Functional outcome and risk of non-union for 5th metatarsal base fractures.

OBJECTIVES: Treatment of 5th metatarsal fractures via direct discharge from virtual fracture clinic (VFC) has become common practice in the NHS. We aim to assess the functional outcome and incidence of non-union in a series of 5th metatarsal base fractures, exposed to 1-year of follow-up. METHODS: 194 patients who sustained a fracture between the period February 2019 to April 2020 were included, referred via the VFC pathway. Radiographs were reviewed to classify in which zone, the fracture occurred along with union on subsequent follow-up. Telephone follow-up was used to measure patient functional outcomes (EQ-5D & FAAM survey) and satisfaction with the VFC service. RESULTS: Off 194 patients, 53 (27.3%) had zone 1, 99 (51%) had zone 2, and 42 (21.6%) had zone 3 fractures. 80 were discharged directly from VFC, with 114 patients being offered at least one face to face clinic follow-up. Six (3.1%) patients had clinical and radiological evidence of non-union; 4 in zone 2, and 2 in zone 3. No zone 1 injuries were identified as a non-union. Only 2 patients had surgery, 1 of which was for symptomatic non-union. Of the 6 non-union patients, 1 had surgery, 4 did not wish to have surgery and the final non-union patient was deemed unsuitable for surgery. CONCLUSION: The VFC is an effective way of managing 5th metatarsal fractures, with high patient satisfaction. Conservative management has excellent outcomes, with a low percentage of zone 2 and 3 injuries developing a symptomatic non-union. Functional outcome surveys provide further reassurance.

Are Patients With Morbid Obesity at Increased Risk of Pulmonary Embolism or Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis After Lower Limb Arthroplasty? A Large-database Study.

BACKGROUND: Whether increased BMI is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is controversial. Despite this, BMI > 40 kg/m 2 remains a common cutoff for lower limb arthroplasty eligibility. Current United Kingdom national guidelines list obesity as a risk factor for VTE, but these are based on evidence that has largely failed to differentiate between potentially minor (distal deep vein thrombosis [DVT]), and more harmful (pulmonary embolism [PE] and proximal DVT) diagnoses. Determining the association between BMI and the risk of clinically important VTE is needed to improve the utility of national risk stratification tools. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) In patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty, is BMI 40 kg/m 2 or higher (morbid obesity) associated with an increased risk of PE or proximal DVT within 90 days of surgery, compared with patients with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 ? (2) What proportion of investigations ordered for PE and proximal DVT were positive in patients with morbid obesity who underwent lower limb arthroplasty compared with those with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 ? METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from the Northern Ireland Electronic Care Record, a national database recording patient demographics, diagnoses, encounters, and clinical correspondence. Between January 2016 and December 2020, 10,217 primary joint arthroplasties were performed. Of those, 21% (2184 joints) were excluded; 2183 were in patients with multiple arthroplasties and one had no recorded BMI. All 8033 remaining joints were eligible for inclusion, 52% of which (4184) were THAs, 44% (3494) were TKAs, and 4% (355) were unicompartmental knee arthroplasties; all patients had 90 days of follow-up. The Wells score was used to guide the investigations. Indications for CT pulmonary angiography for suspected PE included pleuritic chest pain, reduced oxygen saturations, dyspnea, or hemoptysis. Indications for ultrasound scans for suspected proximal DVT included leg swelling, pain, warmth, or erythema. Distal DVTs were recorded as negative scans because we do not treat them with modified anticoagulation. The division of categories was set at BMI 40 kg/m 2 , a common clinical cutoff used in surgical eligibility algorithms. Patients were grouped according to WHO BMI categories to assess for the following confounding variables: sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, joint replaced, VTE prophylaxis, grade of operative surgeon, and implant cement status. RESULTS: We found no increase in the odds of PE or proximal DVT in any WHO BMI category. When comparing patients with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 with those with a BMI of 40 kg/m 2 or higher, there was no difference in the odds of PE (0.8% [58 of 7506] versus 0.8% [four of 527]; OR 1.0 [95% CI 0.4 to 2.8]; p > 0.99) or proximal DVT (0.4% [33 of 7506] versus 0.2% [one of 527]; OR 2.3 [95% CI 0.3 to 17.0]; p = 0.72). Of those who received diagnostic imaging, 21% (59 of 276) of CT pulmonary angiograms and 4% (34 of 718) of ultrasounds were positive for patients with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 compared with 14% (four of 29; OR 1.6 [95% CI 0.6 to 4.5]; p = 0.47) and 2% (one of 57; OR 2.7 [95% CI 0.4 to 18.6]; p = 0.51) for patients with BMI 40 kg/m 2 or higher. There was no difference in the percentage of CT pulmonary angiograms ordered (4% [276 of 7506] versus 5% [29 of 527]; OR 0.7 [95% CI 0.5 to 1.0]; p = 0.07) or ultrasounds ordered (10% [718 of 7506] versus 11% [57 of 527]; OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.7 to 1.2]; p = 0.49) for BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 and BMI 40 kg/m 2 or higher. CONCLUSION: Increased BMI should not preclude individuals from lower limb arthroplasty based on suspected risk of clinically important VTE. National VTE risk stratification tools should be based on evidence assessing clinically relevant VTE (specifically, proximal DVT, PE, or death of thromboembolism) only. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Is Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty Safe in Women Over 75 Y of Age?

