Gomphrena globosa L. extract alleviates carbon tetrachoride-induced liver injury in mice by activating antioxidant signaling pathways and promoting autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is highly toxic to animal liver and is a major contributor to liver injury. Gomphrena globosa L. (GgL) is an edible plant with anti-inflammation and antioxidation properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of GgL on liver injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: A model of chronic liver injury in mice was established by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (0.4 mL/kg) for 3 weeks, and the mice were treated intraperitoneally with different concentrations of GgL crude extract (GgCE; 100, 200, 300 mg/kg) or Bifendatatum (Bif; 20 mg/kg) in the last 2 weeks. The results showed that GgCE treatment alleviated the liver injury, improved the pathological changes caused by CCl4 on the mice liver, and enhance the antioxidant capacity. We also found that GgCE increased the expression of antioxidant stress related proteins, decreased the phosphorylation levels of autophagy related proteins PI3K and mTOR, and decreased the expression of LC3 II and P62 proteins. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GgCE alleviated CCl4-induced chronic liver injury in mice by activating antioxidant signaling pathways and promoting autophagy, indicating a potential therapeutic effect of GgCE on liver injury.

Absorbable suture knots on the supraspinatus tendon prevent adverse effects of nonabsorbable suture knots in a rat model.

PURPOSE: To compare the absorbable and nonabsorbable suture knots on the tendon on bone-to-tendon healing during the early phase in a rat rotator cuff tear (RCT) model. METHODS: Fifty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old; mean weight, 380 g) were used in this study, and 51 of them were randomly assigned into three groups: absorbable suture group (ASG, n = 22), nonabsorbable suture group (NSG, n = 22), and sham surgery group (SSG, n = 7), and the remaining rat was used to take surgical pictures. Bilateral supraspinatus tendon tears were created and repaired immediately in ASG and NSG. Three rats from ASG and NSG were killed for Western blot and histological evaluation at 3 days, 1 week, and 4 weeks after surgery. At 4 weeks, four rats from each group were killed for biomechanical test, and three rats from SSG were used for histological evaluation. RESULTS: Absorbable suture knots on the tendon completely degraded at 4 weeks. However, nonabsorbable suture knots remained intact between the tendon and articular side. ASG showed a stronger inflammatory reaction at 3 days and 1 week, but a weaker reaction at 4 weeks as confirmed by gross observation and Western blot. Besides, ASG showed superior biomechanical properties in terms of maximum load to failure and stiffness at 4 weeks. Modified Bonar score revealed superior maturity for tissue healing in ASG to that in NSG at 4 weeks. Furthermore, inferior bone-to-tendon interface and weakest link formation were observed in NSG on histologic images. CONCLUSION: Absorbable suture knots on the tendon contributed to better mechanical properties compared with the nonabsorbable one after rotator cuff repair.

Realization of maximum optical intrinsic chirality with bilayer polyatomic metasurfaces.

Optical chirality plays a key role in optical biosensing and spin-selective optical field manipulation. However, the maximum optical intrinsic chirality, which is represented by near-unity circular dichroism (CD), is yet to be achieved in a wide bandwidth range based on nanostructures. Here, we utilize dielectric bilayer polyatomic metasurfaces to realize the maximum optical intrinsic chirality over a wide bandwidth range. The CD efficiency of the two designed metasurfaces with opposite chirality is 99.9% at 1350 nm and over 98% from 1340 nm to 1361 nm. Our work provides a straightforward and powerful method for the realization of maximum optical intrinsic chirality, which has great potential in spin-selective optical wave manipulation.

DAL-1/4.1B promotes the uptake of exosomes in lung cancer cells via Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2).

DAL-1/4.1B is frequently absent in lung cancer tissues, which is significantly related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer. In this research, we found that DAL-1/4.1B affected the uptake of exosomes by lung cancer cells. When the expression of DAL-1/4.1B increased and decreased, the ability of exosome uptake enhanced and attenuated correspondingly. And we found that when cells were treated with different vesicles uptake inhibitors (chlorpromazine, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD), cytochalasin D, chloroquine and heparin) and heparinase (HSPE), only heparin and HSPE counteracted the uptake enhancement effect caused by DAL-1/4.1B. Therefore, we speculated that DAL-1/4.1B might promote the uptake of exosomes through the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) pathway. After screening the expression of HSPGs and HSPE in H292 cells, the expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) increased with overexpression of DAL-1/4.1B and decreased with knockdown of DAL-1/4.1B. Meanwhile, exosome uptake decreased with HSPG2 knockdown in H292 and DAL-1/4.1B-overexpressing H292 cells. Moreover, knockdown of DAL-1/4.1B and HSPG2 in lung cancer A549 cells resulted in a similar decrease in exosome uptake, and the expression of HSPG2 was also decreased with DAL-1/4.1B knockdown. These results indicated that HSPG2 directly affected the uptake of exosomes, while DAL-1/4.1B positively affected the expression of HSPG2. Therefore, DAL-1/4.1B may promote cellular adhesion and inhibit migration in cancer cells.

Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles engineered with over-expressed pre-miRNA as delivery nanocarriers for cancer therapy.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Escherichia coli as nanoscale spherical vesicles have been recently used in cancer therapy as drug carriers. However, most of them need complicated methods to load cargos. Herein, we proposed an inexpensive and potentially mass-produced method for the preparation of OMV engineered with over-expressed pre-miRNA. In this work, we found that OMV can be released and inherit over-expressed tRNALys-pre-miRNA from mother E. coli that directly used for the tumor therapy. The eukaryotic cells infection experiments revealed that the over-expressed pre-miRNA inside OMV could be released and processed into mature miRNAs with the aid of the camouflage of "tRNA scaffold". Moreover, the group in vivo treated with targeted OMVtRNA-pre-miR-126 obviously inhibited the expression of target oncogenic CXCR4, and significantly restrain the proliferation of breast cancer tissues. Together, these findings indicated that the OMV-based platform is a versatile and powerful strategy for personalized tumor therapy directly and specificity.

A Coordinated Vehicle-Drone Arc Routing Approach Based on Improved Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search.

Through urban traffic patrols, problems such as traffic congestion and accidents can be found and dealt with in time to maintain the stability of the urban traffic system. The most common way to patrol is using ground vehicles, which may be inflexible and inefficient. The vehicle-drone coordination maximizes utilizing the flexibility of drones and addresses their limited battery capacity issue. This paper studied a vehicle-drone arc routing problem (VD-ARP), consisting of one vehicle and multiple drones. Considering the coordination mode and constraints of the vehicle-drone system, a mathematical model of VD-ARP that minimized the total patrol time was constructed. To solve this problem, an improved, adaptive, large neighborhood search algorithm (IALNS) was proposed. First, the initial route planning scheme was generated by the heuristic rule of "Drone-First, Vehicle-Then". Then, several problem-based neighborhood search strategies were embedded into the improved, adaptive, large neighborhood search framework to improve the quality of the solution. The superiority of IALNS is verified by numerical experiments on instances with different scales. Several critical factors were tested to determine the effects of coordinated traffic patrol; an example based on a real road network verifies the feasibility and applicability of the algorithm.

Asymmetric Arc Routing by Coordinating a Truck and Multiple Drones.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, commonly known as drones, have been widely used in transmission line inspection and traffic patrolling due to their flexibility and environmental adaptability. To take advantage of drones and overcome their limited endurance, the patrolling tasks are parallelized by concurrently dispatching the drones from a truck which travels on the road network to the nearby task arc. The road network considered in previous research is undirected; however, in reality, the road network usually contains unidirectional arcs, i.e., the road network is asymmetric. Hence, we propose an asymmetric coordinated vehicle-drones arc routing mode for traffic patrolling. In this mode, a truck travelling on an asymmetric road network with multiple drones needs to patrol multiple task arcs, and the drones can be launched and recovered at certain nodes on the truck route, making it possible for drones and the truck to patrol the task in parallel. The total patrol time is the objective function that needs to be minimized given the time limit constraints of drones. The whole problem can be considered as an asymmetric arc routing problem of coordinating a truck and multiple drones. To solve this problem, a large-scale neighborhood search with simulated annealing algorithm (LNS-SA) is proposed. Finally, extensive computation experiments and a real case are carried out. The experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Moreover, a detailed sensitivity analysis is performed on several drone-parameters of interest.

[Establishment of Hospice and Palliative Care Training Platform for Volunteers].

To let the general public,regardless of gender,age,career and education background,understand the core concept of hospice and palliative care,practice in their lives,and then spread to and serve as many people as possible,the hospice and palliative care team of Peking Union Medical College Hospital established the professional hospice and palliative care training platform for volunteers in 2021.This article reviews the training design,content,methods,and results of the platform.It is concluded that the platform has theory-based training design,logical and complete training content,suitable training method for volunteers,and satisfactory training results.The establishment of this hospice and palliative care training platform for volunteers has excellent feasibility.Efforts should be made to further explore the performance and long-term development strategy of the training platform.

