowledge hubs and participatory stakeholder networks and buttressing appropriate financial mechanisms.

Predicting daily activity time through ecological niche modelling and microclimatic data.

Climate temporality is a phenomenon that affects species activity and distribution patterns across spatial and temporal scales. Despite the global availability of microclimatic data, their use to predict activity patterns and distributions remains scarce, particularly at fine temporal scales (e.g. < month). Predicting activity patterns based on climatic data may allow us to foresee some of the consequences of climate change, particularly for ectothermic vertebrates. The Gila monster exhibits marked daily and seasonal activity patterns linked to physiology and reproduction. Here we evaluate whether ecological niche models fitted using microclimate data can predict temporal activity patterns using the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum as a study system. Furthermore, we identified whether the activity patterns are related to physiological constraints. We used dated occurrences from museum specimens and human observations to generate and test ecological niche models using minimum volume ellipsoids. We generated hourly microclimatic data for each occurrence site for 10 years using the NicheMapR package. For ecological niche modelling, we compared the traditional seasonal approach versus a daily activity pattern strategy for model construction. We tested both using the omission rate of independent observations (citizen science data). Finally, we tested whether unimodal and bimodal activity patterns for each season could be recreated through ecological niche modelling and whether these patterns followed known physiological constraints. The unimodal and bimodal activity patterns previously reported directly from tracking individuals across the year were recovered using niche modelling and microclimate across the species' geographical range. We found that upper thermal tolerances can explain the daily activity patterns of this species. We conclude that ecological niche models trained with microclimatic data can be used to predict activity patterns at high temporal resolutions, particularly on ectotherm species of arid zones coping with rapid climate modifications. Furthermore, the use of high temporal resolution variables can lead to a better niche delimitation, enhancing the results of any research objective that uses correlative models.

La estacionalidad climática es un fenómeno que afecta la actividad de las especies y los patrones de distribución a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales. A pesar de la disponibilidad global de datos microclimáticos para estudiar dichos patrones, su uso sigue siendo escaso, particularmente en escalas temporales finas (e.g., < mes). La predicción de patrones de actividad basados en datos climáticos puede permitirnos prever algunas de las potenciales consecuencias del cambio climático, particularmente para los vertebrados ectotérmicos. El monstruo de Gila (Heloderma suspectum) exhibe marcados patrones de actividad diarios y estacionales vinculados a la fisiología y la reproducción. En este trabajo evaluamos cómo los modelos de nichos ecológicos ajustados con datos de microclima, pueden predecir patrones de actividad temporal, utilizando al monstruo de Gila como sistema de estudio. Además, identificamos si los patrones de actividad están relacionados con restricciones fisiológicas. Usamos registros de presencia provenientes de colecciones científicas y de ciencia ciudadana para generar y probar modelos de nichos ecológicos usando elipsoides de volumen mínimo. Generamos datos microclimáticos para cada hora en cada sitio de presencia durante diez años utilizando el paquete NicheMapR. Para el modelado de nichos ecológicos, comparamos el enfoque estacional tradicional con una estrategia de patrón de actividad diaria para la construcción del nicho. Ambos enfoques fueron probados utilizando la tasa de omisión de observaciones independientes (provenientes de datos de ciencia ciudadana). Finalmente, probamos si los patrones de actividad unimodales y bimodales para cada estación podían recrearse a través de modelos de nichos ecológicos y si estos patrones seguían restricciones fisiológicas conocidas. Los patrones de actividad unimodal y bimodal previamente informados directamente del seguimiento de individuos a lo largo del año, sí se recuperaron mediante el uso de modelos de nicho y microclimas en todo el rango geográfico de la especie. Encontramos también que las tolerancias térmicas superiores pueden explicar los patrones de actividad diaria de esta especie. Concluimos que los modelos de nichos ecológicos entrenados con datos microclimáticos pueden usarse para predecir patrones de actividad en altas resoluciones temporales, particularmente en especies ectotermas de zonas áridas que se enfrentan a modificaciones climáticas rápidas. Además, consideramos que el uso de variables con alta resolución temporal puede conducir a una mejor delimitación de nichos, mejorando los resultados de cualquier objetivo de investigación que utilice estos modelos correlativos.

Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activity of Raw Plant Extracts as Reported by Knowledgeable Indigenous People of the Amazon Region (Vaupés Medio in Colombia).

