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AIMS: To develop a simple and robust generic tool to measure the impacts of livestock diseases on New Zealand dairy, beef and sheep farms using enterprise gross margin models. METHODS: The most recent (2018-2020) livestock production benchmarking data was extracted from industry-led economic surveys. Gross margin models were built for each enterprise type, accounting for 11 dairy farm types and 16 farm types for beef and sheep. Disease parameters, including changes in mortality, reproduction performance, milk yield, price of animals and culling rate, as well as additional expenses for veterinary intervention, were applied to the infected compartment of the herd/flock using the assumed annual within-herd disease incidence. Farm-level disease impacts were estimated as the difference in annual profit between the baseline and infected farm. The baseline gross margin models were validated against the industry data. The disease impact models were validated using a recently published study on bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD). The impact assessment tool, LIME-NZ, was developed using the statistical software R and implemented in the web-based R package Shiny. The input parameters can be varied interactively to obtain a range of disease impacts for uncertain disease parameters. RESULTS: The baseline gross margin models demonstrated reasonable accuracy with a mean percentage error of <14% when compared with the industry reports. The estimated annual impacts of BVD were comparable to those reported in the BVD study, NZ$38.5-140.4 thousand and $0.9-32.6 thousand per farm per year for dairy and beef enterprises, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LIME-NZ can be used to rapidly obtain the likely economic impacts of diseases that are endemic, recently introduced or at increased risk of introduction in the New Zealand context. This will aid communication and decision-making among government agencies and the livestock industry, including veterinarians and livestock producers, about the management of diseases, until refined information becomes available to improve decision-making.
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Compostos de Cálcio , Gado , Óxidos , Reprodução , Bovinos , Animais , Ovinos , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Fazendas , Indústria de LaticíniosRESUMO
High-quality optical resonant cavities require low optical loss, typically on the scale of parts per million. However, unintended micron-scale contaminants on the resonator mirrors that absorb the light circulating in the cavity can deform the surface thermoelastically and thus increase losses by scattering light out of the resonant mode. The point absorber effect is a limiting factor in some high-power cavity experiments, for example, the Advanced LIGO gravitational-wave detector. In this Letter, we present a general approach to the point absorber effect from first principles and simulate its contribution to the increased scattering. The achievable circulating power in current and future gravitational-wave detectors is calculated statistically given different point absorber configurations. Our formulation is further confirmed experimentally in comparison with the scattered power in the arm cavity of Advanced LIGO measured by in situ photodiodes. The understanding presented here provides an important tool in the global effort to design future gravitational-wave detectors that support high optical power and thus reduce quantum noise.
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BACKGROUND: Short-acting ß2-agonist (SABA) bronchodilators help alleviate symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may be a useful marker of symptom severity. This analysis investigated whether SABA use impacts treatment differences between maintenance dual- and mono-bronchodilators in patients with COPD. METHODS: The Early MAXimisation of bronchodilation for improving COPD stability (EMAX) trial randomised symptomatic patients with low exacerbation risk not receiving inhaled corticosteroids 1:1:1 to once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 µg, once-daily umeclidinium 62.5 µg or twice-daily salmeterol 50 µg for 24 weeks. Pre-specified subgroup analyses stratified patients by median baseline SABA use (low, < 1.5 puffs/day; high, ≥1.5 puffs/day) to examine change from baseline in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), change in symptoms (Transition Dyspnoea Index [TDI], Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms-COPD [E-RS]), daily SABA use and exacerbation risk. A post hoc analysis used fractional polynomial modelling with continuous transformations of baseline SABA use covariates. RESULTS: At baseline, patients in the high SABA use subgroup (mean: 3.91 puffs/day, n = 1212) had more severe airflow limitation, were more symptomatic and had worse health status versus patients in the low SABA use subgroup (0.39 puffs/day, n = 1206). Patients treated with umeclidinium/vilanterol versus umeclidinium demonstrated statistically significant improvements in trough FEV1 at Week 24 in both SABA subgroups (59-74 mL; p < 0.001); however, only low SABA users demonstrated significant improvements in TDI (high: 0.27 [p = 0.241]; low: 0.49 [p = 0.025]) and E-RS (high: 0.48 [p = 0.138]; low: 0.60 [p = 0.034]) scores. By contrast, significant reductions in mean SABA puffs/day with umeclidinium/vilanterol versus umeclidinium were observed only in high SABA users (high: - 0.56 [p < 0.001]; low: - 0.10 [p = 0.132]). Similar findings were observed when comparing umeclidinium/vilanterol and salmeterol. Fractional polynomial modelling showed baseline SABA use ≥4 puffs/day resulted in smaller incremental symptom improvements with umeclidinium/vilanterol versus umeclidinium compared with baseline SABA use < 4 puffs/day. CONCLUSIONS: In high SABA users, there may be a smaller difference in treatment response between dual- and mono-bronchodilator therapy; the reasons for this require further investigation. SABA use may be a confounding factor in bronchodilator trials and in high SABA users; changes in SABA use may be considered a robust symptom outcome. FUNDING: GlaxoSmithKline (study number 201749 [NCT03034915]).
