Interest of a 3D custom-made implant in the reconstruction of bone defects of the cranial vault.

The authors report a case of a patient managed for severe cranial vault depression following combined neurosurgery and radiotherapy. This situation caused major aesthetic discomfort and was potentially dangerous due to the mechanical weakness of the bone flap. The authors had a CAD (computer aided design) silicone elastomer custom-made implant made to fill perfectly the depression. Beforehand, an expansion was performed to cover the implant after removal of the radiated skin. The surgery and post-operative course raised no concerns. After one year of follow-up, the result is very good and the patient very satisfied, proving that this technique certainly has its place in the therapeutic arsenal when faced with a tissue defect of the cranial vault.

Impact of pectus excavatum on pulmonary function and exercise capacity in patients treated with 3D custom-made silicone implants.

BACKGROUND: Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital chest wall deformity, whose cardiopulmonary consequences are controversial. PE surgery is in our experience usually performed for aesthetic reasons. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PE on respiratory function and exercise capacity in patients with PE before patient-specific silicone implant correction. METHODS: This monocentric prospective study conducted at Toulouse University Hospital included sixty patients scheduled for custom-made silicone implants correction. Respiratory function (pulmonary function tests (FPTs)) and exercise capacity (VO2 max) were measured before surgery. RESULTS: Before surgery, no (0/60) restrictive lung disease was detected, with a mean total lung capacity (TLC) of 98.5% of predicted value (IC 95%; 80.4-137). Median VO2 max (n=56) was normal (89% predicted), with no cardiac limitation. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, PE had no impact on respiratory function nor exercise capacity. In patients without cardiac or respiratory effects of PE, silicone implants should be considered the preferred approach as it adequately addressed patients' main complaint of low self-esteem.

[Breasts and congenital chest-wall deformities: Surgical strategy with 3D implants]. / Le sein et les malformations thoraciques : stratégie chirurgicale et implants.

Computer-aided design and manufacturing of custom-made elastomer implants leads from a CT scan to fill in with precision, a congenital chest wall congenital deformity, both bone (pectus excavatum) and muscle (Poland Syndrome), resulting in a natural repositioning of the breasts. We report our 25 years' experience in 301 women (234 Pectus+64 Poland). Parietal correction must always be done in first intention. It is common to have to carry out a second stage in women with an additional mammaplasty especially in the presence of insufficient glandular volume or a fairly frequently associated tuberous breast.

[Place of 3D custom-made implants after failure of modeling steno-chondro-plasties]. / Place des implants sur mesure 3D après échec des sterno-chondro-plasties modelantes.

Most common congenital malformation of the thorax, Pectus Excavatum affects about one in 500 people. Several surgical or medical techniques have been proposed. Some are followed by complications or insufficient results even though their constant functional value is highly controversial. Secondary surgery with a deep customized 3D elastomer implant, may be an elegant effective and safe solution compared to others; it allows a good aesthetic result expected by patients in the absence of any respiratory or cardio-vascular functional context.

[Congenital thoracic deformities and 3D custom-made implants. New classification based on a series of 789 treated cases]. / Malformations thoraciques congénitales et implants sur mesure 3D. Nouvelle classification basée sur une série de 789 cas traités.

The authors present a new study on 789 cases of congenital thoracic malformations including 638 pectus excavatum and 151 Poland syndromes, according to a new classification which completes Chin's one. All these malformations were treated with silicone elastomer implants. The contribution of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) since 2008 is essential. The one-stage surgical protocol is precisely described. The results are impressive, permanent, for life, and complications are rare. The authors evoke a common vascular etiopathogenesis theory at the embryonic stage and question the heavy techniques of invasive remodeling that are most often unjustified.

[The pectus excavatum: Secondary surgery with implants]. / Le pectus excavatum : chirurgie secondaire par implants.

The pectus excavatum affects about one in 500 people. It is the most common malformation of the thorax. Several surgical or medical techniques have been proposed. Some are followed by complications or insufficient results. Secondary surgery with a deep customized 3D implant, may be an elegant and effective solution; it allows to obtain a good aesthetic result expected by patients in the absence of any respiratory or cardiovascular functional context.