The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 122 raw extracts prepared in ethanol and water from 35 medicinal plants reported by the Cubeo indigenous village of the Amazon region (Vaupés Medio in Colombia) was evaluated for efficacy against 3D7 (sensitive to chloroquine) and FCR-3 (resistant to chloroquine) Plasmodium falciparum strains. Five percent of these extracts presented a significant antiplasmodial activity (< 5 µg/mL) and 83 % of them were not cytotoxic. These findings highlight the importance of investigating traditional medicinal plants implemented by these ancestral communities of the Amazon region as well as their potential to become a source of new drugs against malaria.

Functional diversity of snakes is explained by the landscape composition at multiple areas of influence.

Roadkill and landscape composition affect snakes at different spatial scales, depending on the functional trait value of the species, which is reflected in the functional diversity indices at the assemblage level. This study evaluated the effect of roads and landscape composition on snakes' functional diversity at different areas of influence (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 m buffer areas). We compared roadkill snake species with those assemblages inhabiting the adjacent vegetation in the Orinoco region, Colombia. We surveyed snakes using transects on the road and adjacent areas on 13 landscapes along the road. We evaluated the effect of 16 landscape metrics at six land cover classes on the snake's functional diversity at four different areas of influence (from 250 to 2000 m around the sampled sites). The functional redundancy index was higher for roadkill species, suggesting that roads eliminate species that play similar roles in the assemblage and ecosystem processes. Likewise, the low values of functional redundancy in the adjacent vegetation call attention to the fact that each species surviving in this transformed landscape has a crucial active role in ecosystem processes in snake assemblages. For roadkill snakes, forest metrics explained changes in functional richness and functional evenness at a 250 m area of influence. In comparison, transient crop and pasture metrics explained changes in functional evenness and divergence at 2000 m. For snakes inhabiting the adjacent vegetation, the cohesion of pasture explained changes in functional richness at 250 m, and forest metrics explained changes in functional redundancy and evenness at 2000 m. Anthropogenic landscape transformation may have a greater effect on snake functional diversity at local scales than roadkill. In savanna ecosystems, the presence of native forest at 2000 m radius around roads promotes the conservation of snake assemblages. However, within a 250 m radius, the risk of snake roadkill increases when the road borders native forest. Therefore, it is necessary to implement wildlife crossing in these sections of the road.

El atropellamiento en carreteras y la composición del paisaje afectan a las serpientes a diferentes escalas espaciales, dependiendo del valor del rasgo funcional de las especies, que se refleja en los índices de diversidad funcional a nivel de ensamblaje. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de las carreteras y la composición del paisaje en la diversidad funcional de las serpientes en diferentes áreas de influencia (250, 500, 1000 y 2000 m áreas de amortiguamiento). Comparamos las especies de serpientes atropelladas con los ensamblajes que habitan la vegetación adyacente en la región del Orinoco, Colombia. Muestreamos serpientes usando transectos en la carretera y áreas adyacentes en 13 paisajes a lo largo de una carretera. Evaluamos el efecto de 16 métricas de paisaje en seis clases de cobertura del suelo sobre la diversidad funcional de la serpiente en cuatro áreas diferentes de influencia (de 250 a 2000 m alrededor de los sitios muestreados). El índice de redundancia funcional fue mayor para las especies atropelladas, lo que sugiere que las carreteras eliminan especies que desempeñan funciones similares en los procesos de ensamblaje y ecosistema. Del mismo modo, los bajos valores de redundancia funcional en la vegetación adyacente llaman la atención sobre el hecho de que cada especie que sobrevive en este paisaje transformado tiene un papel crucial en los procesos ecosistémicos y dentro de los ensamblajes de serpientes. Para las serpientes atropelladas, las métricas de cobertura de bosque explicaron los cambios en la riqueza y la uniformidad funcional en un área de influencia de 250 m. En comparación, las métricas de cultivos transitorios y pastos explicaron los cambios en la uniformidad y divergencia funcional a 2000 m. Para las serpientes que habitan la vegetación adyacente, la cohesión de los pastizales explicó los cambios en la riqueza funcional a 250 m, y las métricas de cobertura de bosque explicaron los cambios en la redundancia y la uniformidad funcional a 2000 m. La transformación antropogénica del paisaje puede tener un mayor efecto en la diversidad funcional de las serpientes a escalas locales que los atropellos. En ecosistemas de sabana, la presencia de bosque nativo en un radio de 2000 m alrededor de las carreteras favorece la conservación de los ensamblajes de serpientes. Sin embargo, en un radio de 250 m se aumenta el riesgo de atropellamiento de serpientes cuando la carretera limita con bosque nativo, por lo que es necesario implementar pasos de fauna en estos tramos.