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Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/administração & dosagem , Albuterol/administração & dosagem , Broncodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/diagnóstico , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado/efeitos dos fármacos , Volume Expiratório Forçado/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/fisiopatologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Dairy industries and individual farmers are concerned about mortality and culling of dairy animals. This is because the timing and fates of animals that exit dairy farms have important animal welfare and economic consequences that reflect the conditions under which they are farmed and the efficiency of their production systems. Reports from a few countries have indicated increased incidence of mortality, and occasionally culling, of dairy animals in recent decades, and these changes have been associated with intensification of production systems. Dairy industries and farmers need benchmarks for culling and mortality against which they can compare themselves, as well as improved understanding of the extent of any change and of any associated factors. We reasoned that a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of scientific articles published between 1989 and 2014 would allow us to determine whether these reports were universal, to quantify any change over time, and to investigate whether production systems or study factors were associated with culling and mortality. From 3,275 articles retrieved from databases and manual searching of cited articles, 118 articles were appraised independently by 2 assessors, and 51 articles representing 54 studies were determined to be eligible for review and meta-analysis. We estimated that both the annual incidence risk (IR) and incidence density of mortality of cows had increased significantly from 0.02 per cow and 2.32 per 100 cow-years, to 0.04 per cow and 3.75 per 100 cow-years, an increase per decade of 0.02 per cow and 1.42 per 100 cow-years, respectively. We also estimated that the annual IR of culling attributed to low production had declined significantly from 0.07 to 0.05 and that the IR of perinatal, but not neonatal, mortality had increased significantly from 0.04 to 0.06 per decade. We found no evidence of change in overall annual IR of culling of cows over time or any association between study design factors and the IR or incidence density of culling or mortality. These findings provide benchmarks for describing culling and mortality, and should encourage farmers and researchers in countries with modern dairy industries to discover and implement management strategies to reduce the animal welfare and economic costs associated with these changes.
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Doenças dos Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios/economia , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Bovinos , FemininoRESUMO
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that the position and momentum of an object cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision, giving rise to an apparent limitation known as the standard quantum limit (SQL). Gravitational-wave detectors use photons to continuously measure the positions of freely falling mirrors and so are affected by the SQL. We investigated the performance of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) after the experimental realization of frequency-dependent squeezing designed to surpass the SQL. For the LIGO Livingston detector, we found that the upgrade reduces quantum noise below the SQL by a maximum of three decibels between 35 and 75 hertz while achieving a broadband sensitivity improvement, increasing the overall detector sensitivity during astrophysical observations.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and chronic inflammation in the lungs. The mainstay of drug therapy for COPD is represented by long-acting bronchodilators, an important aspect of Novartis' development program. Novel once-daily dosing bronchodilators, such as the long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) glycopyrronium and the LAMA/long-acting ß2-agonist (LABA) fixed-dose combination QVA149, have been shown to provide significant benefits to patients with COPD in terms of improvement in lung function, exercise tolerance, health-related quality of life, symptoms and reduction in the rate of exacerbations. Despite the benefits provided by these new treatment options, prevention of disease progression and control of exacerbations in certain patient phenotypes remain key challenges in the treatment of COPD. In order to address these needs and gain new insights into the complexity of COPD, Novartis is, in addition to bronchodilator-only therapies, developing LABA/inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) combinations to target inflammation, such as QMF149, as well as non-steroid based anti-inflammatory agents against key novel targets. These commitments are central to the Novartis' final goal of improving the standard of care in respiratory medicine and offering a better quality of life to patients with COPD.
