CPADS: a web tool for comprehensive pancancer analysis of drug sensitivity.

Drug therapy is vital in cancer treatment. Accurate analysis of drug sensitivity for specific cancers can guide healthcare professionals in prescribing drugs, leading to improved patient survival and quality of life. However, there is a lack of web-based tools that offer comprehensive visualization and analysis of pancancer drug sensitivity. We gathered cancer drug sensitivity data from publicly available databases (GEO, TCGA and GDSC) and developed a web tool called Comprehensive Pancancer Analysis of Drug Sensitivity (CPADS) using Shiny. CPADS currently includes transcriptomic data from over 29 000 samples, encompassing 44 types of cancer, 288 drugs and more than 9000 gene perturbations. It allows easy execution of various analyses related to cancer drug sensitivity. With its large sample size and diverse drug range, CPADS offers a range of analysis methods, such as differential gene expression, gene correlation, pathway analysis, drug analysis and gene perturbation analysis. Additionally, it provides several visualization approaches. CPADS significantly aids physicians and researchers in exploring primary and secondary drug resistance at both gene and pathway levels. The integration of drug resistance and gene perturbation data also presents novel perspectives for identifying pivotal genes influencing drug resistance. Access CPADS at https://smuonco.shinyapps.io/CPADS/ or https://robinl-lab.com/CPADS.

Cigarette Smoke Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells by Disrupting a Repressive Regulatory Interaction Between miR-145 and LOXL2.

Although linked to esophageal carcinogenesis, the mechanisms by which cigarette smoke mediates initiation and progression of esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and EAC cells (EACCs) were cultured with or without cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) under relevant exposure conditions. Endogenous levels of microRNA (miR)-145 and lysyl-likeoxidase 2 (LOXL2) were inversely correlated in EAC lines/tumors compared with that in immortalized cells/normal mucosa. The CSC repressed miR-145 and upregulated LOXL2 in immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and EACCs. Knockdown or constitutive overexpression of miR-145 activated or depleted LOXL2, respectively, which enhanced or reduced proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenicity of EACC, respectively. LOXL2 was identified as a novel target of miR-145 as well as a negative regulator of this miR in EAC lines/Barrett's epithelia. Mechanistically, CSC induced recruitment of SP1 to the LOXL2 promoter; LOXL2 upregulation coincided with LOXL2 enrichment and concomitant reduction of H3K4me3 levels within the promoter of miR143HG (host gene for miR-145). Mithramycin downregulated LOXL2 and restored miR-145 expression in EACC and abrogated LOXL2-mediated repression of miR-145 by CSC. These findings implicate cigarette smoke in the pathogenesis of EAC and demonstrate that oncogenic miR-145-LOXL2 axis dysregulation is potentially druggable for the treatment and possible prevention of these malignancies.

A rare FGF5 candidate variant (rs112475347) for predisposition to nonsquamous, nonsmall-cell lung cancer.

A unique approach with rare resources was used to identify candidate variants predisposing to familial nonsquamous nonsmall-cell lung cancers (NSNSCLC). We analyzed sequence data from NSNSCLC-affected cousin pairs belonging to high-risk lung cancer pedigrees identified in a genealogy of Utah linked to statewide cancer records to identify rare, shared candidate predisposition variants. Variants were tested for association with lung cancer risk in UK Biobank. Evidence for linkage with lung cancer was also reviewed in families from the Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium. Protein prediction modeling compared the mutation with reference. We sequenced NSNSCLC-affected cousin pairs from eight high-risk lung cancer pedigrees and identified 66 rare candidate variants shared in the cousin pairs. One variant in the FGF5 gene also showed significant association with lung cancer in UKBiobank. This variant was observed in 3/163 additional sampled Utah lung cancer cases, 2 of whom were related in another independent pedigree. Modeling of the predicted protein predicted a second binding site for SO4 that may indicate binding differences. This unique study identified multiple candidate predisposition variants for NSNSCLC, including a rare variant in FGF5 that was significantly associated with lung cancer risk and that segregated with lung cancer in the two pedigrees in which it was observed. FGF5 is an oncogenic factor in several human cancers, and the mutation found here (W81C) changes the binding ability of heparan sulfate to FGF5, which might lead to its deregulation. These results support FGF5 as a potential NSNSCLC predisposition gene and present additional candidate predisposition variants.