Access and Benefit Sharing Under the Nagoya Protocol-Quo Vadis? Six Latin American Case Studies Assessing Opportunities and Risk.

BACKGROUND: Global challenges related to access and benefit sharing (ABS) of biological resources have become a key concern in the area of research on herbal medicines, ethnopharmacology, drug discovery, and the development of other high value products for which Intellectual Property protection can be secured. While the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, Rio 1992) has been recognized as a huge step forward, the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol (NP) and of new forms of collaboration often remain unresolved, especially in the context of "the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources" (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011). The vision and the specific implementation of this international treaty vary from country to country, which poses additional challenges. AIMS: Using a case study approach, in this analysis we aim at understanding the specific opportunities and challenges for implementing international collaborations regarding ABS in six Latin American countries-Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, México, Panama, and Peru. Based on that analysis, we provide recommendations for the path ahead regarding international collaborations under ABS agreements in ethnopharmacological research. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The implementation of the NP varies in the six countries; and while they are all rich in biodiversity, access and benefit sharing mechanisms differ considerably. There is a need to engage in a consultation process with stakeholders, but this has often come to a halt. Institutional infrastructures to implement national policies are weak, and the level of knowledge about the NP and the CBD within countries remains limited. CONCLUSIONS: Different policies in the six countries result in very diverse strategies and opportunities relating to the equitable use of biodiversity. A long-term strategy is required to facilitate a better understanding of the treaties and the resulting opportunities for a fairer development and implementation of transparent national polices, which currently differ in the six countries. So far, the benefits envisioned by the CBD and the NP remain unfulfilled for all stakeholders involved including local communities.

Challenging the status quo: Women's experiences of opting for a home birth in Andalucia, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perceptions, beliefs and attitudes of women who opted for a home birth in Andalusia (Spain). BACKGROUND: Home birth is currently an unusual choice among Spanish women. It is not an option covered by the Spanish National Health Service and women who opt for a home birth have to pay for an independent midwife. DESIGN: A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was adopted. All participants who took part in this study had chosen to have a home birth and given written consent to take part in the study. METHODS: Data collection was conducted in 2015-16. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with women who chose a home birth in the last 5 years. FINDINGS: The sample consisted of thirteen women. Seven themes were created through analysis: 1. Getting informed about home birth; 2. Home birth as a choice, despite feeling unsupported; 3. The best way to have a personalized and a physiological birth; 4. Seeking a healing and empowering experience 5. The need for emotional safety, establishing a relationship and trusting the midwife; 6. Preparing for birth and working on fears; 7. Inequality of access (because of financial implications). CONCLUSIONS: Women opted to plan birth at home because they wanted a personalised birth and control over their decision-making in labour, which they felt would not have been afforded to them in hospital settings. Andalusian maternity care leaders should strive to ensure that all pregnant women receive respectful and high-quality personalised care, by appropriately trained staff, both in the hospital and in the community.

Quantitative standardization of pharmacologically active components from antiplasmodial plant Solanum nudum Dunal (wild and in vitro) / Estandarización cuantitativa de componentes farmacológicamente activos de la planta antiplasmodial Solanum nudum Dunal (silvestre e in vitro)

Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) is most commonly known andused by the population of the colombian Pacific coast as an antimalarial treatment. This article study into optimization and quantitative analysis of compounds steroidal over time of development of this species when grown in vitro and wild. A new steroidal compound named SN6 was elucidated by NMR and a new method of quantification of seven steroidal compounds (Diosgenone DONA and six steroids SNs) using HPLC-DAD-MS in extracts of cultures in vitroand wild was investigated. Biology activity of extracts was found to a range of antiplasmodial activity in FCB2 and NF-54 with inhibitory concentration (IC50) between (17.04 -100µg/mL) and cytotoxicity in U-937 of CC50 (7.18 -104.7µg/mL). This method creates the basis for the detection of seven sterols antiplasmodial present in extracts from S. nudum plant as a quality parameter in the control and expression of phytochemicals.

Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) es el más conocido y utilizado por la población de la costa del Pacífico colombiano como tratamiento antipalúdico. Este artículo estudia la optimización y el análisis cuantitativo de compuestos esteroides a lo largo del tiempo de desarrollo de esta especie cuando se cultiva in vitro y en forma silvestre. Un nuevo compuesto esteroideo llamado SN6 fue dilucidado por RMN y se investigó un nuevo método de cuantificación de siete compuestos esteroides (Diosgenone DONA y seis esteroides SN) usando HPLC-DAD-MS en extractos de cultivos in vitro y silvestres. La actividad biológica de los extractos se encontró en un rango de actividad antiplasmodial en FCB2 y NF-54 con concentración inhibitoria (IC50) entre (17.04 -100 µg/mL) y citotoxicidad en U-937 de CC50 (7.18 -104.7 µg/mL). Este método crea la base para la detección de siete esteroles antiplasmodiales presentes en extractos de planta de S. nudum como parámetro de calidad en el control y expresión de fitoquímicos.

Control del dolrr postquirúrgico en pacientes de un hospital de tercer nivel / Conrol of postopperative pain in patients in a tertiary hospital / Conrole da dor ppós-cirúrgica em pacientes de um hospital de terceiro níeel

Introducción: el manejo del dolor debe ser adaptado y optimizado de acuerdo con las condiciones de cada hospital, tipo de cirugía y paciente. Objetivos: ealuar la percepción del dolor de los pacientes intervenidos en el postoperatorio del Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Pereira. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte, prospectivo en pacientes mayores de 18 años entre 2 de septiembre y 28 de octubre de 2011. La valoración de intensidad del dolor postoperatorio se realizó mediante Escala Visual Analógica a las 24 horas del postquirúrgico. Se consideraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas (tipo de cirugía, anestesia, riesgo) y farmacológicas (medicamentos empleados, dosis, intervalos dosificación). El análisis se hizo con SPSS 20.0 para Windows. Resultados: Se evaluaron 153 pacientes en postoperatorio, 80 (52,3%) mujeres y 73 (47,7%) hombres, con edad promedio de 47,6 ± 20,2 años. El 38,8% de los pacientes no tenía controlado el dolor. Las variables de cirugía ortopédica, el empleo de anestesia general por vía intravenosa, y el incumplimiento de los intervalos recomendados de dosificación de los analgésicos, se asociaron de manera estadísticamente significativa con la falta de control. Discusión: El control del dolor fue inadecuado haciendo evidente la necesidad de replantear su manejo ajustado a guías de práctica clínica, formalizando el uso de medicamentos, en dosis e intervalos adecuados que garanticen una analgesia efectiva.

Introduction: Pain management should be adapted and optimized according to the conditions of each hospital, type of surgery and patient. Objectives: To evaluate the perception of pain in postoperative patients at Hospital Universitario San Jorge of Pereira. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study in patients older than 18 years, between September 2nd to October 28, 2011. The assessment of postoperative pain intensity was performed by visual analogue scale 24 hours after surgery. We considered socio-demographic, clinical (type of surgery, anesthesia, risk) and pharmacological variables (drugs used, dosage, dosage intervals). The analysis was done with SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Results: We evaluated 153 patients in the postoperative period, 80 (52.3%) women and 73 (47.7%) males, mean age 47.6 ± 20.2 years. 38.8% of patients did not obtain pain control. The variables of orthopedic surgery, the use of intravenous general anesthesia, and suboptimal dosage was statistically significantly associated with lack of control. Conclusions: Pain control was inadequate thus showing the need to redefine its management by following clinical practice guidelines, through the use of analgesics in doses and appropriate intervals.