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Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Desenho de Fármacos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Broncodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Broncodilatadores/farmacologia , Progressão da Doença , Indústria Farmacêutica , Tolerância ao Exercício , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/fisiopatologia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
In pregnancies at risk of haemophilia, foetal sex determination is used to plan perinatal management and to guide the offer of invasive testing in pregnancies with a male foetus. Traditionally ultrasound from 12 weeks gestation has been used, but recently options for early foetal sex determination have increased following the introduction of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) using cell free foetal DNA in maternal plasma. This study was conducted to identify clinical practices and examine health professional attitudes regarding NIPD for foetal sex determination. A qualitative approach using one-to-one semi structured interviews was used to enable an in-depth exploration of current practice, introduction and use of NIPD and benefits and disadvantages of offering NIPD. Interviews were conducted with consultant haematologists (N = 7), specialist haemophilia nurses (N = 7), genetic counsellors (N = 6), consultants in clinical genetics (N = 5), specialist midwives (N = 2) and obstetricians (N = 5) from 24 services across the United Kingdom (UK). Key differences in how NIPD for foetal sexing is utilized throughout the UK were identified. Some services routinely offered NIPD to all carriers of haemophilia or to all carriers of severe haemophilia, others discussed the value of NIPD with all or primarily offered NIPD as a first step to invasive testing. This study informs our understanding of how NIPD is being utilized and provides unique insights into current practice. The identification of variation between services in how prenatal testing options are offered has implications for future policy and guidelines for prenatal care.
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Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Hemofilia A/diagnóstico , Hemofilia B/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodos , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Angiogenesis inhibitors produced by a primary tumor can create a systemic anti-angiogenic environment and maintain metastatic tumor cells in a state of dormancy. We show here that the gallbladder microenvironment modulates the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a multifunctional cytokine that functions as an endogenous anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor factor in a cranial window preparation. We found that a wide variety of human gallbladder tumors express TGF-beta1 irrespective of histologic type. We implanted a gel impregnated with basic fibroblast growth factor or Mz-ChA-2 tumor in the cranial windows of mice without tumors or mice with subcutaneous or gallbladder tumors to study angiogenesis and tumor growth at a secondary site. Angiogenesis, leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vessels and tumor growth in the cranial window were substantially inhibited in mice with gallbladder tumors. The concentration of TGF-beta1 in the plasma of mice with gallbladder tumors was 300% higher than that in the plasma of mice without tumors or with subcutaneous tumors. In contrast, there was no difference in the plasma levels of other anti- and pro-angiogenic factors. Treatment with neutralizing antibody against TGF-beta1 reversed both angiogenesis suppression and inhibition of leukocyte rolling induced by gallbladder tumors. TGF-beta1 also inhibited Mz-ChA-2 tumor cell proliferation. Our results indicate that the production of anti-angiogenesis/proliferation factors is regulated by tumor-host interactions.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/irrigação sanguínea , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/metabolismo , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Angiostatinas , Animais , Carcinoma/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Plasminogênio/isolamento & purificação , Crânio/cirurgia , Trombospondina 1/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The primary objective of this study was to identify relationships between endometritis and metabolic state during the calving transition and early lactation periods. A subset of mixed age and breed dairy cows (n=78) from a seasonal, pasture-grazed herd of 389 cows was examined. The selected cows were grouped as having endometritis at d 42 postpartum or being unaffected by endometritis. Endometritis was defined as >6% (upper quartile) of uterine nucleated cells being polymorphonuclear cells (H-PMN; n=38); unaffected by endometritis was defined as ≤1% of nucleated cells being polymorphonuclear (L-PMN; n=40). Milk yield was determined at each milking, and milk composition (fat and protein) was determined at 2-wk intervals. Blood samples collected on d -14, 0 (d of calving), 4, 7, 14, 28, and 42 were analyzed for indicators of energy status (nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and urea), liver function (albumin, globulin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase), inflammation (haptoglobin), and mineral status (Ca and Mg). Samples collected weekly from d 21 to 63 or 70 were analyzed for progesterone content. The postpartum anovulatory interval was defined to end on the first day postpartum that plasma progesterone concentration was ≥1 ng/mL. A greater percentage of H-PMN