Evidence for a genetical contribution to non-smoking-related lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The majority of lung cancers are smoking-related, with environmental and genetical factors contributing. The interplay between environmental and genetical contributions in non-smoking-related lung cancers is less clear. METHODS: We analysed a population-based computerised genealogy resource linked to a state-wide cancer registry of lung cancer cases (n=5544) for evidence of a genetical contribution to lung cancer predisposition in smoking (n=1747) and non-smoking cases (n=784). Statistical methods were used to test for significant excess relatedness of cases and estimate relative risk (RR) in close and distant relatives of lung cancer cases. RESULTS: Significant excess relatedness was observed for all lung cancer cases (p<0.001) and for the subsets of smoking-related (p<0.001) and non-smoking-related (p<0.001) cases when all pairwise relationships were considered. Only the non-smoking-related subset of cases showed significant excess relatedness when close relationships were ignored (p=0.020). First-degree, second-degree, and fourth-degree relatives of non-smoking-related lung cancer cases had significantly elevated RR. An even higher elevated RR was observed for first-degree, second-degree, third-degree and fourth-degree relatives of smoking-related lung cancer cases. CONCLUSIONS: Non-smoking-related lung cancer cases show significant excess relatedness for close and distant relationships, providing strong evidence for a genetical contribution as well as an environmental contribution. Significant excess relatedness for only close family relationships in all lung cancer cases and in only smoking-related lung cancer cases implies environmental contribution. Additionally, the highest RR for lung cancer was observed in the relatives of smoking-related lung cancer, suggesting predisposition gene carriers who smoke are at highest risk for lung cancer. Screening and gene identification should focus on high-risk pedigrees.

Novel management of pseudomonas biofilm-like structure in a post-pneumonectomy empyema.

We present a patient with a post-pneumonectomy empyema refractory to surgical debridement and systemic antibiotics. The patient initially presented with a bronchopleural fistula and pneumothorax secondary to tuberculosis (TB) destroyed lung, which required a pneumonectomy with Eloesser flap. Ongoing pleural infection delayed the closure of the Eloesser flap, and thoracoscopic inspection of his chest cavity revealed a green, mucous biofilm-like structure lining the postpneumonectomy pleural cavity. Cultures identified pan-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite debriding this biofilm-like structure and administering systemic antibiotics, the patient continued to show persistent signs of infection and regrowth of the film. We employed a novel approach to dissolve the biofilm-like structure using intrapleural dornase alfa followed by intrapleural antibiotic washes. After 3 weeks of daily washes, repeat inspection demonstrated the biofilm-like structure had completely resolved. Resolving the pseudomonas biofilm-like structure allowed permanent closure of his chest without further need for systemic antibiotics. At follow up 3 months later, he showed no sequalae. This treatment option can be an important adjunct to improve likelihood of chest closure in patients with post-pneumonectomy empyema that resists standard treatment options due to biofilm formation.

Current status of National Institutes of Health funding for thoracic surgeons in the United States: Beacon of hope or candle in the wind?

OBJECTIVE: Increasing forces threaten the viability of thoracic surgeon-initiated research, a core component of our academic mission. National Institutes of Health funding is a benchmark of research productivity and innovation. This study examined the current status of National Institutes of Health funding for thoracic surgeons. METHODS: Thoracic surgeon principal investigators on National Institutes of Health-funded grants during June 2010, June 2015, and June 2020 were identified using National Institutes of Health iSearchGrants (version 2.4). American Association of Medical Colleges data were used to identify all surgeons in the United States. Types and total costs of National Institutes of Health-funded grants were compared relative to other surgical specialties. RESULTS: A total of 61 of 4681 (1.3%), 63 of 4484 (1.4%), and 60 of 4497 (1.3%) thoracic surgeons were principal investigators on 79, 76, and 87 National Institutes of Health-funded grants in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively; these rates were higher than those for most other surgical specialties (P ≤ .0001). Total National Institutes of Health costs for Thoracic Surgeon-initiated grants increased 57% from 2010 to 2020, outpacing the 33% increase in total National Institutes of Health budget. Numbers and types of grants varied among cardiovascular, transplant, and oncology subgroups. Although the majority of grants and costs were cardiovascular related, increased National Institutes of Health expenditures primarily were due to funding for transplant and oncology grants. Per-capita costs were highest for transplant-related grants during both years. Percentages of R01-to-total costs were constant at 55%. Rates and levels of funding for female versus male thoracic surgeons were comparable. Awards to 5 surgeons accounted for 33% of National Institutes of Health costs for thoracic surgeon principal investigators in 2020; a similar phenomenon was observed for 2010 and 2015. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term structural changes must be implemented to more effectively nurture the next generation of thoracic surgeon scientists.