[How I treat a funnel chest with Computer Aided Design (CAD)]. / Comment je traite un pectus excavatum par un implant de conception assistée par ordinateur.

The contribution of computing in the management of patients with pectus excavatum has greatly improved the aesthetic result of the reconstruction endoprosthesis. Computer aided design (CAD) enables the design of implants perfectly suited to the deformation of the patient and avoids approximations of the traditional technique of plaster mold. Although this technique is applicable in many areas, this article will only deal with pectus excavatum.

L'apport de l'informatique dans la prise en charge des patients porteurs d'un pectus excavatum a permis d'améliorer considérablement le résultat esthétique de la reconstruction par endoprothèse. La Conception Assistée par Ordinateur (CAO) permet de concevoir des implants parfaitement adaptés à la déformation propre du patient et évite ainsi les approximations de la technique traditionnelle du moulage plâtré. Bien que cette technique soit applicable dans de nombreux domaines, cet article ne traitera que du pectus excavatum.

[Correction of congenital malformations by custom-made silicone implants: Contribution of computer-aided design. Experience of 611 cases]. / Chirurgie des malformations congénitales par implants sur mesure en silicone. Apport de la conception assistée par ordinateur (CAO). À propos d'une expérience de 611 cas opérés.

INTRODUCTION: Modern techniques of computer-aided design and tridimensional prototyping for manufacturing silicone elastomer custom implants are growing. They have widely modified the surgical indications in our unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By presenting their experience of 611 cases managed between 1993 and 2016, the authors describe the method of conception from CT-scans, the virtual image of the body and the manufacture of the custom-made implant perfectly adapted to the anatomy of each one. The operative techniques are described for the three main indications: the funnel chest or pectus excavatum (474 cases) according to a modified CHIN classification is corrected simply and very satisfactorily. This approach may render thoracic surgery techniques obsolete. Indeed, these operations remain risky and of doubtful functional utility; Poland syndrome (116 cases), where the use of a custom-made implant for compensation of muscle volume is frequently used, but can be improved by a transfer of adipose tissue or a classic breast implant; the leg atrophies (21 cases) receive custom elastomer implants introduced in a sub-fascial plane. RESULTS: The results are excellent for pectus excavatum but more difficult to optimize for the other two indications, requiring sometimes complementary techniques. Complications are rare and often benign, implants endure for life. Quality of life, psychological comfort and self-esteem have been improved with low morbidity and without having undergone a painful surgical experience. CONCLUSION: Reconstructive procedures of congenital malformations by custom-made silicone implants open a new field of activity for our surgical specialty with vast opportunities.

Smoking and plastic surgery, part I. Pathophysiological aspects: update and proposed recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: Smoking patients undergoing a plastic surgery intervention are exposed to increased risk of perioperative and postoperative complications. It seemed useful to us to establish an update about the negative impact of smoking, especially on wound healing, and also about the indisputable benefits of quitting. We wish to propose a minimum time lapse of withdrawal in the preoperative and postoperative period in order to reduce the risks and maximize the results of the intervention. METHODS: A literature review of documents from 1972 to 2014 was carried out by searching five different databases (Medline, PubMed Central, Cochrane library, Pascal and Web of Science). RESULTS: Cigarette smoke has a diffuse and multifactorial impact in the body. Hypoxia, tissue ischemia and immune disorders induced by tobacco consumption cause alterations of the healing process. Some of these effects are reversible by quitting. Data from the literature recommend a preoperative smoking cessation period lasting between 3 and 8 weeks and up until 4 weeks postoperatively. Use of nicotine replacement therapies doubles the abstinence rate in the short term. When a patient is heavily dependent, the surgeon should be helped by a tobacco specialist. CONCLUSIONS: Total smoking cessation of 4 weeks preoperatively and lasting until primary healing of the operative site (2 weeks) appears to optimize surgical conditions without heightening anesthetic risk. Tobacco withdrawal assistance, both human and drug-based, is highly recommended.