cows failed to ovulate before d 63 or 70 (34%) compared with L-PMN cows (10%), although the proportions of cows ovulating within either polymorphonuclear group was similar through d 56 postpartum. Plasma concentrations of albumin and the albumin:globulin ratio were consistently lower in H-PMN cows. Plasma Mg was lower, whereas glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase were higher, in H-PMN cows during early lactation compared with L-PMN cows. Circulating metabolites indicative of energy status (nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and urea) were not different between polymorphonuclear groups. Among 3- to 5-yr-old cows, daily milk yield for the first 42 d after calving was lower for H-PMN cows than for L-PMN cows. Among cows >5 yr old, protein percentage was lower in H-PMN cows compared with L-PMN cows. In summary, endometritis at 42 d postpartum in the herd studied was associated with an increased likelihood of remaining anovulatory. These cows had lower albumin concentrations throughout the calving transition period, perhaps indicating impaired liver function, with lower plasma Mg and evidence of hepatocellular damage in early lactation. Similar profiles of nonesterified fatty acids and glucose indicated that energy status was not a risk factor for endometritis.
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Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Endometrite/veterinária , Metabolismo Energético , Período Pós-Parto/metabolismo , Animais , Anovulação/veterinária , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Endometrite/metabolismo , Feminino , Lactação/fisiologia , Magnésio/sangue , Leite/química , Leite/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Albumina Sérica/análiseRESUMO
Anchoring fibrils are essential structural elements of the dermoepidermal junction and are crucial to its functional integrity. They are composed largely of type VII collagen, but their cellular origin has not yet been confirmed. In this study, we demonstrate that the anchoring fibrils are primarily a product of epidermal keratinocytes. Human keratinocyte sheets were transplanted to a nondermal connective tissue graft bed in athymic mice. De novo anchoring fibril formation was studied ultrastructurally by immunogold techniques using an antiserum specific for human type VII procollagen. At 2 d after grafting, type VII procollagen/collagen was localized both intracellularly within basal keratinocytes and extracellularly beneath the discontinuous basal lamina. Within 6 d, a subconfluent basal lamina had developed, and newly formed anchoring fibrils and anchoring plaques subjacent to the xenografts were labeled. Throughout the observation period of the experiment, the maturity, population density, and architectural complexity of anchoring fibrils beneath the human epidermal graft continuously increased. Identical findings were obtained using xenografts cultivated from cloned human keratinocytes, eliminating the possibility of contributions to anchoring fibril regeneration from residual human fibroblasts. Immunolabeling was not observed at the mouse dermoepidermal junction at any time. These results demonstrate that the type VII collagen of human cutaneous anchoring fibrils and plaques is secreted by keratinocytes and can traverse the epidermal basal lamina and that the fibril formation can occur in the absence of cells of human dermal origin.
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Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Pele , Animais , Membrana Basal/metabolismo , Membrana Basal/ultraestrutura , Adesão Celular/fisiologia , Criança , Colágeno/biossíntese , Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Tecido Conjuntivo/ultraestrutura , Feto , Fibroblastos/fisiologia , Humanos , Soros Imunes , Técnicas In Vitro , Recém-Nascido , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/transplante , Queratinócitos/ultraestrutura , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pró-Colágeno/biossíntese , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/ultraestrutura , Especificidade da Espécie , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Clinical and subclinical mastitis is a significant problem in primiparous dairy cattle (heifers) with a higher prevalence and incidence in heifers than cows, especially early in lactation. Differences in management (e.g. nutrition, pasturing, no use of dry cow therapy) as well as differences in physiological status (e.g. continuing growth in heifers) are likely contribute to the observed differences between heifers and cows. These differences may result in the requirement for different approaches for mastitis management in heifers than for cows. Mastitis is a multifactorial disease, hence control requires an understanding of the risk factors before effective interventions can be defined. Control strategies are aimed at reducing the incidence of new intramammary infections and eliminating existing infections. Potential strategies can include improved environmental and animal hygiene, application of internal and external teat sealants, prepartum application of teat antiseptics, prepartum milking and control of horn fly in environments where it acts as vector. Other less well-proven strategies to control heifer mastitis include management of heifers as a physically separate group from older cows and not feeding mastitic milk to calves. It is concluded that several well-proven strategies are available to manage heifer mastitis. However, further research is likely to improve understanding of heifer mastitis and lead to novel managerial approaches to mastitis control in this age group.