Clinical-radiomics nomogram for the risk prediction of esophageal fistula in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy or volumetric-modulated arc therapy.

Background: Esophageal fistula (EF) is a serious adverse event as a result of radiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer (EC). We aimed to identify the predictive factors and establish a prediction model of EF in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who underwent intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Methods: Patients with ESCC treated with IMRT or VMAT from January 2013 to December 2020 at Xijing Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Ultimately, 43 patients with EF and 129 patients without EF were included in the analysis and propensity-score matched in a 1:3 ratio. The clinical characteristics and radiomics features were extracted. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors associated with EF. Results: The median follow-up time was 24.0 months (range, 1.3-104.9 months), and the median overall survival (OS) was 13.1 months in patients with EF. A total of 1,158 radiomics features were extracted, and eight radiomics features were selected for inclusion into a model for predicting EF, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0.794. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor length, tumor volume, T stage, lymphocyte rate (LR), and grade IV esophagus stenosis were related to EF, and the AUC value of clinical model for predicting EF was 0.849. The clinical-radiomics model had the best performance in predicting EF with an AUC value of 0.896. Conclusions: The clinical-radiomics nomogram can predict the risk of EF in ESCC patients and is helpful for the individualized treatment of EC.

Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Adrenocortical Carcinoma-Not If, but When.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) commonly metastasizes to the lungs, and pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) is utilized due to limited systemic options. METHODS: All ACC patients with initially only lung metastases (LM) from a single institution constituted this observational case series. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses evaluated the association with potential prognostic factors and outcomes. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of the PM or, in those patients who did not undergo surgery, from the development of LM. RESULTS: A total of 75 ACC patients over a 45-year period met the criteria; 52 underwent PM, and 23 did not. The patients undergoing PM had a median OS of 3.1 years (95% CI: 2.4, 4.7 years) with the 5- and 10-year OS being 35.5% and 32.8%, respectively. The total resected LM did not impact the OS nor the DFS. The patients who developed LM after 11 months from the initial ACC resection had an improved OS (4.2 years; 95% CI: 3.2, NR; p = 0.0096) compared to those developing metastases earlier (2.4 years; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.8). Patients who underwent PM within 11 months of adrenalectomy demonstrated a reduced OS (2.2 years; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7) compared to those after 11 months (3.6 years, 95% CI: 2.6, NR; p = 0.0045). PM may provide benefit to those patients with LM at presentation (HR: 0.5; p = 0.2827), with the time to first PM as a time-varying covariate. CONCLUSIONS: PM appears to have a role in ACC patients. The number of nodules should not be an exclusion factor. Patients developing LM within a year of primary tumor resection may benefit from waiting before further surgeries, which may provide additional insight into who may benefit from PM.

An unusual paraesophageal and diaphragmatic SDHA-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) metastases case report.

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and have diverse tumor biology. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient GIST, comprise less than 10% of all GIST, with mutational loss of the catalytic SDHA subunit being the most common subtype. Contrary to typical GISTs harboring inactivating mutations in KIT/PDGFRA, SDH-deficient GIST has varying biology and behavior, occurring at a younger age, often metastatic on presentation and frequently refractory to conventional tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Liver and peritoneum are their most common sites of metastases, and extra-abdominal spread to the diaphragm or mediastinum has not been previously described. Case Description: Herein, we present a case of a 44-year-old female patient with a history of SDHA-deficient GISTs with multiple previous metastasectomies who presented with recurrence to the paraesophageal region and diaphragm which was identified upon routine positron emission tomography (PET) surveillance. Patient subsequently underwent a robotic assisted metastasectomy using a thoracic approach. Follow up was obtained 2 months following procedure and there was no evidence of recurrence. Conclusions: SDHA-deficient GISTs have unique tumor biology and management of metastatic lesions remains an area of debate and discovery. Overall, this report highlights the need for comprehensive knowledge of the disease, a skilled surgical team, and multi-disciplinary involvement in order to optimize care and ensure favorable outcomes in this patient population.