BACKGROUND: Cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the subject of renewed interest. Previous concerns about survivorship have been addressed and there is an appeal in terms of biological fixation and surgical efficiency. However, even surgeon advocates have concerns about the risk of marked subsidence when using this technology in older patients at risk for osteoporosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 1,000 consecutive fully cementless mobile bearing TKAs performed at a single institution on women over 75 years of age who had postoperative and 1-year x-rays. The primary outcome was the incidence of subsidence. RESULTS: There were three asymptomatic cases with definite subsidence and change in alignment. In a fourth symptomatic case, the femoral component subsided into varus and the tibia into valgus, thus maintaining alignment which facilitated nonoperative treatment in a 92-year-old. Overall, at 1 year, there were two- liner revisions for infection without recurrence. Five patients had further surgery, of which three were washouts and two were for periprosthetic fractures sustained postoperatively within 1 year. Seven patients had further anesthesia, of which five were manipulations and two were nonrecurrent closed reductions for spinouts. CONCLUSION: Cementless TKA did not have a high risk of subsidence in this at-risk population. In the hands of experienced surgeons, these procedures can be used safely irrespective of bone quality.

Survivorship of 500 Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasties in Patients Under 55 Years of Age.

BACKGROUND: With respect to survivorship following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), joint registries consistently demonstrate higher revision rates for both genders in those aged less than 55 years. The present study analyzed the survivorship of 500 cementless TKAs performed in this age group in a high-volume primary joint unit where cementless TKA has traditionally been used for the majority of patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 500 consecutive TKAs performed in patients aged less than 55 years between March 1994 and April 2017. The primary outcome measures for the study were survivorship and all-cause revisions. Secondary outcome measures included nonrevision procedures, clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes. RESULTS: An all-cause survival rate of 98.4% and an aseptic survival rate of 99.2% at a median time of 10.7 years (interquartile range 7.3-14.9, range 0.2-27.7) were found. Four patents were revised for infection, 2 for stiffness, 1 for aseptic loosening of the tibial component, and 1 for a patella that was resurfaced for anterior knee pain. Thirty four patients (6.8%) had a nonrevision procedure with manipulation under anesthetic accounting for 27. On a multivariate analysis, preoperative range of motion and female gender were negatively associated with postoperative range of motion (P < .001 and P = .003, respectively). Sixty seven patients (17.3%) had radioluscent lines and on a multivariate analysis, there were no significant predictors of radiolucent lines. CONCLUSION: Cementless TKA in the young patient can achieve excellent clinical and functional outcomes. At a median of 10.7 years, aseptic revision rates are exceptionally low at 0.8% for the entire cohort.

Decision regret after primary hip and knee replacement surgery.