Introdução: o manejo da dor deve ser adaptado e otimizado de acordo com as condições de cada hospital, tipo de cirurgia e paciente. Objetivos: avaliar a percepção da dor dos pacientes intervindos no pós operatório do Hospital Universitário San Jorge de Pereira. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de corte, prospectivo em pacientes maiores de 18 anos entre 2 de setembro e 28 de outubro de 2011. A valoração de intensidade da dor pós-operatória se realizou mediante Escala Visual Analógica às 24 horas do pós-cirúrgico. Consideraram-se variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas (tipo de cirurgia, anestesia, risco) e farmacológicas (medicamentos empregados, doses, intervalos, dosagem). A análise se fez com SPSS 20.0 para Windows. Resultados: Se avaliaram 153 pacientes em pós-operatório, 80 (52,3%) mulheres e 73 (47,7%) homens, com idade média de 47,6 ± 20,2 anos. O 38,8% dos pacientes não tinha controlada a dor. As variáveis de cirurgia ortopédica, o emprego de anestesia geral por via intravenosa, e o descumprimento dos intervalos recomendados de dosagem dos analgésicos, se associaram de maneira estatisticamente significativa com a falta de controle. Discussão: O controle da dor foi inadequado fazendo evidente a necessidade de repensar o seu manejo ajustado a guias de prática clínica, formalizando o uso de medicamentos, em doses e intervalos adequados que garantam uma analgesia efetiva.

Actividad antioxidante y contenido de fenoles totales de algunas especies del género Calophyllum / Antioxidant activity and total phenols content from some species of Calophyllum genus

INTRODUCCIÓN: la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos antioxidantes naturales ha sido de gran interés para la investigación dado que interrumpen el proceso de oxidación por vía radicalaria de lípidos, proteínas, ADN y enzimas. El género Calophyllum perteneciente a la familia Clusiaceae, produce una gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios con características antioxidantes; los flavonoides, las coumarinas y las xantonas resultan los compuestos más reportados. Las especies de este género pueden ser una fuente de antioxidantes potenciales. OBJETIVO: determinar la actividad antioxidante de extractos de diferente polaridad de las especies Calophyllum cf. brasiliense Cambess, Calophyllum inophyllum L., Calophyllum sp. MÉTODOS: se realizó un proceso de extracción del material vegetal por percolación con solventes de diferente polaridad: hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo y metanol, se concentró a presión reducida y se monitoreó por cromatografía en capa delgada. La evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante se determinó con diferentes metodologías: fenoles totales, ABTS (2,2-azinobis-[3 etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico]), DPPH (1,1-difenil2-picrilhidracil), FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) y en algunas muestras seleccionadas ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). RESULTADOS: las muestras que contienen compuestos fenólicos con una alta capacidad reductora fueron CBTExtM, CNHTExtM, CRHTExtA, CRHTExtM, CBHExtA y CBHExtM, que además, poseen valores ORAC muy altos comparados con otros sustratos, el extracto que presentó mejores valores fue CBTExtM. La técnica FRAP describe muy bien el fenómeno oxidativo en los extractos CSHTExtA, CBHExtA, CIHTExtM, CSHTExtM y CIHTExtM; en (DPPH•) el extracto que presentó altos valores de TEAC fue CSHTExtA. El extracto CBTExtM presentó los mejores valores de inhibición del radical ABTS. CONCLUSIONES: los extractos polares y medianamente polares de las tres especies de Calophyllum presentaron alta actividad antioxidante en las metodologías evaluadas.

INTRODUCTION: the search of new natural antioxidant compounds has been of great interest for research since they interrupt the oxidation process via radical pathway of lipid, proteins, DNA and enzymes. The Calophyllum genus belongs to Clusiaceae family producing a great variety of secondary metabolites with antioxidant features; the flavonoids, the coumarins and the xanthones are the more reported compounds. The species from this genus may be a potential antioxidant source. OBJECTIVE: to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts from different polarity of Calophyllum cf. brasiliense Cambess, Calophyllum inophyllum L., Calophyllum sp. METHODS: a percolation process was carried out from the vegetal material by decoction using solvent of different polarity: hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate and methanol, concentrated at decreased pressure and monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant capacity assessment was determined using different methodologies: total phenols, ABTS (2,2-azinobis-[3 ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulphoni]), FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) and in some selected ORAC samples (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). RESULTS: the samples containing phenol compounds with a high reducing capacity were CBTExtM, CNHTExtM, CRHTExtA, CRHTExtM, CBHExtA and CBHExtM, which also have very high ORAC values compared with other substrates; the extract with better values was the CBTExtM. The FRAP technique describes very well the oxidative phenomenon in extracts CHSTExtA, CBHExtA, CIHTExtM, CSHTExtM and CIHTExtM: in DPPH•) the extract showing TEAC high values was the CSHTExtA. The CBTExtM extract showed the better inhibition values of ABTS radical. CONCLUSIONS: the polar and moderately polar extracts from the three species of Calophyllum showed a high antioxidant activity in the assessed methodologies.