Clinical comparison of unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy with percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for single l4/5-level lumbar disk herniation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to investigate the outcomes between unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy (UBE) and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) for the single L4/5-level lumbar disk herniation (sLDH). METHODS: From January 2018 to January 2021, a total of 40 patients with sLDH were retrospectively analyzed in this study. All the patients had received spinal surgeries in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University. Among them, 20 patients were treated with PELD (PELD group), and 20 patients were treated with UBE discectomy (UBE group). Postoperative length of hospital stay, estimated blood loss, operation time, and clinical complications of the patients were compared between the two groups. The visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were measured before surgeries and 3 days, 1, and 6 months after surgeries. RESULTS: Compared with the UBE group, the PELD group had obviously less intraoperative blood loss, shorter operative time, and shorter hospital stay. The differences in the rate of complications were not statistically significant between the two groups. The VAS score and the ODI score of the two groups had a great reduction after operation. In addition, both the groups had satisfactory clinical outcome; the VAS score and ODI of the PELD group decreased more obviously. CONCLUSION: The UBE for sLDH yielded similar clinical outcomes to PELD as minimally invasive surgeries; however, PELD is superior to UBE in terms of intraoperative blood loss, operative time, postoperative hospitalization, and short-term postoperative pain relief. The advantages and disadvantages of the two surgeries should be circumspectly balanced when evaluating a patient for a minimally invasive surgery for sLDH, selecting the most appropriate surgical method for patients.

Synergistic Rifabutin and Colistin Reduce Emergence of Resistance When Treating Acinetobacter baumannii.

Recently, we reported rifabutin hyperactivity against Acinetobacter baumannii We sought to characterize potential interactions between rifabutin and colistin, the last-resort drug for carbapenem-resistant infections. Rifabutin and colistin were synergistic in vitro and in vivo, and low-dose colistin significantly suppressed emergence of resistance to rifabutin. Thus, this combination is a promising therapeutic option for highly resistant A. baumannii infections.

Significantly Red-Shifted Emissions of Nonconventional AIE Polymers Containing Zwitterionic Components.

Nonconventional luminescence polymers without any aromatic structures have attracted great interest from researchers due to their special structure and excellent biocompatibility. However, these materials mostly emit in the blue or green region, in which preparation of materials with long-wavelength (especially near-infrared) emission is still a great challenge. In this work, it is found that 2-(dimethyl amino) ethyl methacrylate (DMA) and itaconic anhydride (ITA) undergo a ring-opening reaction at room temperature, and subsequently generate zwitterionic compound (IDMA). Based on the clustering-triggered emission (CTE) mechanism, ionic bond can effectively promote the isolated electron-rich chromophores to form new emissive clusters with extended electron delocalization. Herein, two oligomers (P1 and P2) with different fluorescence emissions by controlling the concentration of zwitterionic monomers before polymerization are synthesized. It is worth noting that the maximum emission wavelength of P2 at high concentration is up to 712 nm, which is very rare in previous reports. In addition, the resulting oligomer (P2) shows typical aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE), excitation-dependent fluorescence, temperature-sensitive emission, and solvatochromism. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrates that P2 was low toxic to Huh7 and LM3 cells, and suitable for cell imaging. This research provides the possibility for rational molecular design and the feasibility of luminescence regulation.

Geniposide alleviates non-alcohol fatty liver disease via regulating Nrf2/AMPK/mTOR signalling pathways.

Non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease which causes serious liver damage. Geniposide (GEN), a kind of iridoid glycoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides fruit, has many biological effects, such as resistance to cell damage and anti-neurodegenerative disorder. Lipid accumulation was obvious in tyloxapol-induced liver and oil acid (OA) with palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells compared with the control groups while GEN improved the increasing conditions. GEN significantly lessened the total cholesterol (TC), the triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), myeloperoxidase (MPO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD) to response the oxidative stress via activating nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), haeme oxygenase (HO)-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α which may influence the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway in mice and cells. Additionally, GEN evidently decreased the contents of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP)-1c, phosphorylation (P)-mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC), P-S6K, P-S6 and high mobility group protein (HMGB) 1 via inhibiting the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and these were totally abrogated in Nrf2-/- mice. Our study firstly proved the protective effect of GEN on lipid accumulation via enhancing the ability of antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation which were mostly depend on up-regulating the protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and AMPK signalling pathways, thereby suppressed the phosphorylation of mTORC and its related protein.

