Cooperation of BCR-ABL and AML1/MDS1/EVI1 in blocking myeloid differentiation and rapid induction of an acute myelogenous leukemia.

The development of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), which is characterized by a block of myeloid differentiation, is a multi-step process that involves several genetic abnormalities, but the molecular mechanisms by which these genetic alterations cooperate in leukemogenesis are poorly understood. The human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a model for multi-step leukemogenesis. BCR-ABL, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, is a fusion protein generated by the t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation found in the vast majority of CML patients. BCR-ABL efficiently induces a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) in mice, but progression to CML blast phase requires additional mutations. The AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME) transcription factor fusion protein, is a product of the human t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocation found as a secondary mutation in some cases of CML during the blast phase. We have previously shown that AME can induce an AML in mice but with a greatly extended latency, suggesting a requirement for additional mutations. Here we demonstrate that AME alone does not block myeloid differentiation in vivo during the 4-month pre-leukemia stage, yet co-expression of BCR-ABL and AME in mice can block myeloid differentiation and rapidly induce an AML. Our results suggest that block of myeloid differentiation and induction of AML involves cooperation between mutations that dysregulate protein tyrosine kinase signaling and those that disrupt hematopoietic gene transcription.

Post-ischemic apoptotic death of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes.

Despite the clinical importance of cardiomyocyte death following ischemia and reperfusion, little is known about the nature of the process. In primary rat neonatal cardiomyocyte cultures, cell death was induced by ischemia (deprivation of oxygen, serum and glucose) and reperfusion. We report here that ischemia induced primarily necrosis, whereas subsequent reperfusion induced apoptosis. Apoptosis of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes could not be prevented by protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that molecular components of the apoptotic pathway pre-exist in these cells. IGFs and calpain inhibitors had no effect on necrotic death during ischemia, but they significantly reduced apoptotic death during reperfusion. These results support the concept that inhibition of post-ischemic apoptotic death in the myocardium may provide a valuable new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia.

Prevention of rat neonatal cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by simulated in vitro ischemia and reperfusion.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an active metabolic response to physiological signals or exposure to cytotoxic agents. Recent evidence has shown that the cell death response can be modified by agents presumed to be unrelated to the initial signal, but capable of interfering with the molecular mechanisms of the apoptotic pathway progression. Here we show the results of investigations on the use of a phospholipid-based pharmaceutical preparation for suppression of myocardial damage. First, we show that serum or serum/glucose deprivation, in vitro ischemia with subsequent simulated reperfusion, inhibition of protein synthesis, and treatment with ceramide, staurosporine, adriamycin, cis-platinum and menadione induce apoptotic death in a primary culture of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Then we demonstrate that a mixture of specific phospholipids, which has been originally purified from soy flour on the basis of its anti-apoptotic activity, prevents cardiomyocyte death induced by serum or serum/glucose deprivation, by ischemia with subsequent simulated reperfusion, and by ceramide, but not by other cytotoxic treatments. This suggests that ceramide, a lipid secondary messenger which triggers apoptosis induced by some cytotoxic agents, may be involved in the process of signaling ischemia/reperfusion induced apoptotic death of cardiomyocytes. These results further demonstrate that an active pharmaceutical preparation for the suppression of cardiomyocyte death can be formulated based upon a novel strategy of apoptosis modification.

Human AML1/MDS1/EVI1 fusion protein induces an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in mice: a model for human AML.

The human t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocation is found as a secondary mutation in some cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia during the blast phase and in therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia. One result of this translocation is a fusion between the AML1, MDS1, and EVI1 genes, which encodes a transcription factor of approximately 200 kDa. The role of the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME) fusion gene in leukemogenesis is largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the AME fusion gene in vivo by expressing it in mouse bone marrow cells via retroviral transduction. We found that mice transplanted with AME-transduced bone marrow cells suffered from an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) 5-13 mo after transplantation. The disease could be readily transferred into secondary recipients with a much shorter latency. Morphological analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow smears demonstrated the presence of myeloid blast cells and differentiated but immature cells of both myelocytic and monocytic lineages. Cytochemical and flow cytometric analysis confirmed that these mice had a disease similar to the human acute myelomonocytic leukemia. This murine model for AME-induced AML will help dissect the molecular mechanism of AML and the molecular biology of the AML1, MDS1, and EVI1 genes.

The anion-binding exosite is critical for the high affinity binding of thrombin to the human thrombin receptor.

The thrombin receptor has been shown to be a novel member of the family of G-protein coupled receptors (Vu, T.-K. H., Hung, D.T., Wheaton, V.I., and Coughlin, S.R. (1991) Cell 64, 1057-1068). This receptor appears to be activated through a thrombin-mediated proteolytic mechanism which exposes a "tethered ligand" responsible for receptor activation. In order to investigate the initial interactions of thrombin with this receptor, we have constructed cell lines which express high levels of the human thrombin receptor and studied the binding of various forms of thrombin to the cell surface. Analysis of transfected cells with thrombin receptor monoclonal antibodies identified a particular cell line (clone #5-18) which displayed > 150,000 thrombin receptors per cell. Clone #5-18 appeared to express functional receptors since treatment with thrombin resulted in both a 15-20 fold increase of cytoplasmic phosphoinositide levels and a comparable shift in the EC50 of thrombin-mediated calcium mobilization when compared to non-transfected CHO cells. Binding of 125I-alpha-thrombin to clone #5-18 did not reach equilibrium at 37 degrees C. However, direct binding studies of 125I-alpha-, 125I-diisopropylphospho (DIP)-alpha-, and 125I-beta-thrombin to clone #5-18 demonstrated that binding at 4 degrees C was saturable and reversible for each ligand. Analysis of the binding data revealed Kd's of 0.8 nM, 0.7 nM and 9.7 nM for 125I-alpha-, 125I-DIP-alpha- and 125I-beta-thrombin respectively. Association of 125I-alpha-, DIP-alpha, and beta-thrombin could be competed by unlabelled alpha- and DIP-alpha-thrombin. Unlabelled beta-thrombin, which has a modified anion-binding exosite, was a poor competitor for 125I-alpha- and 125I-DIP-alpha-thrombin, but did compete for 125I-beta-thrombin. In addition, the hirudin54-65 peptide competed at submicromolar concentrations for the binding of alpha- and DIP-alpha-thrombin, but not for beta-thrombin. This peptide binds specifically at the anion-binding exosite of alpha-thrombin and has been shown to have a lower affinity for beta-thrombin. These results demonstrate directly a high affinity interaction between thrombin and its receptor, and suggest that an important component is the high affinity association of the thrombin receptor with the anion-binding exosite of thrombin.