A Unique Gene Signature Predicting Recurrence Free Survival in Stage IA Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Objective: Resected stage IA lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has a reported 5-year recurrence free survival (RFS) of 63-81%. A unique gene signature stratifying patients with early stage LUAD as high or low-risk of recurrence would be valuable. Methods: GEO datasets combining European and North American LUAD patients (n=684) were filtered for stage IA (n=105) to develop a robust signature for recurrence (RFSscore). Univariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess associations of gene expression with RFS and OS. Leveraging a bootstrap approach of these identified upregulated genes allowed construction of a model which was evaluated by Area Under the Received Operating Characteristics. The optimal signature has RFSscore calculated via a linear combination of expression of selected genes weighted by the corresponding Cox regression derived coefficients. Log-rank analysis calculated RFS and OS. Results were validated using the LUAD TCGA transcriptomic NGS based dataset. Results: Rigorous bioinformatic analysis identified a signature of 4 genes: KNSTRN, PAFAH1B3, MIF, CHEK1. Kaplan-Meier analysis of stage IA LUAD with this signature resulted in 5-year RFS for low-risk of 90% compared to 53% for high-risk (HR 6.55, 95%CI 2.65-16.18, p-value <0.001), confirming the robustness of the gene signature with its clinical significance. Validation of the signature using TCGA dataset resulted in an AUC of 0.797 and 5-year RFS for low and high-risk stage IA patients being 91% and 67%, respectively (HR 3.44, 95%CI 1.16-10.23, p-value=0.044). Conclusions: This 4 gene signature stratifies European and North American patients with pathologically confirmed stage IA LUAD into low and high-risk groups for OS and more importantly RFS.

Iliocostalis Muscle Rotational Flap: A Novel Flap for Esophagopleural Fistula Repair.

Intrathoracic fistulas present major challenges to reconstructive surgeons. Reconstruction with muscle flaps have been shown to improve patient outcomes; however, there are patients for whom one or more of the commonly used muscle flaps is not available for several reasons. We describe the use of an iliocostalis muscle rotational flap for the repair of a caudally located esophagopleural fistula in the setting of definitive chemoradiotherapy for treatment of nonsmall-cell lung cancer and reirradiation with photons for local recurrence 5 years later. Our repair remained intact through the nearly 12-month follow-up period during which the patient tolerated a regular diet. This report demonstrates that the iliocostalis lumborum muscle is a viable option for repair of intrathoracic fistulas that are located in the distal esophagus, even in the setting of previous thoracotomy and radiation, and should be part of the reconstructive surgeon's armamentarium in the management of intrathoracic fistulas.

Definition of a new blood cell count score for early survival prediction for non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with atezolizumab: Integrated analysis of four multicenter clinical trials.

Importance: Blood cell count test (BCT) is a robust method that provides direct quantification of various types of immune cells to reveal the immune landscape to predict atezolizumab treatment outcomes for clinicians to decide the next phase of treatment. Objective: This study aims to define a new BCTscore model to predict atezolizumab treatment benefits in non-small lung cell cancer (NSCLC) patients. Design Setting and Participants: This study analyzed four international, multicenter clinical trials (OAK, BIRCH, POPLAR, and FIR trials) to conduct post-hoc analyses of NSCLC patients undergoing atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) single-agent treatment (n = 1,479) or docetaxel single-agent treatment (n = 707). BCT was conducted at three time points: pre-treatment (T1), the first day of treatment cycle 3 (T2), and first day of treatment cycle 5 (T3). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify early BCT biomarkers to predict atezolizumab treatment outcomes in NSCLC patients. Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival (OS) was used as the primary end point, whereas progression-free survival (PFS) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), clinical benefit (CB), and objective response rate (ORR) were used as secondary end points. Results: The BCT biomarkers of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) at time point T3 and neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio (NMR) at time point T2 with absolute cutoff values of NLR_T3 = 5, PLR_T3 = 180, and NMR_T2 = 6 were identified as strong predictive biomarkers for atezolizumab (Ate)-treated NSCLC patients in comparison with docetaxel (Dtx)-treated patients regarding OS (BCTscore low risk: HR Ate vs. Dtx = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.04-2.27), P = 0.031; high risk: HR Ate vs. Dtx = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.62-1.12), P = 0.235). The identified BCTscore model showed better OS AUC in the OAK (AUC12month = 0.696), BIRCH (AUC12month = 0.672) and POPLAR+FIR studies (AUC12month = 0.727) than that of each of the three single BCT biomarkers. Conclusion and Relevance: The BCTscore model is a valid predictive and prognostic biomarker for early survival prediction in atezolizumab-treated NSCLC patients.