BACKGROUND: Decision regret (DR) is a recognised patient centered outcome measure following a therapeutic intervention. This study aimed to measure DR following primary total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA), to assess for differences between these patients and explore possible contributory factors. METHOD: DR was measured using the DR scale in a group of THA and TKA patients, between February 2017 and December 2018, who had made a decision to have joint replacement surgery within the previous year and were able to reflect on their outcomes. RESULTS: On analysis a significantly greater proportion of TKA patients reported moderate or severe (Mod/Sev) DR [17.1% (56/328)] compared to THA patients [4.8% (18/376)]. Conversely, a significantly reduced proportion of TKA patients reported having No DR [42.1% (138/328)] compared to THA patients [66.7% (251/376)]. On multivariate logistic regression analysis joint replacement type (TKA/THA) and change in Oxford score were significant predictors of DR with gender, age, BMI and ASA grade not significantly associated. TKA patients were more than twice as likely to have Mod/Sev DR compared THA patients (Odds Ratio = 2.33 (95% CI 1.24-4.39)). Patients with poorer improvements in pain and function 1-year post-operatively (measured by Oxford scores) reported greater levels of DR. CONCLUSION: TKA patients were significantly more likely to report greater levels of DR 1-year following surgery compared to THA patients. For both TKA and THA patients, greater levels of DR were associated with poorer Oxford scores. The use of decision aids to reduce post-operative DR in joint replacement patients should be examined especially for knee replacement patients.

Towards understanding Müller-Weiss disease from an analysis of 95 cases.

BACKGROUND: The single existing classification of Müller-Weiss Disease (MWD), based solely upon Méary's angle, serves neither as guide for prognosis nor treatment. This accounts for lack of gold standard in its management. METHODS: Navicular compression, medial extrusion, metatarsal lengths, Kite's, lateral and dorsoplantar talo-first metatarsal angles were measured in 95 feet with MWD. Joints involved, presence and location of navicular fracture were recorded. RESULTS: Group 1 "early-onset" MWD feet (n = 11) had greatest compression and medial extrusion, and lowest Kite's angles. All except 1 were index minus and had lateral navicular fracture. Only 1 had moderate degeneration at the talonavicular joint (TNJ) with none requiring surgery yet. Group 2 "Müller-Weissoid" feet (n = 23) had radiologically normal navicular in their fifties and developed MWD on average 5 years later. They had the lowest compression and extrusion, and highest Kite's angles. None had complete fracture. All had TNJ arthritis, with early changes at lateral naviculocuneiform joint (NCJ) in 43%. Group 3 "late-onset" MWD presented in the sixth decade. Only TNJ was involved in Group 3 A (n = 16). Group 3B (n = 20) affected TNJ more than NCJ and had the greatest number of Maceira stage V disease. Group 3 C "reverse Müller-Weiss disease", which affected NCJ more than TNJ (n = 25), had greatest midfoot abduction and overlength of the second metatarsal. No fracture occurred in group 3 A compared to 65% and 32% in groups 3B and 3 C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With need to compare like-for-like pathology, the proposed classification provides a common platform for reporting outcomes of different treatments. We theorize pathogenetic pathways in the various groups.

Risk Factors for Significant Radiolucent Line Development in a Fully Coated Hydroxyapatite Stem.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for and clinical impact of radiolucent lines (RLLs) in cementless total hip arthroplasty remain contentious. The aim of this work was to describe a method of classification that has clinical significance and to identify risk factors. METHODS: A cohort of 288 subjects with unrevised Corail stems (DePuy Synthes, Warsaw, IN) were reviewed with radiographs and Oxford Hip Scores at 10 years. Based on clinical experience, three groups were defined; those with no RLLs (NoRLLs), those considered to have benign RLLs (BenRLLs), and those considered to have significant RLLs (SigRLLs). SigRLLs were then compared to BenRLLs and NoRLLs to determine the validity of this classification. RESULTS: One hundred and nine (37.8%) had NoRLLs, 111 (38.5%) had BenRLLs, and 68 (23.6%) had SigRLLs. No significant difference apart from gender was noted between the occurrence of BenRLLs and NoRLLs after multinomial regression analysis, consequently the NoRLLs and BenRLLs groups were combined (NoSigRLLs) and compared to SigRLLs. Non-cross-linked polyethylene (odds ratio = 4.6, P < .001), collarless stem design (odds ratio = 9.4, P < .001), undersizing (odds ratio = 1.2, P = .028), and male sex (odds ratio = 2.1, P = .008) were risk factors for SigRLLs. Regression analysis also revealed that increasing age at operation decreased the likelihood of SigRLLs (P < .001). Patients with SigRLLs had significantly higher pain scores (P = .005) although overall Oxford Hip Scores were not significantly different (P = .364). CONCLUSION: The definition of SigRLLs proposed in this study was significantly associated with that of non-cross-linked polyethylene, absence of a collar, undersizing, and higher pain scores.