Smoking and plastic surgery, part II. Clinical implications: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Tobacco addiction is a risk factor for complication in plastic surgery. The authors have assembled concrete arguments detailing the risks of perioperative and postoperative complication that are incurred by a patient with continued tobacco intoxication who wishes to undergo a surgical intervention. RESEARCH STRATEGY: Through application of the PRISMA criteria, we have carried out a systematic review of the literature, in which we explored five databases while using predefined keywords. We selected randomized, controlled observational studies on the perioperative and postoperative complications related to tobacco use in actively smoking, abstinent and non-smoking patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The levels of evidence for each article were evaluated. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Incidence parameters including the Odds Ratio and relative risk were calculated for each complication of which the number of occurrences had been indicated. Meta-analysis of the results was carried out. RESULTS: We included 60 observational studies. In the cosmetic surgery group, we calculated a combined Odds Ratio of 2.3 [1.51-3.54] P<0.001 for surgical site infections and 2.5 [1.49-4.08] P<0.001 for delayed wound healing. In the bariatric surgery sequelae group, we found a combined Odds Ratio of 3.3 [1.90-5.64] P<0.001 with regard to delayed wound healing and 3.1 [1.39-7.13] P=0.006 for cutaneous necrosis. No proof was provided as to the possible influence of tobacco on the success rate of free flap microsurgery, but it is difficult to extrapolate results on the latter to digital reimplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The review underlines the fact that patients with smoking habits run a significantly heightened risk of cutaneous necrosis, particularly in the event of major detachment (cervico-facial lift, skin-sparing mastectomy, abdominoplasty), of additionally delayed wound healing and of addition surgical site infections. Rigorous preoperative evaluation of smokers could help to diminish these risks.

Reconstruction of cubital fossa skin necrosis with radial collateral artery perforator-based propeller flap (RCAP).

In recent years, perforator flaps have become an indispensable tool for the reconstruction process. Most recently, "propeller" perforator flaps allow each perforator vessels to become a flap donor site. Once the perforator of interest is identified by acoustic Doppler, the cutaneous or fascio-cutaneous island is designed and then customized according to the principle of "perforasome". So, the flap can be rotated such a propeller, up to 180°. Ideally the donor site is self-closing, otherwise it can be grafted at the same time. Through a skin necrosis secondary to a contrast medium extravasation of the cubital fossa in a 47-year-old man, we describe the use of propeller perforator flap based on a perforator of the radial collateral artery (RCAP). The perforator was identified preoperatively by acoustic Doppler then the flap was adapted bespoke to cover the loss of substance. Ultimately, the result was very satisfying. Well experienced for lower-extremity reconstruction, perforator-based propeller flap are still few reported for upper limb. It is likely that in the future, propeller flap supersede in many indication not only free flaps and locoregional flaps but also, leaving no room for uncertainties of the vascular network, the classic random flaps.

The latest information on Macrolane™: its indications and restrictions.

INTRODUCTION: Hyaluronic acid has come to represent the most widely used injectable cosmetic product in the world. Brought into being by the Swedish company Q-Med, in 2007 Macrolane™ was authorized for use in France, and the year after, it received official European approval as a means of breast augmentation. Since then, however, numerous controversies pertaining to its side effects have led to its withdrawal from the worldwide breast augmentation market. The objective of this article is to carry out a review of the literature providing updated information on Macrolane™ and its recent indications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a review of the literature on the PubMed and PubMed Central data bases through use of the keywords "Macrolane™", "NASHA", "hyaluronic acid" and "soft filler", and subsequently analyzed the levels of evidence and possible biases of the different publications. The official sites of the French, English, Spanish and American scholarly organizations of plastic surgery were likewise consulted. Perusal of the notifications and recommendations for use brought out by the Q-Med company completed our study. RESULTS: A large majority of the available clinical series on Macrolane™ with regard to not only breast augmentation, but also its other indications, offer an insufficient level of evidence and present a number of conflicts of interest. Since April 2012 Macrolane™ has been temporarily withdrawn by its distributors from the worldwide breast augmentation market. In point of fact, Macrolane™ injections have been found to interfere with breast imaging and screening for breast cancer. As regards the latest indications for this controversial product, it is not yet possible to step back and take stock. CONCLUSIONS: Present-day scientific data fail to justify the market reappearance of Macrolane™ breast augmentation products. Q-Med has shown full awareness of the problem by imposing worldwide restrictions on products aimed at penis as well as breast enlargement. Larger cohorts of female patients are more necessary than ever, as is an approach based on stepping back and taking stock.

