A rare case of Hoffa's fat pad herniation in a young patient: dynamic ultrasound and MRI diagnosis.

Hoffa's fat pad (HFP) is part of the knee structure interposed between the joint capsule and the synovium. Recent studies have classified infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) disorders on a pathogenesis-based classification: traumatic disorders, post-traumatic disorders, lesions secondary to adjacent disorders. Masses or pseudo-masses may also be found within the IFP, however these alterations are much less frequent. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of masses and pseudo-masses of IFP and the first choice exam is a dynamic ultrasound study. We presented a rare case of Hoffa's fat pad herniation through the joint capsule, in a young child without history of knee injuries that has never been described before in the literature.

Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis of Isolated Tear of the Accessory Soleus Tendon: A Case Report and Review of the Literatures.

INTRODUCTION: The accessory soleus muscle (also known as the supernumerary soleus or soleus secundus) is an uncommon congenital anatomical. The presence of this muscle is generally asymptomatic. In cases of symptomatic accessory soleus muscle, it manifests with painful swelling of the posteromedial region of the ankle. To the best of our knowledge, partial or complete accessory soleus tendon tears were reported in literature in only three cases; all of them were diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination while only one was diagnosed with both ultrasound (US) and MRI. CASE REPORT: We presented a case of a 63-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our emergency department with severe pain in the posteromedial region of her right ankle. US and MRI of the calf and ankle were performed and a complete tear of the right accessory soleus tendon with fluid gap and myotendinous retraction was diagnosed. CONCLUSION: An accessory soleus muscle partial or complete tears are very uncommon injuries. This condition can mimic many other pathologies, and therefore, radiologists should know the physiological and pathological imaging findings for a correct interpretation of ankle injuries, avoiding misinterpretations.

Postoperative imaging in arthroscopic hip surgery.

Arthroscopic surgery of the hip, compared to that of the knee or the shoulder, has only recently been developed in any significant way. Current indications for arthroscopic surgery of the hip include: diagnosis and treatment of lesions symptomatic of the acetabular labrum, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), chondral lesions, joint infections, lesions of the teres ligament, impingement of the psoas tendon, pathology of the peritrochanteric space, external snapping hip (coxa saltans), and traumatic and atraumatic instability. Principal indications for imaging of the hip with arthroscopic techniques are represented by persistent groin pain which may be caused by inadequate recognition or treatment of bone alteration of FAI, fractures in the site of resectioned bones, intra-articular adhesion, development of cartilaginous lesions, iatrogenic chondral lesions, recurrent lesions of the fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum and heterotopic ossification. Postoperative checkup examinations can be undertaken with conventional radiography. The appearance or persistence of groin pain may be investigated using MRI, arthro-MRI and even CT scans.