Seventeen to Twenty Years of Follow-Up of the Low Contact Stress Rotating-Platform Total Knee Arthroplasty With a Cementless Tibia in All Cases.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty designs can be categorized by bearing design and fixation method. The mobile-bearing concept was developed with the aim of increasing longevity and improving function by reduced polyethylene wear and closer replication of physiological knee motion. Cementless fixation has the goal of achieving a long-lasting "biological" fixation between prosthesis and bone. METHODS: Prospective analysis of the survivorship and patient-reported functional outcomes of a series of 500 low contact stress rotating-platform mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasties with a cementless tibial component with a minimum 17-year follow-up. RESULTS: Five hundred primary total knee arthroplasties were conducted in 467 patients. Mean follow-up was 18.1 (17.0-21.8) years and 141 (28.2%) knees were alive and available for review. Using revision for any cause as the end point, cumulative survivorship was 97.4%. Thirteen knees required revision: 3 for deep infection, 3 bearing only revisions for spinout, 3 for tibial tray subsidence, 2 secondary patella resurfacings, 1 aseptic loosening, and 1 for suspected aseptic loosening that was found to be well fixed. Mean American Knee Society Scores were 83 (evaluation) and 48 (function), Mean Oxford Knee Score was 32.1, and the mean Bartlett Patellar Score was 21.6. CONCLUSION: This series demonstrates excellent survivorship and acceptable patient-reported functional outcome scores of a mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty with a cementless tibial tray at minimum 17-year follow-up.

Exendin-4 protects against post-myocardial infarction remodelling via specific actions on inflammation and the extracellular matrix.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an insulin-releasing hormone clinically exploited for glycaemic control in diabetes, which also confers acute cardioprotection and benefits in experimental/clinical heart failure. We specifically investigated the role of the GLP-1 mimetic, exendin-4, in post-myocardial infarction (MI) remodelling, which is a key contributor to heart failure. Adult female normoglycaemic mice underwent coronary artery ligation/sham surgery prior to infusion with exendin-4/vehicle for 4 weeks. Metabolic parameters and infarct sizes were comparable between groups. Exendin-4 protected against cardiac dysfunction and chamber dilatation post-MI and improved survival. Furthermore, exendin-4 modestly decreased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy/apoptosis but markedly attenuated interstitial fibrosis and myocardial inflammation post-MI. This was associated with altered extracellular matrix (procollagen IαI/IIIαI, connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin, TGF-ß3) and inflammatory (IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6) gene expression in exendin-4-treated mice, together with modulation of both Akt/GSK-3ß and Smad2/3 signalling. Exendin-4 also altered macrophage response gene expression in the absence of direct actions on cardiac fibroblast differentiation, suggesting cardioprotective effects occurring secondary to modulation of inflammation. Our findings indicate that exendin-4 protects against post-MI remodelling via preferential actions on inflammation and the extracellular matrix independently of its established actions on glycaemic control, thereby suggesting that selective targeting of GLP-1 signalling may be required to realise its clear therapeutic potential for post-MI heart failure.

Return to work and activity after rib-fixation for acute chest trauma: first application of a validated patient-reported outcomes assessment tool.