Surgical correction of postpneumonectomy syndrome with adjustable saline implants and transoesophageal echocardiography.

Postpneumonectomy syndrome can have a significant clinical impact on a patient. It presents as progressive dyspnoea due to compression of the contralateral bronchus and/or pulmonary veins. Herein, we present a patient who over a 2-year period developed progressive dyspnoea on exertion and eventually also at rest, due to compression of her left mainstem bronchus and her left inferior pulmonary vein. Surgical correction with implantable adjustable saline implants was undertaken to ameliorate her symptoms. Concurrent use of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography permitted real-time adjustment of the implants. This allowed objective measurement and demonstration of normalization of pulmonary vein velocity, which resulted in complete symptom resolution.

Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution for Sarcoma Surgery.

Despite optimal local control for high-risk soft tissue sarcomas (STS) with radiation and surgery, there are no other interventions that clearly and significantly reduce the risk of distant relapse after resection. Cytotoxic chemotherapy for localized STS is controversial and is associated with significant side effects. There are significant biologic perturbations that occur at the time of operation and numerous studies have demonstrated that surgical removal of the primary tumor can accelerate the growth of subclinical metastases. While the exact etiology of this phenomenon is unknown, there is some evidence to suggest that allogeneic blood transfusion and volatile inhaled anesthetics may be associated with tumor-promoting processes. At our institution, we have utilized acute normovolemic hemodilution and total intravenous propofol-based anesthesia to avoid these potentially detrimental factors.

Pathologic complete response (pCR) rates and outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with proton or photon radiation for adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction.

BACKGROUND: Pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is associated with improved survival in patients treated for esophageal cancer. While proton beam therapy (PBT) has been demonstrated to reduce toxicities with nCRT, no data comparing pCR rates between modalities exist to date. We investigated pCR rates in patients with distal esophageal/GEJ adenocarcinomas undergoing trimodality therapy with nCRT-PBT or photon-based nCRT with the hypothesis that pathologic responses with PBT would be at least as high as with photon therapy. METHODS: A single-institutional review of patients with distal esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with trimodality therapy from 2015-2018 using PBT was completed. PBT patients were matched 1:2 to patients treated with photons. Chi square and two-sample t-tests were utilized to compare characteristics, and the Kaplan Meier method was used to estimate oncologic endpoints. RESULTS: Eighteen consecutive PBT patients were identified and compared to 36 photon patients. All patients received concurrent chemotherapy; 98% with carboplatin/paclitaxel. Most patients were male (91%) and White (89%); median age was 62 years (range, 31-76 years). Median radiation dose in both cohorts was 50.4 Gy (range, 41.4-50.4 Gy); all courses were delivered in 1.8Gy fractions. Age, gender and race were well balanced. Patients treated with PBT had a significantly higher pre-treatment nodal stage (N) and AJCC 7th edition stage grouping (P=0.02, P=0.03). Despite this, tumoral and nodal clearance and pCR rates were equivalent between cohorts (P=0.66, P=0.11, P=0.63, respectively). Overall pCR and individual primary and nodal clearance rates, overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastatic control did not significantly differ between modalities (all P>0.05). Major perioperative events were balanced; however, there were 5 (14%) perioperative deaths in the photon cohort compared to 0 (0%) in the proton cohort (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The use of PBT in trimodality therapy for distal esophageal adenocarcinoma yields pCR rates comparable to photon radiation and historical controls. Pathologic responses and oncologic outcomes in this study did not differ significantly between modalities despite PBT patients having higher AJCC stages and nodal disease burdens.