"Body-lift"-like pattern for the simultaneous bilateral superior gluteal artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction.

UNLABELLED: Prophylactic mastectomies have increased during the last 10 years. Breast reconstructions with free flaps are performed because they provide natural and long-lasting results. In bilateral mastectomy, a simultaneous bilateral superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap can provide good reconstruction with autologous tissue and low donor-site morbidity. This report describes the case of a "body-lift"-like pattern for a simultaneous bilateral SGAP flap procedure. This innovative pattern provides good aesthetic results for the abdomen and buttocks and preserves the option of using a deep inferior epigastric artery and vein perforator (DIEP) flap in case one SGAP flap fails. After 3 months, the patient was very satisfied with the results. The SGAP flap remains undeniably an alternative to the DIEP flap when the abdominal excess is insufficient for a bilateral reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

[Management of breast asymmetry associated with primary funnel chest]. / Correction des asymétries mammaires associées au pectus excavatum primaire.

STUDY PURPOSE: The funnel chest or pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital deformity. In women, it can be associated in some cases with breast asymmetry. It is the main cause of consultation in these patients. We report our management of this malformation by thoracic silicone prothesis modeled by computer-aided design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two correction procedures are proposed: One-stage procedure including thoracic silicone prothesis or breast implants only, or two-stage procedure by the combination of the two techniques in two steps. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2011, 31 patients had a PE, within 26 patients were treated for breast asymmetry associated with a PE. The average age was 23.1 years (15-39). The median follow-up was 65 months (24-86). Type I Chin was found in five cases (19%), type II in two cases (7.7%) and type III Chin was found in 19 cases (73%). Of these 26 patients, in both cases a breast augmentation with asymmetric volumes of implants (7.7%) has adequately corrected the problem. Thoracic endoprothesis was performed in 24 patients to treat the initial breast asymmetry. Twenty-one patients (87.5%) were satisfied with the final symmetry and have not required a breast augmentation. Three patients (12.5%) underwent a second surgical procedure to correct the initial breast asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: Breasts asymmetries associated with PE can be adequately corrected using an isolated thoracic endoprothesis. Whether it remains a lack of results, perform an unilaterally or bilaterally breast augmentation in a second time is always possible.

[Nose surgical anatomy in six aesthetic subunits]. / L'anatomie chirurgicale du nez en six sous-unités esthétiques.

The nose is a complex entity, combining aesthetic and functional roles. Descriptive anatomy is a fundamental science that it can be difficult to relate directly to our daily surgical activity. Reasoning in terms of aesthetic subunits to decide on his actions appeared to us so obvious. The aim of this paper is to resume the anatomical bases relevant to our daily practice in order to fully apprehend the restorative or cosmetic procedures. We discuss the limits of the systematization of these principles in nasal oncology.

[Anterior medial cervicoplasty]. / Le lifting cervical antérieur médian.

Submental skin and fat excess are common with aging. Real cutaneous crop in pronounced forms, may be felt with difficulty by patients, which leads them to consult. The proposal of a conventional face-lift is not always suitable or accepted by a predominantly male population. Therefore, an anterior medial cervicoplasty with elliptical excision of excess skin and a medial platysmaplasty will be an interesting alternative. The authors offer a new description of this technique by simplifying, compared to the previously described techniques. Two clinical cases are reported, with both types of recommended incisions. This procedure is performed under local anesthesia. The results obtained by this technique were considered good to excellent by all operated patients in our unit. The final scar that may appear significant and sometimes unacceptable for some surgeons remains in fact very inconspicuous. The anterior medial cervicoplasty is an easy technique that allows responding gracefully to a frequent request, with good cosmetic results and few complications.