OBJECTIVES: Rib fractures present a heavy pain and functional burden in trauma. Our primary aim was to determine return to work in patients with acute rib fractures requiring surgical stabilization of rib fractures. Our secondary outcomes were pain and quality of life. We also document the first application of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument, a validated injury-specific patient-reported outcome measure, for chest wall injury in the literature. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on patients with rib fractures requiring surgical fixation in a single centre between 2008 and 2020. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure relevance, all eligible patients were asked to complete patient-reported outcome measure questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 1841 trauma patients with rib fractures, 66 underwent surgical fixation. Thirty-nine patients were eligible and 31 completed the questionnaires. Pre-injury and post-injury answers were compared. The number of patients in employment decreased postoperatively from 22 to 16 (P = 0.006). For those who returned to work, there was no difference in hours missed but reduced weekly hours and productivity scores. There were significantly more patients with pain and on pain relief. There was a lower quality of life score postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 5 patients who require surgical fixation for rib fractures will not return to work. This is the first chest wall trauma study that uses the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument, a validated tool for work productivity outcomes. We recommend this instrument as a reliable tool for investigating return-to-work outcomes in trauma patients.

Long term follow up of 257 consecutive cementless Oxford medial compartment knee arthroplasties at a non-designer centre.

AIMS: This study aimed to review the survivorship, indication for revision and patient reported outcomes for 257 consecutive Oxford cementless unicompartmental knee arthroplasties (OUKA's) in 238 patients at 12-14 years post-operatively. METHODS: Patients underwent surgery between April 2008 and October 2010 by two non-design surgeons including their learning curve. The 5-year clinical and radiological outcomes have already been reported. Oxford knee scores (OKS) were recorded at 1, 5 and 12-14 years with delayed review a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Revision indication and imaging were reviewed. RESULTS: Revision was required in 28 OUKA's (10.9%) with a 10-year cumulative survival of 93.0%, reducing to 78.8% at 14 years. 59 patients had died prior to this review and 24 were not contactable. Those not contactable had electronic records reviewed to ensure they did not have a revision elsewhere. Half of the revisions were for progression of lateral compartment arthritis (14/28). Four of 6 cases with a full revision for polyethylene wear may have benefited from a bearing exchange instead. OKSs in non-revised patients were good (median score 38, IQR 30-44) with no significant deterioration noted from 5 to 12-14 years. CONCLUSIONS: Cementless OUKA in this series had a long-term survival rate comparable to other OUKA's outside of the designer centre. OKSs remain good for those patients not revised. Progression of lateral compartment arthritis was the primary reason for revision with no revisions for component loosening or bearing spinout. Ideally UKA patients who experience problems should be under the care of revisions surgeons who perform UKA. Improving patient selection and understanding of the pathophysiology of lateral disease progression, remain crucial to improve the long-term survivorship of OUKA.

Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with worse health-related quality of life and greater opioid analgesia use while waiting for hip and knee arthroplasty.

Aims: The overall aim of this study was to determine the impact of deprivation with regard to quality of life, demographics, joint-specific function, attendances for unscheduled care, opioid and antidepressant use, having surgery elsewhere, and waiting times for surgery on patients awaiting total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: Postal surveys were sent to 1,001 patients on the waiting list for THA or TKA in a single Northern Ireland NHS Trust, which consisted of the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), visual analogue scores (EQ-VAS), and Oxford Hip and Knee Scores. Electronic records determined prescriptions since addition to the waiting list and out-of-hour GP and emergency department attendances. Deprivation quintiles were determined by the Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2017 using postcodes of home addresses. Results: Overall, 707 postal surveys were returned, of which 277 (39.2%) reported negative "worse than death" EQ-5D scores and 219 (21.9%) reported the consumption of strong opioids. Those from the least deprived quintile 5 had a significantly better EQ-5D index (median 0.223 (interquartile range (IQR) -0.080 to 0.503) compared to those in the most deprived quintiles 1 (median 0.049 (IQR -0.199 to 0.242), p = 0.004), 2 (median 0.076 (IQR -0.160 to 0.277; p = 0.010), and 3 (median 0.076 (IQR-0.153 to 0.301; p = 0.010). Opioid use was significantly greater in the most deprived quintile 1 compared to all other quintiles (45/146 (30.8%) vs 174/809 (21.5%); odds ratio 1.74 (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.57; p = 0.005). Conclusion: More deprived patients have worse health-related quality of life and greater opioid use while waiting for THA and TKA than more affluent patients. For patients awaiting surgery, more information and alternative treatment options should be available.