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Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Mastite Bovina/prevenção & controle , Animais , Bovinos , FemininoRESUMO
This study investigated the effect of infusion of a bismuth subnitrate teat canal sealant or an injectable antibiotic, or both, in heifers on the cure of existing intramammary infection (IMI), incidence of new IMI, prevalence of postcalving IMI, and incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 2 wk postcalving at the quarter level. Heifers (n = 1,067) in 30 seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy herds were randomly assigned at the heifer level to 1 of 4 treatments (no treatment; 3 intramuscular injections of 5 g of tylosin antibiotic at 24-h intervals; infusion of a teat sealant into all 4 quarters; 3 intramuscular injections of 5 g of tylosin antibiotic and infusion of teat sealant into all 4 quarters). Mammary gland secretion samples were collected from each quarter of every heifer before treatment. Heifers within a herd were enrolled on one calendar day, 27 d (on average) before the planned start of the seasonal calving period. Duplicate milk samples were collected from each gland within 5 d after calving for bacterial culture and from glands the herdowners diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The relative risk of effect of treatment on the incidence of cure, incidence of new IMI, prevalence of postcalving IMI, and incidence of clinical mastitis were calculated at the gland level using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Neither infusion of a teat sealant nor treatment with the injectable antibiotic increased the cure of precalving IMI. Infusion of the teat sealant reduced the risk of new IMI with any pathogen by 74%, reduced the prevalence of postcalving IMI by 65%, reduced the risk of new infection with Streptococcus uberis by 70% in quarters with an IMI precalving, and reduced the incidence of clinical mastitis from which a pathogen was isolated by 70% in quarters with an IMI precalving. Parenteral antibiotic treatment had no effect on any of these outcomes. In conclusion, use of an internal teat-canal sealant in heifers reduced the postcalving IMI prevalence and the incidence of pathogen-associated clinical mastitis postcalving by decreasing the incidence of new infections over this high-risk peripartum period, and may be a useful tool for reducing the risk of mastitis in heifers.
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Bismuto/administração & dosagem , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Mastite Bovina/prevenção & controle , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Tilosina/administração & dosagem , Administração Tópica , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Feminino , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Análise Multivariada , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Risco , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Endometritis reduces reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Diagnosis of endometritis is undertaken using a variety of techniques including vaginoscopy, manual examination, cytology and ultrasonography. The current studies compared a novel test device ("metricheck") that is inserted into the vagina with vaginoscopy and then examined the relationship between the metricheck test score at 35 days before the start of the seasonal breeding programme and subsequent reproductive performance. Cows (n = 191; Study 1) with a history of a peripartum disease were examined by both vaginoscopy and the metricheck device and any material viewed within the vagina (using vaginoscopy) or retrieved (by the metricheck device) was scored on a 0 (no material) to 5 (grossly purulent and with an odour) scale. Within each herd the order of examination was randomized with sequentially presented pairs of cows. All cows (n = 2793; Study 2) from nine herds were examined and scored using the metricheck device 35 days before the start of the seasonal breeding programme. All cows were pregnancy tested to determine date of conception. In Study 1, more cows were defined as infected (i.e. score > 1) following metricheck than vaginoscopic examination (60% versus 43%, respectively; P < 0.05) and the level of agreement between the two tests was moderate (kappa = 0.45). The metricheck device had a higher sensitivity, but lower specificity, than vaginoscopy. Endometritis (i.e. score > 1) was detected in 21.2% of cows examined in Study 2. The prevalence of endometritis varied among herds, declined with time postpartum (P < 0.05) and was higher in cows recorded as having a peripartum disease (P < 0.01). Cows diagnosed with endometritis were at higher risk of not being detected in oestrus before the start of breeding (P < 0.01), took longer to be inseminated after the start of the seasonal breeding programme (P < 0.01), had a lower first service conception rate (P < 0.01), had lower 56-day and final pregnancy rates (P < 0.05) and took longer to conceive than cows without endometritis (P < 0.05). It is concluded that examination with the metricheck device is more sensitive in detecting endometritis than vaginoscopy. Diagnosis of endometritis with the metricheck device was associated with poorer subsequent reproductive performance.