[Macrolane®: A severe case of calf cellulitis after modeling injection]. / Macrolane® : un cas grave de cellulite du mollet après injection modelante.

In recent years, the market for resorbable injectables has been steadily expanding. The European Community's seal of approval (CE) is a sufficient guaranty to get them distributed. These injectables do not require official approval because they are considered to be "implantable medical devices" and not medicines. Macrolane(®)is a hyaluronic acid in gel form (NASHA [non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid]) and has been on the French market since 2007. It can be injected into all areas except the face. It is highly cross-linked which, while slowing its absorption into the body, can also leave long-lasting residues. We report the first case of cellulitis after injection into the calf by a practitioner in his office.

[Histological techniques in oncodermatology]. / L'apport des techniques anatomopathologiques en oncodermatologie.

The skin oncology or "oncodermatology" requires a surgical treatment in most cases. For some surgeons, the oncodermatology takes a very important part of their practice. In the course of diagnostic and therapeutic of skin lesions, the pathologist plays now an essential role. He will guide our surgery. The techniques used by this specialist are numerous. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the different histological methods used to improve our management of skin tumors.

[Evidence-based medicine and prevention of thrombosis in microsurgery. Critical review]. / Médecine factuelle et prévention de la thrombose en microchirurgie. Revue critique de la littérature.

Prevention of thrombosis in microsurgery was the point of numerous publications without any referenced protocol. The question of this article was to know if it existed, for a patient who needed a microsurgical procedure, any medical treatment used, proved to lower the thrombotic risk. Using principles of evidence-based medicine, we observed that none of the medical treatments proved efficiency on preventing vascular thrombosis, arterial or venous. The low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) could be used on postoperatives to prevent the deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs but not to lower specially the microvascular thrombosis rate. Aspirin did not improve the positive rates and its adjunction to LMWH increased the bleeding. The evidence-based medicine, as we used it here, permits to conclude that the microsurgeon should not wait any miracle of the medical treatments. Until scientific studies prove efficacity of a treatment, the surgeon has to make a personal choice: keeping habits or following evidence-based medicine. The experience of the surgeon, of the anesthetist and of the paramedical team seem to be the main point to decrease the thrombotic risk during the multidisciplinary healing care of the patient.

[Macrolane(®), a too premature indication in breast augmentation. Focusing on current knowledge of the product]. / Macrolane(®), une indication dans l'augmentation mammaire trop prématurée. Mise au point sur les connaissances actuelles du produit.

STUDY PURPOSE: For ten years the market for resorbable fillers has seen a large increase. A CE mark is sufficient for its placing on the market, they do not require AMM because they are not considered drugs. The Macrolane(®) is a hyaluronic acid NASHA gel-based technology, available on the French market since 2007 as filler used in all areas of the body except face and breasts. It is highly crosslinked, which slows its resorption, leaving in place long-term waste. At end of 2008, Macrolane(®) received a CE mark for breast augmentation. The aim of this paper is to review current scientific knowledge on the Macrolane™ and list the many uncertainties regarding its recent breast indication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the PubMed literature and study levels of evidence on Macrolane(®). All AFFSAPS communication and correspondence with the SOFCPRE on hyaluronic acids and particularly Macrolane™ were collected. RESULTS: At the moment there is no scientific study of high level of evidence which has studied the effects of Macrolane(®) on breast parenchyma in terms of carcinogenesis or the disruption of radiological monitoring of the breast. The subglandular method of injection remains complex and uncertain especially about the risk of wrong passage. CONCLUSIONS: The Macrolane(®) is proposed as an alternative less invasive than breast implants. Nevertheless the lack of scientific data on this product led to its non approval by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States. Currently there remains too much uncertainty on this filler for reasonable use plebiscite. It would therefore be preferable to return to the manufacturer the burden of proof of Macrolane(®) safety and security and limit its use in clinical trials yet.