Reoperation risk of periprosthetic fracture after primary total hip arthroplasty using a collared cementless or a taper-slip cemented stem.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine both the incidence of, and the reoperation rate for, postoperative periprosthetic femoral fracture (POPFF) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) with either a collared cementless (CC) femoral component or a cemented polished taper-slip (PTS) femoral component. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a consecutive series of 11,018 THAs over a ten-year period. All POPFFs were identified using regional radiograph archiving and electronic care systems. Results: A total of 11,018 THAs were implanted: 4,952 CC femoral components and 6,066 cemented PTS femoral components. Between groups, age, sex, and BMI did not differ. Overall, 91 patients (0.8%) sustained a POPFF. For all patients with a POPFF, 16.5% (15/91) were managed conservatively, 67.0% (61/91) underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and 16.5% (15/91) underwent revision. The CC group had a lower POPFF rate compared to the PTS group (0.7% (36/4,952) vs 0.9% (55/6,066); p = 0.345). Fewer POPFFs in the CC group required surgery (0.4% (22/4,952) vs 0.9% (54/6,066); p = 0.005). Fewer POPFFs required surgery in males with a CC than males with a PTS (0.3% (7/2,121) vs 1.3% (36/2,674); p < 0.001). Conclusion: Male patients with a PTS femoral component were five times more likely to have a reoperation for POPFF. Female patients had the same incidence of reoperation with either component type. Of those having a reoperation, 80.3% (61/76) had an ORIF, which could greatly mask the size of this problem in many registries.

Early surgery improves survival after femoral fractures in the elderly: A retrospective review of 502 fragility fractures.

AIMS: Fragility fractures are a growing global healthcare burden; fragility fractures of the femur have been shown to occur in a highly comorbid patient group, with parallels to hip fracture patients. This study aimed to investigate if early surgery for femoral fractures, distal to the hip, resulted in a reduction in mortality in patients over 65 years of age. METHODS: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data for all consecutive femoral fractures in patients aged over 65 years who underwent surgical management between January 2000 and December 2018. Data was extracted from the Fracture Outcomes Research Database (FORD) and analysed to assess if early surgery, defined as occurring within 48 h of hospital admission with a fragility femur fracture, had an effect on 30 day and 1 year mortality. RESULTS: 502 eligible patients were included; median follow up time was 57 months. 24 patients (4.7%) died within 30 days of surgery and 105 patients (20.9%) had died within 1 year of surgery. Patients who underwent surgery within 48 h of admission had a significantly reduced chance of mortality within 1 year of surgery compared to patients who had surgery more than 48 h after admission (OR = 0.401, 95% CI 0.25-0.65, p<0.001). Following Multivariate Cox Regression analysis the hazard ratio of 1 year mortality following early surgery remained significantly reduced (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.92, p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that fragility femoral fracture patients represent a similar cohort to hip fracture patients, with high mortality rates. We recommend that hip fracture management principles are also employed for fragility femoral fractures in patients over 65 years, with rapid pre-operative optimisation to ensure these patients undergo early surgical intervention.

The painful truth of waiting for hip and knee arthroplasty in Northern Ireland.