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Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Obstétrico e Ginecológico/veterinária , Endometrite/veterinária , Reprodução/fisiologia , Animais , Cruzamento , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios/instrumentação , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Obstétrico e Ginecológico/instrumentação , Endometrite/diagnóstico , Feminino , Gravidez , Estações do Ano , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
An observational field study was conducted on 708 heifers in 30 spring-calving dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The aim of the study was to describe patterns and effects of intramammary infection (IMI) and clinical mastitis (CM) in the peripartum period. Mammary secretion samples for bacteriological testing were taken from all quarters approximately 3 wk before the planned start of the calving period and within 5 d following calving, in addition to quarters diagnosed with CM within 14 d of calving. Precalving IMI was diagnosed in 18.5% of quarters, and of these, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant isolate (13.5% of quarters). Streptococcus uberis prevalence increased 4-fold to 10.0% of quarters on the day of calving compared with the precalving period. Prevalence of all pathogens decreased rapidly following calving. Clinical mastitis cases were predominantly associated with Strep. uberis (64%). The daily hazard of diagnosis was higher in heifers than in cows (0.06 vs. 0.02/d on d 1 postcalving, respectively), but was not different by d 5 (0.005 vs. 0.002, respectively) of lactation. Intramammary infection with a major pathogen was associated with an increased risk of removal from the herd (15 vs. 10% for infected and noninfected heifers, respectively) and somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL at subsequent herd tests (15 vs. 8%), but neither CM nor IMI were associated with reduced milk yield or milk solids production. Results suggest that bacterial species involved and the pattern of IMI prevalence in pasture-grazed peripartum heifers differ from those in other production systems. Further, mastitis control programs need to target major environmental pathogens causing precalving IMI, because new infections are likely before the onset of lactation, whereas existing detection and control measures are generally implemented after calving. Novel control programs that reduce new infections due to Strep. uberis immediately before calving are required to reduce the incidence of CM in pasture-grazed dairy heifers.
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Lactação/fisiologia , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Modelos Lineares , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/fisiopatologia , Leite/microbiologia , Parto , Gravidez , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A longitudinal observational field study was conducted using 708 heifers in 30 spring-calving dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The aim of the study was to investigate risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis (CM) in the peripartum period using path analysis methods and to find the factors most important at the population level as a basis for potential control programs. Body condition and udder hygiene scores, blood samples, and quarter mammary secretion samples for bacteriology were collected approximately 3 wk before the planned start of the seasonal calving period and again within 5 d following calving. Additionally, milk samples were collected from quarters diagnosed with CM within 14 d of calving. Significant risk factors for subclinical mastitis postcalving were precalving subclinical mastitis (3.32 incidence risk ratio; IRR), low minimum teat height above the ground (1.32 IRR), and unhygienic udder postcalving (1.32 IRR). Significant risk factors for clinical mastitis postcalving were precalving subclinical mastitis (2.14 IRR), Friesian breed (1.94 IRR), low minimum teat height above the ground (2.05 IRR), udder edema (1.81 IRR), and low postcalving nonesterified fatty acid serum concentration (1.55 IRR). Control of precalving subclinical mastitis and udder edema by producers, and enhancement of breed immunity by geneticists were important factors at a population level, and hence, are likely the most rewarding areas to target in any heifer mastitis management program.