Chicoric acid ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress in Lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine induced acute liver injury.

Chicoric acid is polyphenol of natural plant and has a variety of bioactivity. Caused by various kinds of stimulating factors, acute liver injury has high fatality rate. The effect of chicoric acid in acute liver injury induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (d-GalN) was investigated in this study. The results showed that CA decreased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and reduced the mortality induced by LPS/d-GalN. CA can restrain mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) to alleviate inflammation. Meanwhile, the results indicated CA can active nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway with increasing the level of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). And with the treatment of CA, protein levels of autophagy genes were obvious improved. The results of experiments indicate that CA has protective effect in liver injury, and the activation of AMPK and autophagy may make sense.

Aucubin inhibited lipid accumulation and oxidative stress via Nrf2/HO-1 and AMPK signalling pathways.

Aucubin (AU) is the main active ingredient of Aucuba japonica which has showed many positive effects such as anti-inflammation and liver protection. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. In this research, we explored the effects of AU on the tyloxapol-induced NAFLD in mice and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) induced-3T3L1 cells. Tyloxapol (300 mg/kg) was injected to C57BL/6 mice with aucubin. The differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were treated with or without aucubin after stimulation of apoC-III (100 µg/mL). In results, aucubin inhibited hyperlipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation by influencing the content of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumour necrosis factor receptor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-6 in blood. AU activated NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PPARγ and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and promoted the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPKα), AMPKß, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and protein kinase B (AKT). In conclusion, AU performed the function of hypolipidaemic by its obvious anti-inflammation and antioxidant activity, which may become a kind of new drug targeting at NAFLD.

High Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Achieved by the Simultaneous Plasmon-Optical and Plasmon-Electrical Effects from Plasmonic Asymmetric Modes of Gold Nanostars.

The plasmon-optical effects have been utilized to optically enhance active layer absorption in organic solar cells (OSCs). The exploited plasmonic resonances of metal nanomaterials are typically from the fundamental dipole/high-order modes with narrow spectral widths for regional OSC absorption improvement. The conventional broadband absorption enhancement (using plasmonic effects) needs linear-superposition of plasmonic resonances. In this work, through strategic incorporation of gold nanostars (Au NSs) in between hole transport layer (HTL) and active layer, the excited plasmonic asymmetric modes offer a new approach toward broadband enhancement. Remarkably, the improvement is explained by energy transfer of plasmonic asymmetric modes of Au NS. In more detail, after incorporation of Au NSs, the optical power in electron transport layer transfers to active layer for improving OSC absorption, which otherwise will become dissipation or leakage as the role of carrier transport layer is not for photon-absorption induced carrier generation. Moreover, Au NSs simultaneously deliver plasmon-electrical effects which shorten transport path length of the typically low-mobility holes and lengthen that of high-mobility electrons for better balanced carrier collection. Meanwhile, the resistance of HTL is reduced by Au NSs. Consequently, power conversion efficiency of 10.5% has been achieved through cooperatively plasmon-optical and plasmon-electrical effects of Au NSs.

Total flavonoids of Broussonetia papyrifera alleviate non-alcohol fatty liver disease via regulating Nrf2/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways.

BACKGROUNDS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases. The leaves of Broussonetia papyrifera contain a large number of flavonoids, which have a variety of biological functions. METHODS: In vitro experiments, free fatty acids were used to stimulate HepG2 cells. NAFLD model was established in vivo in mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) or intraperitoneally injected with Tyloxapol (Ty). At the same time, Total flavonoids of Broussonetia papyrifera (TFBP) was used to interfere with HepG2 cells or mice. RESULTS: The results showed that TFBP significantly decreased the lipid accumulation induced by oil acid (OA) with palmitic acid (PA) in HepG2 cells. TFBP decreased the total cholesterol (TC), the triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) in serum. TFBP could also effectively inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restrained the level of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to alleviate the injury from oxidative stress in the liver. Additionally, TFBP activated nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway to increasing the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Meanwhile, protein levels of mTORC signaling pathway were evidently restrained with the treatment of TFBP. CONCLUSION: Our experiments proved that TFBP has the therapeutic effect in NAFLD, and the activation of Nrf2 and AMPK signaling pathways should make sense.

Pirfenidone-loaded hyaluronic acid methacryloyl hydrogel for preventing epidural adhesions after laminectomy.