Aims: The aim of this study was to report health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and joint-specific function in patients waiting for total hip or knee arthroplasty surgery (THA or TKA) in Northern Ireland, compared to published literature and a matched normal population. Secondary aims were to report emergency department (ED) and out-of-hours general practitioner (OOH GP) visits, new prescriptions of strong opioids, and new prescriptions of antidepressants while waiting. Methods: This was a cohort study of 991 patients on the waiting list for arthroplasty in a single Northern Ireland NHS trust: 497 on the waiting list for ≤ three months; and 494 waiting ≥ three years. Postal surveys included the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), visual analogue scores (EQ-VAS), and Oxford Hip and Knee scores to assess HRQoL and joint-specific function. Electronic records determined prescriptions since addition to the waiting list and patient attendances at OOH GP/EDs. Results: Overall, 712/991 (71.8%) responded at ≤ three months for THA (n = 164) and TKA (n = 199), and ≥ three years for THA (n = 88) and TKA (n = 261). The median EQ-5D-5L score in those waiting ≤ three months was 0.155 (interquartile range (IQR) -0.118 to 0.375) and 0.189 (IQR -0.130 to 0.377) for ≥ three years. Matched controls had a median EQ-5D-5L 0.837 (IQR 0.728 to 1.000). Compared to matched controls, EQ-5D-5L scores were significantly lower in both waiting cohorts (p < 0.001) with significant differences found in every domain. Negative scores, indicating a state "worse than death", were present in 40% at ≤ three months and 38% at ≥ three years. Patients waiting ≥ three years had significantly more opioid (28.4% vs 15.2%; p < 0.001) and antidepressant prescriptions (15.2% vs 9.9%; p = 0.034) and significantly more joint-related attendances at unscheduled care (11.7% vs 0% with ≥ one ED attendance (p < 0.001) and (25.5% vs 2.5% ≥ one OOH GP attendance (p < 0.001)). Conclusion: Patients on waiting lists in Northern Ireland are severely disabled with the worst HRQoL and functional scores studied. The lack of deterioration in EQ-5D-5L and joint-specific scores between patients waiting ≤ three months and ≥ three years likely reflects floor effects of these scores. Prolonged waits were associated with increased dependence on strong opiates, depression, and attendances at unscheduled care.

A conservative approach to dislocation following total hip arthroplasty: a review of 8606 hips.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present the data on 8606 total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures carried out in 7818 patients through a posterior approach between 1998 and 2017. RESULTS: 218 hips (2.5%) suffered at least 1 dislocation with dislocation rates declining from 6.2% from 1998 to 2002 to 1.5% from 2003 to 2017. Overall, 92 hips (1.06%) required revision surgery but of these, only 5 (0.06%) had a full revision of both components with the remaining 87 requiring intervention only on the acetabular side. None have had a pseudo-arthrosis; none were left dislocated and all remain stable to date. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who have a second dislocation within 3 months of their primary surgery we recommend a spica or long leg cylinder cast to reduce the need for revision surgery. We propose an algorithm to manage instability with less aggressive operative treatment in this often-elderly patient population with the potential for less physiological insult and significant cost savings.

Clinical Outcomes for Hemiarthroplasty Versus Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With Femoral Neck Fracture Who Meet Published National Criteria for Total Hip Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVES: To examine outcome for patients with hip fracture treated by a hemiarthroplasty (HA) but who actually met the United Kingdom, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria for receiving a total hip arthroplasty (THA). DESIGN: Match cohort study. SETTING: Level 1, Academic Trauma Centre (UK Major Trauma Centre). PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred ninety-eight patients underwent either a HA or THA for a nonpathological displaced intracapsular fractured neck of the femur [OTA/AO 31 B3 (garden 3-4)], having met the NICE criteria for THA. INTERVENTION: HA versus THA. Two analyses were performed, the first comparing the outcome in a cohort of patients who either received a THA or HA but who all had met the NICE criteria to receive a THA (n = 398). The second analysis assessed the outcome of THA versus HA, in a matched cohort of patients who all met the NICE criteria for a THA (n = 44 matched pairs). All patients in the matched cohort were able to walk independently outdoors (WIOs) before injury. MAIN OUTCOME: Mobility and functional outcome, 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 398 patients who met the criteria for THA, only 78 (19.6%) patients actually received a THA. Within the matched cohort, significantly more THA patients (92.9%, 39/42) maintained the ability to WIOs at 1-year compared with patients with HA (56.4%, 22/39; P = 0.001). There was no difference in mortality, reoperation, or complication rates for our matched population at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who meet the NICE criteria for THA and are able to WIOs preinjury are more likely to have a higher level of independent mobility and a better functional outcome at 1-year if they receive a THA, as opposed to receiving a HA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Can patients with mild post-operative hyponatraemia following elective arthroplasty be discharged safely? A large-scale service evaluation suggests they can.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative hyponatraemia is common following arthroplasty. Clinical hyponatraemia guidelines lack detail on when treatment is necessary, and there is a paucity of literature to guide best practice. METHODS: Data were collected within retrospective service evaluations over two time periods in a single high throughput joint unit. The hospital's electronic database identified 1000 patients who were admitted electively between February 2012 and June 2013 and again between November 2018 and April 2019 for primary total hip, total knee or uni-compartmental knee arthroplasty. Hyponatraemia and non-hyponatraemia groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of post-operative hyponatraemia, length of stay (LOS), re-attendance or re-admission to hospital. RESULTS: Between 2012-2013 and 2018-2019, 32.1% and 25.7% of patients, respectively, developed post-operative hyponatraemia (serum sodium (s[Na]) ≤135 mmol/L). Those with post-operative hyponatraemia were significantly older, weighed less, were more comorbid and had lower pre-operative sodium. Multivariate analysis showed that increased age, knee surgery and lower pre-operative s[Na] independently predicted post-operative hyponatraemia. Post-operative hyponatraemia did not independently predict LOS, re-attendance or re-admission to hospital, within 90 days, in either cohort. CONCLUSION: Post-operative hyponatraemia is common and may be a marker of pre-operative vulnerability. In these cohorts, it was not independently associated with LOS, re-attendance or re-admission to hospital. We suggest that otherwise well patients with mild hyponatraemia can be safely discharged earlier than is often the case and may not require extensive investigation. Further examination and research is required to develop a pre-operative approach to predict which patients will develop significant post-operative hyponatraemia.