Assuntos
Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangue , Animais , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Cruzamento , Bovinos , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Feminino , Lactação , Estudos Longitudinais , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/patologia , Mastite Bovina/imunologia , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Parto , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and bacteriological cure rates of cows with clinical mastitis following treatment with either tylosin base (5 g injected 3 times at 24-h intervals; n = 306) or penethamate hydriodide (5 g injected 3 times at 24-h intervals; n = 289). Duplicate milk samples were collected before treatment and again 14 +/- 3 and 21 +/- 3 d later for microbiological analysis. Only those quarters from which gram-positive mastitis pathogens were isolated before treatment were included in the analyses. Streptococcus uberis was the most prevalent isolate. The number of cows with clinical failure (i.e., retreated within 21 d of enrollment) did not differ between treatments (64 vs. 63, respectively). At the quarter level, there was no difference in the proportion of bacteriological cure between treatments (81.2 vs. 83.8% for penethamate hydriodide or tylosin, respectively). The proportions of clinical and bacteriological cure were influenced by age, herd, severity of mastitis, number of glands within the cow with clinical mastitis, bacterial species, and days postpartum at enrollment. There was no difference between treatment groups for SCC (4.46 vs. 4.44 +/- 0.08, mean +/- standard error of the difference in ln SCC for cows treated with penethamate hydriodide or tylosin, respectively) or production of milk solids (1.45 vs. 1.48 +/- 0.02 kg/d of milk fat + protein, for the penethamate hydriodide or tylosin treatment, respectively). Overall, there was no difference in the proportions of clinical failure (17.3 vs. 16.5% of cows treated with penethamate hydriodide or tylosin, respectively) or bacteriological cure (79.8 vs. 82.0% of cows treated with penethamate hydriodide or tylosin, respectively), or in SCC or milk production between dairy cows with clinical mastitis and those treated for clinical mastitis with 1 of 2 parenteral antibiotic therapies.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Penicilina G/análogos & derivados , Tilosina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Células , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Injeções Intravenosas , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/citologia , Leite/microbiologia , Penicilina G/administração & dosagem , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Streptococcus/genéticaRESUMO
This study investigated the effect in heifers of infusion of a bismuth subnitrate teat-canal sealant and bacterial intramammary infection (IMI) precalving on prevalence of postcalving IMI and incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 2 wk postcalving. Glands (n = 1,020) from heifers (n = 255) in 5 seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy herds were randomly assigned within heifer to 1 of 4 treatment groups (no treatment; mammary gland secretion collection; infusion of a teat sealant; or sample collection with infusion of teat sealant). Heifers within a herd were enrolled on one calendar day, 31 d on average before the planned start of the seasonal calving period. Duplicate milk samples were collected from each gland within 4 d after calving for bacterial culture. Herd owners collected duplicate milk samples, before treatment, for bacterial culture from glands they defined as having clinical mastitis. The gland prevalence of IMI precalving was 15.5% and did not differ between herds. Bacteria isolated precalving included coagulase-negative staphylococci (76.9% of all bacteriologically positive samples), Streptococcus uberis (14.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.1%), Corynebacterium spp. (3.8%), and others (0.1%). The presence of an IMI precalving increased the risk of an IMI postcalving 3.6-fold and the risk of clinical mastitis 4-fold, relative to no IMI precalving. Infusion of the teat sealant reduced the risk of postcalving IMI due to Strep. uberis by 84%, and of clinical mastitis by 68%. Sampling the glands precalving had no effect on postcalving IMI or on clinical mastitis incidence. Use of an internal teat canal sealant in heifers precalving may be a useful tool for reducing the risk of subclinical and clinical mastitis in heifers.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Bismuto/administração & dosagem , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/prevenção & controle , Administração Tópica , Animais , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Bovinos , Feminino , Incidência , Modelos Logísticos , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/citologia , Leite/microbiologia , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Prevalência , Distribuição Aleatória , Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Past studies have demonstrated that police officers fail to detect a substantial proportion of alcohol-impaired drivers during traffic enforcement and that the use of passive alcohol sensors (PAS) could increase the driving-under-the-influence (DUI) arrest rate. Does the use of a PAS in routine traffic enforcement by officers without specialized DUI training increase the detection and arrest rate of alcohol-impaired drivers? In Anne Arundel County, Maryland, the Police Department provided the PAS devices to 24 randomly selected officers, divided equally between two squads of 12 officers each (one squad with the PAS and one squad without). After both squads made approximately 500 traffic stops each, the squads switched roles with regard to using the PAS, and the pattern was repeated. Overall, there were no significant differences in the DUI arrest rate between the officers with the PAS and the officers without the PAS, although there was evidence that the PAS helped some officers increase their DUI arrests. In summary, the PAS is probably best used at sobriety checkpoints rather than during routine stops.