It is inevitable that scar formation occurs between the spinal dura and surrounding tissues after laminectomy. While extensive epidural fibrosis, which results in limited nerve root activity and severe pain, is the main cause of postoperative failed-back surgery syndrome. Novel biomaterial loading effective drugs based on reasonable design are eagerly needed for the safe and effective prevention of epidural adhesions. We filtrated a suitable dose of pirfenidone (PFD) to load hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) hydrogel in vitro. And then, we compare PFD-loaded HAMA hydrogel with only using PFD or HAMA hydrogels after laminectomy by in vivo studies in rats. We describe a safe and efficient anti-adhesive PFD-loaded HAMA hydrogel that prevents epidural fibrosis through the stable and sustained release of PFD. It was shown that the PFD-loaded HAMA hydrogel effectively inhibited cell penetration and suppressed collagen I/III expression. Thus, it effectively prevented the formation of adhesions through pharmacological and physical processes. The PFD-loaded HAMA hydrogel can effectively prevent adhesion formation in both pharmacological and physical barrier effects.

Biomechanical effect of increased number of suture strands on rotator cuff repair in a bovine model.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate if there was a link between the biomechanical properties and the number of suture strands in repairing a rotator cuff (RC) tear in a bovine model using the transosseous technique. METHODS: Fifty-four fresh tendons from bovine (mean age: 7.1 ± 0.5 months; range 6.5-7.5 months) and 1 humeral head from porcine (8.5 months) were used in this study. All the specimens had no apparent abnormalities. Using the transosseous structure, the RC tendon was detached from the greater tuberosity and randomly assigned to 3-strand, 4-strand, 5-strand, and 6-strand groups, with the glenohumeral abducted at 0° and 90°. Biomechanical tests were conducted to compare the groups' differences in the failure mode, pull-toextension load in the 1-, 2-, and 3-mm formations, and the maximum load. The analysis of variance test was performed to compare the results. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed among the groups concerning the tendon characteristics (all P ≥ .05). At 90° shoulder abduction, a significant difference was detected in the load between 3- and 5-strand groups for 1-mm gap formation (P=.049). No statistical differences were noted in the load at the gap displacements in the 1-, 2-, and 3-mm formations at 0° and 90° shoulder abduction (all P > .05). The maximum failure load and extension in maximal tension increased with the number of sutures. CONCLUSION: The maximum load and ultimate extension increase with the number of sutures at both positions. The number of sutures was not an influencing factor of gap formation. Regarding the tear size and tension of the RC, choosing the appropriate number of strands individually instead of excessively increasing the number of sutures is advocated for RC repair.

Epidemiological analysis of axillary apocrine bromhidrosis in China: a survey from Chinese higher education students.

Background: There are few epidemiological data on axillary apocrine bromhidrosis (AAB) in the Chinese population, making it impossible to accurately estimate its prevalence or impact on individuals. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of AAB in China, and to survey and compare the psychological status of individuals with and without AAB. Methods: Students in several universities in China were surveyed online for AAB, and the prevalence of AAB was calculated. The Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used to evaluate the psychological status. Results: The prevalence of AAB in the surveyed students was 7.5% (194/2571). The projected number of Chinese higher education students with AAB was about 3 million. The onset age of AAB was mainly between 11 and 20 years old (79.90%, 155/194). 68.04% (132/194) of individuals with AAB had a positive family history, and 60.30% (117/194) had wet earwax. Individuals with AAB often felt depression, anxiety, loneliness and social alienation, and scored significantly higher on the nine primary psychological symptom dimensions than individuals without AAB. Conclusion: AAB affects a small proportion but large numbers of Chinese population. China and the West or East-Asia and the West have different perception, recognition and treatment preferences for AAB.

Use of Microfluidics to Prepare Lipid-Based Nanocarriers.

Lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNPs) are an important tool for the delivery of a diverse set of drug cargoes, including small molecules, oligonucleotides, and proteins and peptides. Despite their development over the past several decades, this technology is still hindered by issues with the manufacturing processes leading to high polydispersity, batch-to-batch and operator-dependent variability, and limits to the production volumes. To overcome these issues, the use of microfluidic techniques in the production of LBNPs has sharply increased over the past two years. Microfluidics overcomes many of the pitfalls seen with conventional production methods, leading to reproducible LBNPs at lower costs and higher yields. In this review, the use of microfluidics in the preparation of various types of LBNPs, including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of small molecules, oligonucleotides, and peptide/protein drugs is summarized. Various microfluidic parameters, as well as their effects on the physicochemical properties of LBNPs, are also discussed.