The feasibility of achieving Elective Care Framework targets for total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty in Northern Ireland.

AIMS: Waiting times for arthroplasty surgery in Northern Ireland are among the longest in the NHS, which have been further lengthened by the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic in March 2020. The Department of Health in Northern Ireland has announced a new Elective Care Framework (ECF), with the framework proposing that by March 2026 no patient will wait more than 52 weeks for inpatient/day case treatment. We aimed to assess the feasibility of achieving this with reference to total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: Mathematical modelling was undertaken to calculate when the ECF targets will be achieved for THA and TKA, as well as the time when waiting lists for THA and TKA will be cleared. The number of patients currently on the waiting list and percentage operating capacity relative to pre-COVID-19 capacity was used to determine future projections. RESULTS: As of May 2021, there were 3,757 patients awaiting primary THA and 4,469 patients awaiting primary TKA in Northern Ireland. Prior to April 2020, there were a mean 2,346 (2,085 to 2,610) patients per annum boarded for primary THA, a mean 2,514 (2,494 to 2,514) patients per annum boarded for primary TKA, and there were a mean 1,554 primary THAs and 1,518 primary TKAs performed per annum. The ECF targets for THA will only be achieved in 2030 if operating capacity is 200% of pre COVID-19 pandemic capacity and in 2042 if capacity is 170%. For TKA, the targets will be met in 2034 if capacity is 200% of pre-COVID-19 pandemic capacity. CONCLUSION: This modelling demonstrates that, in the absence of major funding and reorganization of elective orthopaedic care, the targets set out in the ECF will not be achieved with regard to THA and TKA. Waiting times for THA and TKA surgery in Northern Ireland are likely to remain greater than 52 weeks for most of this decade. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(4):302-306.

Are patient-reported outcomes the same following second-side surgery in primary hip and knee arthroplasty?

AIMS: Up to one in five patients undergoing primary total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) require contralateral surgery. This is frequently performed as a staged procedure. This study aimed to determine if outcomes, as determined by the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and Knee Score (OKS) differed following second-side surgery. METHODS: Over a five-year period all patients who underwent staged bilateral primary THA or TKA utilizing the same type of implants were studied. Eligible patients had both preoperative and one year Oxford scores and had their second procedure completed within a mean (2 SDs) of the primary surgery. Patient demographics, radiographs, and OHS and OKS were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 236 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 122 were THAs and 114 TKAs. The mean age was 66.5 years (SD 9.4), with a 2:1 female:male ratio. THAs showed similar significant improvements in outcomes following first- and second-side surgery, regardless of sex. In contrast for TKAs, although male patients demonstrated the same pattern as the THAs, female TKAs displayed significantly less improvement in both OKS and its pain component following second-side surgery. CONCLUSION: Female patients undergoing second-side TKA showed less improvement in Oxford and pain scores compared to the first-side. This difference in outcome following second-side surgery did not apply to male patients undergoing TKA, or to either sex undergoing THA. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(4):243-254.