Population-Based Relative Risks for Lung Cancer Based on Complete Family History of Lung Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Published risk estimates for diagnosis of lung cancer based on family history are typically focused on close relatives, rather than a more diverse or complete family history. This study provides estimates of relative risk (RR) for lung cancer based on comprehensive family history data obtained from a statewide cancer registry linked to a high-quality genealogy data resource that is extensive and deep. The risk estimates presented avoid common recall, recruitment, ascertainment biases, and are based on an individual's (proband's) lung cancer family history constellation (pattern of lung cancer affected relatives); numerous constellations are explored. METHODS: We used a population-based genealogic resource linked to a statewide electronic Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program cancer registry to estimate RR for lung cancer for an individual based on their lung cancer family history. The family history data available for a proband included degree of relationship (first- to third-degree), paternal or maternal family lung cancer history, number of lung cancer-affected relatives, and age at diagnosis of affected relatives. More than 1.3 million probands with specific constellations of lung cancer were analyzed. To estimate RRs for lung cancer, the observed number of lung cancer cases among probands with a specific family history constellation was compared to the expected number using internal cohort-specific rates. RESULTS: A total of 5048 lung cancer cases were identified. Significantly elevated RR was observed for any number of lung cancer-affected relatives among first-, second-, or third-degree relatives. RRs for lung cancer were significantly elevated for each additional lung cancer first-degree relative (FDR) ranging from RR = 2.57 (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 2.39, 2.76) for 1 or more FDR to RR = 4.24 (CI 95%: 1.56, 9.23) for 3 or more FDRs affected. In an absence of FDR family history, increased risk for lung cancer was significant for increasing numbers of affected second-degree relatives (SDRs) ranging from 1.41 (CI 95%: 1.30, 1.52) for 1 or more SDRs to 4.76 (CI 95%: 1.55, 11.11) for 4 or more SDRs. In the absence of affected FDRs and SDRs, there were significantly increased risks based on lung cancer-affected third-degree relatives (TDRs) ranging from 1.18 (CI 95%: 1.11, 1.24) for 1 or more affected TDRs to 1.55 (CI 95%: 1.03, 2.24) for 4 or more affected TDRs. RRs were significantly increased with earlier age at diagnosis of a FDR, and equivalent risks for maternal compared to paternal history were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides population-based estimates of lung cancer risk based on a proband's complete family history (lung cancer constellation). Many individuals at two to five or more times increased risk for lung cancer are identified. Estimates of RR for lung cancer based on family history are arguably relevant clinically. The constellation RR estimates presented could serve in individual decision-making to direct resource use for lung cancer screening, and could be pivotal in decision-making for screening, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance.

Morbidity and 30-day mortality after decortication for parapneumonic empyema and pleural effusion among patients in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons' General Thoracic Surgery Database.

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the Society of Thoracic Surgeons' Database to describe the results of surgical decortication. METHODS: A review of patients undergoing pulmonary decortication, excluding hemothorax and malignancy, from 2009 to 2016 was performed. Preoperative factors, length of stay, discharge status, readmission, morbidity, and mortality were compared between open and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery approaches. Multivariable models identified risk factors for morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Of 7316 patients undergoing decortication, 6961 (95.2%) had a primary diagnosis of empyema. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was used in 4435 patients (60.6%) and increased during the study period. Median length of stay was 4 days (interquartile range, 2-7) preoperatively and 7 days (interquartile range, 5-11) postoperatively. Mortality occurred in 228 patients (3.1%). Complications occurred in 2875 patients (39.3%), and major morbidity occurred in 1138 patients (15.6%). Transitional care after discharge occurred in 1922 patients (26.3%). Readmission within 30 days occurred in 452 patients (8.7%). Compared with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, mortality, major morbidity, prolonged length of stay, and discharge to other than home were higher with thoracotomy. In multivariable analysis, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists level, Zubrod score, and thoracotomy were associated with increased mortality, morbidity, discharge to transitional care, and prolonged length of stay. Each additional preoperative hospital day (up to 5 days) increased mortality. Readmission, major morbidity, prolonged length of stay, and discharge to transitional care were all higher when preoperative hospitalization extended beyond 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons participating in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database perform decortication for parapneumonic empyema and pleural effusion with limited mortality despite substantial postoperative morbidity. Further study is required to describe selection criteria for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and determine indications for surgical intervention to reduce delays in operative intervention.