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Intoxicação Alcoólica/diagnóstico , Condução de Veículo/estatística & dados numéricos , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/instrumentação , Acidentes de Trânsito/legislação & jurisprudência , Intoxicação Alcoólica/sangue , Humanos , Aplicação da Lei , Maryland/epidemiologia , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study evaluated the cross-border safety impact of extended drinking hours from 1:00 to 2:00 a.m., in licensed establishments in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: This study examined patterns in total and alcohol-related casualties in: (1) Windsor, Ontario, Canada compared to Detroit, Michigan, US with a 2:00 a.m. closing time, and (2) Ontario compared to Michigan for overall trends. The criterion outcome indicators were: (1) monthly motor vehicle casualties (major injuries and fatalities) for the city-regions of Windsor and Detroit and (2) Ontario and Michigan monthly motor vehicle fatalities occurring between 11:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. for 4 years pre- and 3 years post-policy change. In order to examine cross-border drinking consequences, data were disaggregated to assess trends of motor vehicle injury collisions involving vehicles with US licence plates and with US drivers aged 16-20 in the Windsor region; similarly trends were assessed for motor vehicle injury collisions involving vehicles with Ontario licence plates in the Detroit region. RESULTS: The Windsor region total motor vehicle casualty data showed a non-significant pre-post increase, while the Detroit region showed a statistically significant decrease for total motor vehicle casualties. In the Windsor region, a significant increase was found for alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties after the drinking hours were extended. However, the Detroit region showed a statistically significant decrease in alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties concomitant with Ontario's drinking hour extension. No similar trends were found for the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan as a whole. Moreover, a significant decrease was found for injury collisions involving vehicles with Ontario licence plates in the Detroit region but no similar pattern was found for injury collisions involving vehicles with US licence plates and with 16-20-year-old US drivers in the Windsor region. DISCUSSION: These data seem to support a cross-border impact of the Ontario extended drinking policy. A significant increase in alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties was found in the Windsor region and concomitantly, significant decreases in total and alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties were found in the Detroit region after the extended drinking hours amendment. The Ontario government's belief that the extended drinking hour policy would "reduce the number of patrons who cross the border when Ontario's bars and restaurants close" may have been realized.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/estatística & dados numéricos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/legislação & jurisprudência , Internacionalidade , Política Pública , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia , Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Michigan/epidemiologia , Ontário/epidemiologia , Análise de Regressão , Ferimentos e Lesões/mortalidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study examines the association between the pathologic response of rectal cancer after irradiation and its pretreatment proliferative state as assayed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and mitotic activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety patients with clinical stage T3 and T4 rectal cancer received preoperative irradiation followed by surgery. Pretreatment tumor biopsies were scored for PCNA activity (number of tumor cells staining immunohistochemically with an anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody) and the number of mitoses per 10 high-powered fields (hpf). Postirradiation surgical specimens were examined for extent of residual disease. RESULTS: The tumors of 33 of 90 patients (37%) exhibited marked pathologic downstaging (no residual tumor or cancer confined to the rectal wall) after preoperative irradiation. Two features were independently associated with the likelihood of marked pathologic regression after preoperative irradiation: lesion size and PCNA/mitotic activity. When stratified by tumor size, marked tumor regression occurred most frequently in smaller tumors with high PCNA/mitotic activity compared with larger tumors with lower PCNA/mitotic activity. Intermediate downstaging rates were seen for small or large tumors with moderate PCNA/mitotic activity. CONCLUSION: Tumor PCNA/mitotic activity predicts the likelihood of response to irradiation, which may aid in formulating treatment policies for patients with rectal cancer.